国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

有機(jī)磷中毒救治藥物研究及其臨床應(yīng)用

2016-02-15 01:10:23馮書芳邱澤武
關(guān)鍵詞:解磷脂肪乳膽堿能

馮書芳,邱澤武

(軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院中毒救治科,北京 100071)

有機(jī)磷中毒救治藥物研究及其臨床應(yīng)用

馮書芳,邱澤武

(軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院中毒救治科,北京 100071)

邱澤武,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院中毒救治科主任,全軍中毒救治中心主任?,F(xiàn)任中國毒理學(xué)會(huì)中毒與救治專業(yè)委員會(huì)主任委員。長期從事中毒性疾病的基礎(chǔ)研究與臨床診治,在有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥、百草枯、殺鼠劑、重金屬中毒、常見藥物、植物及有毒氣體中毒診治方面具有豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn),是國內(nèi)著名的中毒應(yīng)急救援專家。

急性有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥中毒(AOPP)是臨床常見的急危重癥之一,病死率極高。有機(jī)磷殺蟲劑通過抑制神經(jīng)接頭處的乙酰膽堿酯酶(AChE)活性,使乙酰膽堿(ACh)蓄積,引起先興奮后抑制的膽堿能癥狀。中毒早期應(yīng)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用抗膽堿能藥物及AChE復(fù)能劑。阿托品和鹽酸戊乙奎醚(長托寧)是最常用的抗膽堿能藥物,能有效爭奪ACh受體,對(duì)AOPP所致的膽堿能危象起到治“標(biāo)”的作用;肟類化合物能夠使被抑制的AChE恢復(fù)其水解ACh的活性。此外,脂肪乳、新型解毒藥物、血液凈化和中藥輔助治療AOPP也越來越受到關(guān)注。目前,對(duì)AOPP藥物研究及中毒救治認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)取得相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展,結(jié)合藥理學(xué)和毒理學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域最新研究將對(duì)AOPP救治產(chǎn)生重要影響。

有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥;中毒;抗膽堿能藥物;肟類復(fù)能劑;脂肪乳;血液凈化

有機(jī)磷(organophosphorus,OPS)殺蟲劑是目前我國用量最大、使用最廣的一類殺蟲劑,常用的有數(shù)十種左右[1]。在農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸、保管及使用中易發(fā)生急性有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥中毒(acute organophos?phorus pesticides poisoning,AOPP)[1],對(duì)人畜毒性大,中毒后機(jī)體損害進(jìn)展迅速,死亡率高[2-4]。其主要原因是中毒引起的休克、呼吸衰竭和心臟損害等。

OPS化合物作為殺蟲劑曾被應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)爭中,如配制成沙林、索曼和塔崩等[5]。盡管100多個(gè)國家加入了禁止化學(xué)武器公約,但在軍事和恐怖行動(dòng)中仍然存在神經(jīng)毒氣和OPS化合物的使用[6]。目前,AOPP是一個(gè)世界性的重大問題,全球每年約有數(shù)百萬的AOPP病例,約30萬人死亡[7]。近年來,一些害蟲對(duì)許多農(nóng)藥產(chǎn)生了極強(qiáng)的抗藥性,在農(nóng)藥的使用中需要不斷增加劑型、劑量及混配農(nóng)藥,間接造成了農(nóng)藥中毒病例的迅速增加。本文將對(duì)OPS農(nóng)藥的中毒機(jī)制、典型臨床表現(xiàn)、解毒藥物研究進(jìn)展及其他臨床治療方案作一綜述。

1 有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥中毒機(jī)制

OPS殺蟲劑多為油狀液體,少數(shù)為晶狀固體,其分子中含硫的品種多具有蒜臭味,揮發(fā)性大,易溶于有機(jī)溶劑,微溶或不溶于水。OPS可以通過多種途徑如皮膚、呼吸道、胃腸道、眼睛和傷口等進(jìn)入人體,吸收后隨血液循環(huán)選擇性的分布于某些組織或器官內(nèi)。研究表明,由于其親脂性強(qiáng),很容易進(jìn)入神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和儲(chǔ)存于脂肪中[8]。其代謝產(chǎn)物多為水溶性高的離子化合物,易經(jīng)腎由尿排出,少量經(jīng)腸道由糞排出[9]。

