李冰儀綜述,徐紅兵審校(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,重慶400016)
SLP-2的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)及其與疾病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
李冰儀綜述,徐紅兵△審校
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,重慶400016)
線粒體; T淋巴細(xì)胞; 神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié); 腫瘤; 婦產(chǎn)科,醫(yī)院; 綜述
Stomatin家族蛋白包含了性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)均相對(duì)保守的核心區(qū)域,稱為stomatin-domain[1],其與prohibitin、flotillin 及HflK/HflC蛋白家族成員——包含了超過1 300種——中發(fā)現(xiàn)的區(qū)域(即stomatin、prohibitin、flotillin、HflK/ HflCdomain、SPFHdomain)有著更深層次的聯(lián)系[2]。stomatin蛋白家族成員廣泛存在于包括古生菌在內(nèi)的幾乎所有生命形式中[3]。盡管存在于有明顯種族差異的哺乳動(dòng)物、植物及細(xì)菌中,stomatin-domain的氨基酸序列卻相當(dāng)保守。
stomatin是最早從健康人紅細(xì)胞中分離出的一種膜本體蛋白[4-6],其缺失可導(dǎo)致Na+和K+漏出,這一過程
2000年,Wang等[9]報(bào)道了一種stomatin超家族成員——SLP-2,并概述了其主要特征。人類SLP-2基因從人類心臟cDNA文庫中克隆,編碼區(qū)域長度為1 071 nt,定位于9p13.1(而stomatin基因定位于9q34.1),編碼長357的氨基酸序列大小約3.85×107,與人類stomatin有超過20%的同源性。與stomatin超家族中其他成員類似,SLP-2也包含了stomatin特征性序列,同時(shí),SLP-2是這個(gè)家族中第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)缺乏氨基末端疏水域的成員,并且包含了大量可溶于鹽的低聚蛋白復(fù)合物,表明其可作為外周膜蛋白穩(wěn)定存在于紅細(xì)胞中。隨后,Owczarek等[10]從人胚胎腦cDNA文庫中分離出完整編碼Stoml2的cDNA,其基因由3 250個(gè)堿基對(duì)組成,包含10個(gè)外顯子及9個(gè)內(nèi)含子,并提出了一個(gè)長1 068 nt、可編碼356個(gè)氨基酸多肽(預(yù)計(jì)相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量大小為3.85×104)的開放編碼框,同時(shí),該小組發(fā)現(xiàn)Stoml2蛋白缺乏跨膜區(qū)域。2006年,John等[11]才確定了Stoml2中約90%的序列,表明這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性。
2.1 Stoml2和線粒體 自從Da Cruz等[12]確定Stoml2是線粒體蛋白并推測其可能同時(shí)存在于質(zhì)膜及線粒體內(nèi)膜以來,關(guān)于這種新發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白和線粒體關(guān)系的研究便持續(xù)不斷。Hájek等[13]證實(shí)了Stoml2連接于線粒體內(nèi)膜、朝向膜間隙,并且可以與Mfn2(存在于線粒體外膜的線粒體融合蛋白2)形成高分子量復(fù)合物,以及Stoml2-Mfn2異質(zhì)低聚體,且Stoml2為這一復(fù)合物形成的限制性因子。這一研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),敲除Stoml2可降低線粒體膜電勢(shì),但對(duì)線粒體形態(tài)無明顯影響。以往有研究表明,線粒體膜固有電勢(shì)(△ψm)高的亞克隆細(xì)胞系更傾向于表達(dá)狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定的血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-7(MMP-7),從而增強(qiáng)了細(xì)胞的侵襲性,這一特性與腫瘤的進(jìn)展有關(guān),對(duì)腫瘤特征的研究有著至關(guān)重要的作用[14]。隨后Da Cruz等[15]證實(shí)Stoml2與線粒體中另一蛋白prohibitin有著密切關(guān)系。Hela細(xì)胞的Stoml2耗竭可導(dǎo)致prohibitins(prohibitin-1和prohibitin-2)的下調(diào),以及由金屬蛋白酶水解造成的呼吸鏈復(fù)合物Ⅰ和Ⅳ的降解,且線粒體應(yīng)激造成的蛋白翻轉(zhuǎn)增多可增加Stoml2的表達(dá)。發(fā)生于線粒體分裂之前,由凋亡刺激因子(如紫外線、放射菌素D等)激發(fā)應(yīng)激介導(dǎo)的線粒體高融合過程需要L-OPA1、MFN1及SLP-2的參與,且可提供給細(xì)胞更多的OXPHOS和ATP[16]。Da Cruz等[17]證實(shí),在Hela細(xì)胞中干擾Stoml2可降低由興奮劑刺激導(dǎo)致的線粒體中Ca2+水平升高的幅度、縮短其持續(xù)的時(shí)間,并且與對(duì)照組相比可增加Ca2+從線粒體內(nèi)外流的效率。去除Na+或加入線粒體Na+/Ca2+泵抑制因子可抵消這一現(xiàn)象,而將有通透性的細(xì)胞暴露在Na+和Ca2+濃度固定的細(xì)胞溶質(zhì)中可增強(qiáng)這一現(xiàn)象。同時(shí),盡管線粒體中Ca2+濃度增加,Stoml2的過表達(dá)可增加Ca2+從線粒體內(nèi)外流的效率,且細(xì)胞質(zhì)中Ca2+水平的上升幅度可隨Stoml2的消耗增加,隨Stom21的過表達(dá)而降低。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明,Stoml2參與調(diào)節(jié)線粒體中Ca2+的外流,且對(duì)線粒體緩沖Ca2+的能力及形成細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)Ca2+信號(hào)起調(diào)節(jié)作用。然而,該研究結(jié)果顯示,干擾掉Stoml2對(duì)細(xì)胞線粒體內(nèi)膜電勢(shì)無影響,這與Hájek等[13]的研究結(jié)果截然不同。