眾所周知,膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)元之間(突觸)、神經(jīng)末梢與效應(yīng)器(肌肉)之間神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的傳遞靠神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)乙酰膽堿(acetylcholine,ACh)來完成。當(dāng)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)傳遞到神經(jīng)末梢后,末梢內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存有ACh的囊泡與突觸前膜融合,釋放ACh。ACh與突觸后膜受體結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生一系列膽堿能效應(yīng)。ACh能夠被突觸后膜附近的乙酰膽堿酯酶(acetyl?cholinesterase,AChE)水解成膽堿和乙酸而失去生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。OPS殺蟲劑被機(jī)體吸收后,很快分布到膽堿能神經(jīng)的神經(jīng)突觸和神經(jīng)-肌肉接頭部位,使AChE的活性位點(diǎn)-絲氨酸羥基磷酸化,形成磷酰化酶[10-11]。被抑制的AChE失去水解ACh的能力,導(dǎo)致ACh在突觸間隙大量聚集[12],引起膽堿能神經(jīng)的持續(xù)過度興奮,產(chǎn)生中樞及外周的膽堿能效應(yīng),即先興奮后衰竭的一系列毒蕈堿樣、煙堿樣和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等癥狀,嚴(yán)重患者甚至可出現(xiàn)呼吸肌麻痹[13]和中間綜合征而死亡[14]。

除AChE抑制學(xué)說外,近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OPS的多種中毒機(jī)制:可直接作用于膽堿能神經(jīng)受體[15];可引起鈣超載,直接損傷神經(jīng)元,造成中樞神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡[16];體內(nèi)、外接觸OPS會(huì)減少ATP合成,誘導(dǎo)ATP水解,加速線粒體活性氧的生成,加速氧化損傷及細(xì)胞死亡等[17-18]。

2 有機(jī)磷中毒典型臨床表現(xiàn)

AOPP可以導(dǎo)致3個(gè)時(shí)相的神經(jīng)毒性作用,分別為急性膽堿能危象、中間綜合征和遲發(fā)性多神經(jīng)病,其中急性膽堿能危象在中毒后立即出現(xiàn),是AOPP的主要臨床表現(xiàn)[19](表1)。

3 有機(jī)磷中毒解毒藥物

解毒劑使用提倡早期、足量、聯(lián)合和重復(fù),并且選用合理給藥途徑,密切觀察患者病情變化,及時(shí)補(bǔ)充藥物及擇期停藥。中毒早期聯(lián)合應(yīng)用抗膽堿能藥物和AChE復(fù)能劑[25]。脂肪乳和新型解毒藥物的研究也越來越受到關(guān)注。

3.1 AChE復(fù)能藥

肟類化合物能夠使被抑制的AChE恢復(fù)活性,其原理是肟類化合物吡啶環(huán)中季胺氮帶正電荷,能被磷?;憠A酯酶的陰離子部位吸引,陰離子肟基與“中毒酶”磷原子結(jié)合形成肟類-磷?;笍?fù)合物。隨后磷酰肟脫落,使AChE游離,恢復(fù)其水解AChE的活性[26-27]。目前復(fù)能劑為氯解磷定、碘解磷定和甲磺磷定等[28]。各種肟類基本結(jié)構(gòu)十分相似,其區(qū)別在于吡啶環(huán)的數(shù)量不同(單吡啶肟和雙吡啶肟)。雙季肟類對(duì)完全被抑制的AChE有很高的親和性,因此能夠更高效的激活被抑制的AChE肟類復(fù)能劑,不僅能夠使“中毒酶”恢復(fù)活性,而且可以作用于神經(jīng)肌肉接頭的N2膽堿能受體,對(duì)OPS引起的肌顫、肌無力及肌麻痹均有直接對(duì)抗作用[29]。肟類復(fù)能劑不能通過血腦屏障進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),故對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)酶的復(fù)能效果不明顯[30-32]。為解決肟類復(fù)能劑血腦屏障通透性問題,研究者們成功改變肟類復(fù)能劑構(gòu)型(加入糖鏈或脂鏈)使其易于進(jìn)入中樞,但是目前該類構(gòu)型藥物只用于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),臨床應(yīng)用有待時(shí)日[33-35]。該類復(fù)能劑通過腎代謝速度較快,半衰期短,只有1~2 h,所以必須重復(fù)用藥以便維持血藥濃度。此外,因OPS農(nóng)藥結(jié)構(gòu)不同,其復(fù)能的難易程度不同。儲(chǔ)存于脂肪庫中的游離OPS不斷釋放于血中,在口服中毒后的數(shù)天,給予復(fù)能劑仍可見到AChE的恢復(fù)。國內(nèi)AOPP推薦首選氯解磷定,其次為碘解磷定。①氯解磷定:含肟量高,水溶性好,可以用于肌注或靜脈注射,起效快,急救時(shí)最大可用到首劑量3 g肌注而不出現(xiàn)副作用,是臨床首選的解毒藥[36]。世界衛(wèi)生組織推薦其治療AOPP方案為首次劑量給足,指征為外周N樣癥狀(如肌顫)消失,血液AChE活性恢復(fù)50%~60%以上。首次給藥推薦肌注(靜脈滴注因半衰期短,排泄快,不宜達(dá)到有效血藥濃度),肌注3~5 min后便可達(dá)到有效血藥濃度(4 mg·L-1),肌注1.5~2 g(30 mg·kg-1),然后以每小時(shí)8 mg·kg-1速度靜脈滴注[37]。②碘解磷定:復(fù)能作用較差,水溶性小,僅能夠靜脈注射,是臨床次選的解毒藥。AChE復(fù)能藥對(duì)甲胺磷、辛硫磷、甲拌磷、對(duì)硫磷和乙硫磷中毒療效好,對(duì)敵敵畏中毒療效差,對(duì)樂果和馬拉硫磷中毒療效不明顯。AChE復(fù)能藥的不良反應(yīng)有眩暈、視力模糊和血壓升高等,用量過大能夠引起癲癇樣反應(yīng)[26]。

表1 有機(jī)磷中毒典型臨床表現(xiàn)

3.2 抗膽堿能藥

能夠有效的同ACh爭奪ACh受體,阻滯ACh的作用。對(duì)抗急性AOPP所致的呼吸中樞抑制、支氣管痙攣、肺水腫和循環(huán)衰竭,起到治“標(biāo)”的作用[38]。目前治療OPS中毒的抗膽堿藥物有3類:M膽堿受體拮抗藥,如阿托品和山崀宕堿等;N膽堿受體拮抗藥,如苯那辛和丙環(huán)定等;對(duì)外周M受體、中樞M受體和中樞N受體均有作用的長效抗膽堿能藥物,如鹽酸戊乙奎醚(penehyclidine hydrochloride,PQN)(商品名:長托寧)??鼓憠A藥物不僅能夠有效對(duì)抗AOPP引起的毒蕈堿樣癥狀,而且能夠減輕或消除AOPP引起的躁動(dòng)不安、驚厥和呼吸抑制[25]。

3.2.1 阿托品

對(duì)M樣受體的阻斷作用有相當(dāng)高的選擇性,在大劑量時(shí)也阻斷神經(jīng)節(jié)煙堿樣受體N1的作用,是目前臨床最常用的抗膽堿能藥。阿托品每10~ 30 min或1~2 h給藥1次,首次用藥劑量從輕度中毒的1~4 mg到重度中毒的1~20 mg不等。直到患者M(jìn)樣癥狀消失或出現(xiàn)“阿托品化”?!鞍⑼衅坊敝刚鳛榭诟?、皮膚干燥、心率增快(90~100 min-1)和肺鑼音消失。用藥期間密切觀察病情,隨時(shí)調(diào)整藥物劑量。如出現(xiàn)阿托品中毒樣表現(xiàn)(如瞳孔擴(kuò)大、神智模糊和煩躁不安等)應(yīng)停用阿托品[25]。

3.2.2 鹽酸戊乙奎醚

鹽酸戊乙奎醚是由我國軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院毒物藥物研究所設(shè)計(jì)合成的新型長效抗膽堿藥,2002年獲得國家技術(shù)發(fā)明獎(jiǎng)[39]。其選擇性作用于M1和M3受體亞型,對(duì)心臟的M2受體作用極弱,對(duì)心率無明顯影響[40]。鹽酸戊乙奎醚與阿托品相比有多方面優(yōu)勢:抗膽堿作用強(qiáng),能夠改善毒蕈堿癥狀,有效劑量小,持續(xù)作用時(shí)間長(半衰期約6~8 h),毒副反應(yīng)少,無M受體上調(diào)作用。首次用藥劑量:輕度中毒1~2 mg,中度中毒2~3 mg,重度中毒3~4 mg。使AChE盡快上升20%或達(dá)到60%,6~12 h肌注1次維持。鹽酸戊乙奎醚過量主要表現(xiàn)為可逆的精神癥狀,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)高熱、抽搐、昏迷、腹脹及尿儲(chǔ)留等癥狀。

3.3 急救復(fù)方

復(fù)方一般由2個(gè)具有不同特點(diǎn)的抗膽堿藥和1~2個(gè)AChE復(fù)能劑組成,如“解磷注射液”。該復(fù)方是由軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院毒物藥物研究所研制的復(fù)方制劑,每支2 mL,內(nèi)含阿托品3 mg,苯那辛3 mg和解磷定400 mg。由于該復(fù)方藥物中氯解磷定含量較少,首次給藥時(shí)對(duì)中度中毒患者除給1~2支“解磷注射液”外加用氯解磷定1~2 g,重度中毒患者2~3支“解磷注射液”加用氯解磷定1~2 g。該復(fù)方2~3 min起效,30 min達(dá)高峰。在首次用藥2 h后,如果中毒癥狀重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或全血AChE活性又下降時(shí),再給首次用藥劑量的半量。

3.4 脂肪乳

脂肪乳不僅在臨床上作為營養(yǎng)藥物,近年來各種動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)及臨床病例發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈注射用脂肪乳可以作為脂溶性藥物急性中毒的新型解毒劑[8]?!爸|(zhì)沉積”理論是目前廣為接受的理論機(jī)制,該作用機(jī)制認(rèn)為,脂肪乳會(huì)對(duì)脂溶性藥物產(chǎn)生一種藥理性沉積效應(yīng),從組織水相轉(zhuǎn)移到脂相,將親脂藥物從組織轉(zhuǎn)移到血管腔隙,顯著減少組織中毒物濃度。此外,脂肪乳可能增加心臟能量供應(yīng),是心肌產(chǎn)生ATP的主要底物,提供能量抵抗毒物對(duì)心臟的損害[41]。多項(xiàng)臨床病例報(bào)道及臨床研究表明,脂肪乳能夠顯著提高AOPP患者血清膽堿酯酶活性,對(duì)中毒性肝、腎損傷具有明顯保護(hù)作用,縮短ICU入住時(shí)間,減少心肌損傷及降低死亡率[8,42]。

3.5 新解毒劑

生物清除劑是一類能夠被OPS競爭抑制的酯酶,可減少AOPP對(duì)內(nèi)源性酶的抑制[43]。目前有2類酯酶:A酯酶(如對(duì)氧磷酶)和B酯酶〔如丁酰膽堿酯酶(butyrylcholinesterase,BChE)和羧酸酯酶〕[44]。A酯酶能夠水解OPS,B酯酶能夠競爭性抑制AOPP。這些酶來源于馬、?;蚣?xì)菌的重組體,利用生物和蛋白工程技術(shù)合成。這類外源性膽堿酯酶能夠有效的在AOPP靶器官對(duì)體內(nèi)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),胎牛血清AChE、馬血清BChE或人類BChE均具有解毒作用。但是該藥物目前只限于實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,很多問題有待解決。例如,外源蛋白進(jìn)入機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生免疫排斥反應(yīng);藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)、毒理學(xué)及免疫學(xué)方面的研究資料較少;長期儲(chǔ)存的穩(wěn)定性,體內(nèi)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定性和生物利用度等問題,目前仍在探索中[45]。美國FDA批準(zhǔn)在戰(zhàn)爭中,暴露神經(jīng)毒劑前給予注射BChE,這對(duì)AOPP有明顯預(yù)防作用[46]。硫酸鎂能夠阻止配體依賴性鈣離子通道,減少突觸前ACh釋放,從而改善神經(jīng)肌肉接頭功能,減少NMDA受體過度激活導(dǎo)致中樞興奮[47]。一項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)表明,硫酸鎂能夠顯著減少AOPP患者死亡率,但是這項(xiàng)研究樣本量小,硫酸鎂劑量不一致,其應(yīng)用于AOPP的解毒有待進(jìn)一步研究[48]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,谷氨酸拮抗劑、腺苷受體激動(dòng)劑(N6-環(huán)戊基腺苷和5′-N-乙酰碳氧胺腺苷)及α2-腎上腺能受體激動(dòng)劑(如可樂定)可以減少ACh合成,抑制細(xì)胞ACh從突觸前末梢釋放,阻止AChE失活,限制對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的損傷[49]。氨基甲酸酯可逆的阻斷AChE,以阻止OPS神經(jīng)毒劑進(jìn)入酶活性中心[50]。該類藥物包括硫必利、甲胺呋硫和他克林等。目前,OPS解毒蛋白質(zhì)藥物及催化抗體方法也有望成為很好的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。

4 血液凈化治療

血中OPS濃度明顯增高,中毒嚴(yán)重,昏迷時(shí)間長,有并發(fā)癥和經(jīng)積極治療病情仍日趨惡化者,可采用血液凈化療法[51-52]。

4.1 血液透析

該療法對(duì)小分子物質(zhì)效果較好,對(duì)大、中分子物質(zhì)則沒有清除作用。中毒時(shí)間長,毒物與血漿蛋白結(jié)合,不宜透出[53]。

4.2 血液灌流

采用活性炭吸附劑,對(duì)大、中分子毒物有很強(qiáng)吸附力,對(duì)毒物清除作用優(yōu)于血液透析[54]。血液灌流對(duì)脂溶性較高、易與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的毒物具有較好的清除作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,血液灌流能夠迅速清除體內(nèi)OPS,減輕農(nóng)藥對(duì)臟器的損傷,降低病死率。由于血液灌流可將AChE復(fù)活及抗膽堿藥物一并清除,故采用血液灌流治療AOPP時(shí),應(yīng)及時(shí)補(bǔ)充和調(diào)整藥物用量。血液灌流聯(lián)合連續(xù)性靜脈血液濾過效果更好。連續(xù)性靜脈血液濾過與普通的血液濾過一樣,是模仿正常腎小球?yàn)V過功能,清除毒素、炎癥介質(zhì)和水分,由于血液流速和置換液速度緩慢,以及對(duì)毒素和水分的連續(xù)清除作用,聯(lián)合使用可對(duì)毒物有較好的清除作用,同時(shí)有維持及替代重要臟器功能、維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的作用。

4.3 血漿置換

該療法可清除游離或與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合高的毒物,操作簡單,容易掌握,對(duì)搶救重度AOPP非常有效。根據(jù)AChE活性測定結(jié)果,可每日或隔日置換1次血漿,注意檢測電解質(zhì)及維持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定。

5 中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療

中藥治療雖然效果緩慢,但其具有毒副作用小、促進(jìn)排毒和解毒的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可對(duì)西藥治療起到一定的輔助作用。充分發(fā)揮中藥對(duì)臟器功能的保護(hù)作用,有利于減少西藥的毒副作用。

血必凈注射液是以血府逐瘀湯為基礎(chǔ),主要成分為赤芍、川穹、丹參、紅花及當(dāng)歸等活血化瘀藥物??蓮?qiáng)效抗免疫活化細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的炎癥介質(zhì),減少纖維蛋白含量,調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng),并可改善機(jī)械通氣患者呼吸力學(xué)[55],縮短機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間,提高AOPP患者救治成功率[56]。黃芪注射液主要成分為黃芪,黃芪含有硒,能提高谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶活性,激活解毒酶,從而對(duì)肝起保護(hù)作用[26]。參附注射液主要成分為紅參和黑附片提取物,主要含有人參皂苷,具有興奮心肌、增加心臟收縮力的作用,同時(shí)改善微循環(huán),擴(kuò)張血管,起到升壓作用[59]。參附注射液可減少升壓藥用量,搶救AOPP休克療效顯著。大黃性味苦寒,具有瀉下、清熱瀉火、解毒止血及活血祛瘀等功效,刺激腸道蠕動(dòng),可加快毒物排出,清除腸內(nèi)殘毒,避免再吸收;還可恢復(fù)胃腸道功能,對(duì)胃腸道黏膜具有保護(hù)作用。大黃導(dǎo)瀉聯(lián)合西醫(yī)治療AOPP能夠取得較好療效[60-61]。

6 結(jié)語

綜上所述,目前對(duì)AOPP藥物研究及中毒救治認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)取得相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展。隨著對(duì)分子生物學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)模擬等新技術(shù)和新方法的應(yīng)用,及新的復(fù)能藥物構(gòu)型的研究,結(jié)合毒理學(xué)、藥理學(xué)和神經(jīng)生物學(xué)等相關(guān)領(lǐng)域最新研究進(jìn)展,對(duì)AOPP救治將產(chǎn)生重要影響。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Eddleston M,Karalliedde L,Buckley N Fernando R,Hutchinson G,Isbister G,et al.Pesticide poisoning in the developing world-a minimum pesticides list[J].Lancet,2002,360(9340):1163-1167.

[2]Eddleston M,Phillips MR.Self poisoning with pesticides[J].BMJ,2004,328(7430):42-44.

[3]Eddleston M.The pathophysiology of organophos?phorus pesticide self-poisoning is not so simple[J].Neth J Med,2008,66(4):146-148.

[4]Buckley NA,Eddleston M,Dawson AH.The need for translational research on antidotes for pesticide poisoning[J].Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,2005,32(11):999-1005.

[5]Eddleston M,Singh S,Buckley N,Organophosphorus poisoning(acute)[J].BMJ Clin Evid,2005,(13):1744-1755.

[6]Rosman Y,Eisenkraft A,Milk N,Shiyovich A,Ophir N,Shrot S,et al.Lessons learned from the Syrian sarin attack: evaluation ofa clinical syndrome through social media[J].Ann Intern Med,2014,160(9):644-648.

[7]Jeyaratnam J.Acute pesticide poisoning:a major global health problem[J].World Health Stat Q,1990,43(3):139-144.

[8]Levine M,Hoffman RS,Lavergne V,Stork CM,Graudins A,Chuang R,et al.Systematic review of the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for non-local anesthetics toxicity[J].Clin Toxicol(Phila),2016,54(3):194-221.

[9]Kwong TC.Organophosphate pesticides:biochem?istry and clinical toxicology[J].Ther Drug Monit,2002,24(1):144-149.

[10]Arrieta DE, McCurdy SA, Henderson JD,Lefkowitz LJ,Reitstetter R,Wilson BW.Normal range of human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity[J].Drug Chem Toxicol,2009,32(3):182-185.

[11]Mahadeshwara P,Gouda HS,Hallikeri VR.Plasma?cholinesterase:double-edged parameter in the diagnosis of acute organophosphorus poisoning[J].Med Sci Law,2010,50(3):159-160.

[12]Curtil C,Masson P.Aging of cholinesterase after inhibition by organophosphates[J].Ann Pharm Fr,1993,51(2):63-77.

[13]Eddleston M,Mohamed F,Davies JO,Eyer P,Worek F,Sheriff MH,et al.Respiratory failure in acute organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning[J].QJM,2006,99(8):513-522.

[14]Chowdhary S, Bhattacharyya R, Banerjee D. Acute organophosphorus poisoning[J].Clin Chim Acta,2014,431:66-76.

[15]Xu HB,He XW,Xie ZP,He FS.Effect of organo?phosphate pesticide omethoate and dimethoate on neuro-muscle synaptic transmission of clawed frog embryo[J].Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol(中國藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志),1997,11(2):142.

[16]Wu Q,Dong ZJ,Wei XD.Soman poisoning on the free Ca2+of PC12 cells under the condition of hypoxia[J].Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol(中國藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志),1997,11(2):143.

[17]Karami-Mohajeri S,Abdollahi M.Mitochondrial dysfunction andorganophosphoruscompounds[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2013,270(1):39-44.

[18]Massicotte C, Knight K, Van der Schyf CJ,Jortner BS,Ehrich M.Effects of organophospho?rus compounds on ATP production and mitochon?drial integrity in cultured cells[J].Neurotox Res,2005,7(3):203-217.

[19]Peter JV,Sudarsan TI,Moran JL.Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning:a review of different classification systems and approaches[J].Indian J Crit Care Med,2014,18(11):735-745.

[20]Singh G,Khurana D.Neurology of acute organo?phosphate poisoning[J].Neurol India,2009,57(2):119-125.

[21]Singh S, Sharma N.Neurological syndromes following organophosphate poisoning[J].Neurol India,2000,48(4):308-313.

[22]Yang CC,Deng JF.Intermediate syndrome following organophosphate insecticide poisoning[J].J Chin Med Assoc,2007,70(11):467-472.

[23]Abdollahi M,Karami-Mohajeri S.A comprehensive review on experimental and clinical findings in inter?mediate syndrome caused by organophosphate poisoning[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2012,258(3):309-314.

[24]Nikhitha K,Sudhakar P,Manohar VB.A rare neurological complication of acute organophosphorus poisoning[J].J Assoc Physicians India,2016,64(1):143.

[25]Jokanovic M.Medical treatment of acute poisoning with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides[J].Toxicol Lett,2009,190(2):107-115.

[26]Eyer P.The role of oximes in the management of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning[J].Toxicol Rev,2003,22(3):165-190.

[27]Mirfazaelian H,Nikfar S,Abdollahi M.The efficacy of oximes in acute organophosphorus poisoning:an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Value Health,2014,17(7):A750.

[28]Worek F,Thiermann H.The value of novel oximes for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds[J].Pharmacol Ther,2013,139(2):249-259.

[29]Worek F,Thiermann H.The value of novel oximes for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds[J].Pharmacol Ther,2013,139(2):249-259.

[30]Eyer P.The role of oximes in the management of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning[J].Toxicol Rev,2003,22(3):165-190.

[31]Elsinghorst PW,Worek F,Thiermann H,Wille T. Drug development for the management of organo?phosphorus poisoning[J].Expert Opin Drug Discov,2013,8(12):1467-1477.

[32]Worek F,Thiermann H.The value of novel oximes for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds[J].Pharmacol Ther,2013,139(2):249-259.

[33]Kalisiak J,Ralph EC,Zhang J,Cashman JR. Amidine-oximes:reactivators for organophosphate exposure[J].J Med Chem,2011,54(9):3319-3330.

[34]Sit RK,Radic Z,Gerardi V,Zhang L,Garcia E,Katalinic′M,et al.New structural scaffolds for cen?trally acting oxime reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(22):19422-19430

[35]Radic Z,Sit RK,Kovarik Z,Berend S,Garcia E,Zhang L,et al.Refinement of structural leads for centrally acting oxime reactivators of phosphylated cholinesterases[J].J Biol Chem,2012,287(15):11798-11809.

[36]Simkhada NR,Kafle KK,Prasad PN.Pralidoxime in organophosphorus poisoning[J].JNepal Med Assoc,2010,50(180):300-302.

[37]Eddleston M,Buckley NA,Eyer P,Dawson AH. Management of acute organophosphorus pesti?cide poisoning[J].Lancet,2008,371(9612):597-607.

[38]Zheng SC,Wan WG,Zou HJ.Anticholinergic drugs in rescuing patients with acute organophos?phorus poisoning[J].Chin J Ind Hyg Occup Dis(中華勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生職業(yè)病雜志),2007,25(9):570-572.

[39]Han XY, Liu H, Liu CH, Wu B, Chen LF, Zhong BH,et al.Synthesis of the optical isomers of a new anticholinergic drug,penehyclidine hydro?chloride(8018)[J].BloorgMedChemLett,2005,15(8):1979-1982.

[40]Xiao HT,Liao Z,Meng XM,Yan XY,Chen SJ,Mo ZJ.Characterization of the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on muscarinicreceptorsubtypes mediating the contraction of guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinalsmooth muscle[J].JPharm Pharmcol,2009,61(7):949-952.

[41]Repplinger D,Olsen D,Smith S,Johnston WF,Shafer S.Lipid emulsion for cocaine toxicity:more questions for investigation[J].Ann Emerg Med,2015,65(1):127.

[42]Rothschild L,Bern S,Oswald S,Weinberg G. Intravenous lipid emulsion in clinical toxicology[J].Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med,2010,18:51.

[43]Nachon F,Brazzolotto X,Trovaslet M,Masson P. Progress in the development of enzyme-based nerve agent bioscavengers[J].Chem Biol Interact,2013,206(3):536-544.

[44]Iyer R,Iken B,Leon A.Developments in alternative treatmentsfororganophosphate poisoning[J].Toxicol Lett,2015,233(2):200-206.

[45]ChambersJ,OppenheimerSF.Organophos?phates,serine esterase inhibition,and modeling oforganophosphate toxicity[J].ToxicolSci,2004,77(2):185-187.

[46]Rosenberg Y,Luo C,Ashani Y,Doctor BP,F(xiàn)ischer R,Wolfe G,et al.Pharmacokinetics and immunologic consequences of exposing macaques to purified homologous butyrylcholinesterase[J].Life Sci,2002,72(2):125-134.

[47]Singh G,Avasthi G,Khurana D,Whig J,Mahajan R. Neurophysiological monitoring of pharmacological manipulation in acute organophosphate(OP)poisoning.The effects of pralidoxime,magnesium sulphate and pancuronium[J].Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol,1998,107(2):140-148.

[48]Pajoumand A,Shadnia S,Rezaie A,Abdi M,Abdollahi M.Benefits of magnesium sulfate in the management of acute human poisoning by organo?phosphorus insecticides[J].Hum Exp Toxicol,2004,23(12):565-569.

[49]LiuWF.A symptomatologicalassessmentof organophosphate-induced lethality in mice:com?parison of atropine and clonidine protection[J].Toxicol Lett,1991,56(1-2):19-32.

[50] Masson P.Evolution of and perspectives on thera-peutic approaches to nerve agent poisoning[J].Toxicol Lett,2011,206(1):5-13.

[51]Liu L,Ding G.Effects of different blood purification methods on serum cytokine levels and prognosis in patients with acute severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning[J].Ther Apher Dial,2015,19(2):185-190.

[52]Zhou Y,Zhan C,Li Y,Zhong Q,Pan H,Yang G. Intravenous lipid emulsions combine extracorporeal blood purification:a novel therapeutic strategy for severe organophosphate poisoning[J].Med Hypotheses,2010,74(2):309-311.

[53]Okonek S,Tonnis J,Baldamus CA,Hofmann A. Hemoperfusion versus hemodialysis in the manage?ment of patients severely poisoned by organophos?phorus insecticides and bipyridyl herbicides[J].Artif Organs,1979,3(4):341-345.

[54]Liang MJ,Zhang Y.Clinical analysis of penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with hemoperfusion in the treatment of acute severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning[J].Genet Mol Res,2015,14(2):4914-4919.

[55] Wang YC,Zhang ZS,Zhong CY,Jia WF,Zhao Y. Clinical observation of Xuebijing Injection therapy for patients with mechanical ventilation[J].Chin J Integrated Tradit West Med Intens Crit Care(中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合急救雜志),2007,14(5):287-289.

[56] Zhang SF.The clinical application of Xue Bijing injection[J].Mod J Integrated Chin Tradit West Med(現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志),2008,17(15):2418-2419.

[57] Li YH,Chen S,Shan Z,Zhen YB,Yan YP,Wang YD,et al.Rescue effect of Salvia Astraga?lus injection on mice organophosphate poisoning[J].Northwest Pharm J(西北藥學(xué)雜志),2007,22(4):183-184.

[58] Xiao GL,Jin YQ,Luo XH.The effect of Huangqi injection in the treatment of tardive neuropathy caused by acute organophosphorous insecticide poisoning[J].Her Med,(醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)),2002,21(9):558-560.

[59] Leng WJ,Ma Y.The treatment effect of Ginseng injection on acute organophosphorus pesticides toxic shock[J].J Ningxia Med Coll(寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)),2011,33(5):490-491.

[60] Xue C, Wang WH.The prevention and cure research of Rhubarb on multiple organ dysfunc?tion syndromes in patients with organophosphorus poisoning[J].Acta Acad Med Wannan(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)),2011,30(4):308-310.

[61] Cheng LL,Wu JL,F(xiàn)u M,Wang LX,Zhang XH,Hao XF.Joint application of rhubarb in the treatment ofsevere acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning[J].China Pract Med(中國實(shí)用醫(yī)藥),2011,6(14):168-169.

Drug research and clinical application of organophosphorous poisoning

FENG Shu-fang,QIU Ze-wu
(Department of Poisoning and Treatment,Affiliated Hospital to Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071,China)

Acute organophosphorus pesticides poisoning(AOPP)is one of the common critical emergency problems and the fatality is extremely high.Organophosphorus pesticides(OPS)are highly effective acetylcholinesterase(AChE)inhibitors.The AChE inhibition results in accumulation of acetyl?choline and overestimation of acetylcholine receptors in synapses of the autonomic nervous system,central nervous system,and neuromuscular junctions,causing a series of symptoms including musca?rinic,nicotinic,and central nervous system dysfunctions.In the early stage of AOPP,the core treat?ment is the use of anticholinergic drugs coupled with cholinesterase reactivator.Atropine and penehycli?dine hydrochloride(Tuoning)are the most commonly used anticholinergic drugs,which can effectively compete with acetylcholine receptors,block the effect of acetylcholine,and relieve the symptoms of re?spiratory failure,bronchospasm,pulmonary edema caused by AOPP.Oximes are believed to function as AChE reactivators,that can promote enzymatic reactivation and restore the activity of hydrolysis of ace?tylcholine.Recently,new avproaches,such as intravenous lipid emulsion,new detoxification drugs,blood purification,and traditional Chinese medicine,have attracted more attention.Overall,great prog?ress has been made in AOPP treatments.A better understanding of AOPP mechanism,and the support from pharmacology,toxicology,and related fields can contribute to the treatment of AOPP. Improved medical management of AOPP can also result in fewer deaths from poisoning worldwide.

organophosphorus pesticides;poisoning;anticholinergic drugs;oximes;intravenous lipid emulsion;blood purification

QIU Ze-wu,E-mail:qiuzw828@163.com

R99,R996

A

1000-3002-(2016)12-1431-08

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.12.022

2016-11-14接受日期:2016-12-26)

(本文編輯:齊春會(huì))

邱澤武,E-mail:qiuzw828@163.com

猜你喜歡
解磷脂肪乳膽堿能
經(jīng)皮耳迷走神經(jīng)刺激抗抑郁膽堿能機(jī)制的探討
脂肪乳在藥物中毒解救中的應(yīng)用研究
趙學(xué)義運(yùn)用四逆散治療膽堿能性蕁麻疹的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)
結(jié)構(gòu)脂肪乳對(duì)老年直腸癌患者術(shù)后營養(yǎng)狀況和免疫球蛋白水平的影響
益智醒腦顆粒對(duì)血管性癡呆大鼠行為認(rèn)知能力及膽堿能系統(tǒng)的影響
中成藥(2018年9期)2018-10-09 07:18:54
內(nèi)側(cè)隔核膽堿能神經(jīng)元維持慢性炎性痛的神經(jīng)通路機(jī)制
溫哥華假單胞菌菌株P(guān)AN4解磷能力及對(duì)核桃的促生作用
解磷菌的篩選及培養(yǎng)基成分對(duì)解磷能力的影響
根本原因分析法在新生兒靜脈輸注脂肪乳外滲不良事件中的應(yīng)用
解磷注射液在有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥中毒急救中的應(yīng)用體會(huì)
台湾省| 尉氏县| 林周县| 深泽县| 潼关县| 武宣县| 肃宁县| 纳雍县| 清苑县| 瓦房店市| 时尚| 太湖县| 辰溪县| 尼木县| 米林县| 房产| 岳西县| 龙口市| 大关县| 长治县| 新营市| 雅安市| 济南市| 泌阳县| 德化县| 武安市| 华蓥市| 资溪县| 敦化市| 上饶县| 弥渡县| 康平县| 阳春市| 综艺| 涪陵区| 红桥区| 夏邑县| 加查县| 凤山市| 恭城| 崇信县|