2.2 Stoml2與T細(xì)胞 T細(xì)胞通過抗原受體(TCR)的活化需要來自位于細(xì)胞膜上的脂筏微區(qū)中的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)體的持續(xù)信號(hào)作用。Kirchhof等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),體內(nèi)外的活化可以使人原始淋巴細(xì)胞中的Stoml2表達(dá)上調(diào),而這一過程涉及TCR中的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)體和聚合的肌動(dòng)蛋白。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,人T細(xì)胞系和原始外周血T細(xì)胞中Stoml2的表達(dá)上調(diào)可增加感受器的反應(yīng)性,而Stoml2的表達(dá)下調(diào)可導(dǎo)致TCR中持續(xù)信號(hào)的缺失及T細(xì)胞活性的降低,這一結(jié)果表明Stoml2可作為潛在的免疫調(diào)節(jié)靶點(diǎn)。Stoml2的上調(diào)可使T細(xì)胞中心磷脂含量增加37%、線粒體DNA水平增加70%,且可顯著提高具有代謝活性的線粒體量。同時(shí)Stoml2可將prohibitins募集至心磷脂,形成富含心磷脂的微區(qū),這一過程可提高呼吸鏈復(fù)合物Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)ATP的含量及對(duì)細(xì)胞凋亡的抵抗力[19]。當(dāng)T細(xì)胞激活時(shí)Stoml2聚集于免疫突觸外圍,而此處即是有信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)作用的TCR聚集處,這一研究提出,在Stoml2作用下,線粒體膜和細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜均有轉(zhuǎn)變成功能性微區(qū)的可能[20]。同年,這一研究小組培育出T細(xì)胞特異的Stoml2缺陷型小鼠。這些小鼠的胸腺細(xì)胞和外周T細(xì)胞數(shù)量正常,但T細(xì)胞本身表現(xiàn)出TCR受到刺激后產(chǎn)生IL-2功能的缺陷,這使得CD4+T細(xì)胞的反應(yīng)性降低。同時(shí),Stoml2表達(dá)缺陷可損害線粒體膜中心磷脂的功能并降低呼吸鏈復(fù)合物水平,導(dǎo)致線粒體呼吸解耦合及細(xì)胞對(duì)糖酵解的依賴性增加。這些最終可干擾T細(xì)胞活化過程中的新陳代謝過程,導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞功能障礙[21]。
2.3 Stoml2在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展及轉(zhuǎn)歸中的作用 2005年,F(xiàn)eng等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常子宮內(nèi)膜組織比較,子宮內(nèi)膜癌組織中Stoml2 mRNA明顯高表達(dá),且過表達(dá)Stoml2的HEC-1B細(xì)胞處于G1期的數(shù)量降低12.5%,而處于S期的數(shù)量增加8.0%。Zhang等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)了Stoml2在食道鱗狀上皮癌(ESCC)中的過表達(dá)并證實(shí)了干擾Stoml2的基因可導(dǎo)致TE12細(xì)胞S期的阻滯并抑制細(xì)胞生長、增殖及細(xì)胞的黏附能力。隨后該研究小組也發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常組織比較,Stoml2同樣在肺癌、喉癌及子宮內(nèi)膜癌[24]中高表達(dá),且這一過程在惡變前組織中已經(jīng)發(fā)生。同時(shí),干擾KYSE450細(xì)胞(一種食道鱗狀上皮癌細(xì)胞系)中的Stoml2可降低細(xì)胞生長、增殖、腫瘤形成能力及黏附的能力[25]。Cao等[26]對(duì)Stoml2與多種惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性的研究取得了突破性進(jìn)展。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),與相鄰正常組織比較,Stoml2在人喉鱗狀上皮癌組織中過表達(dá)(P=0.000),且在淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移(與臨床分期相關(guān))患者的組織中其表達(dá)量更高。利用組織芯片(tissue microarray)技術(shù)對(duì)263例早期乳腺癌患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),138例(52.5%)癌組織中Stoml2呈高表達(dá),而125例(47.5%)呈低表達(dá)或不表達(dá)。同時(shí),高表達(dá)的Stoml2不僅與總生存率的降低有密切關(guān)系(P=0.011),且與腫瘤的分期及瘤體大?。ǎ?0 mm)(P=0.020)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P<0.001)、晚期臨床分期(P<0.001)、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.002)及HER-2/neu蛋白的表達(dá)(P=0.037)呈正相關(guān),這些均可導(dǎo)致患者的低生存率[27]。2011年該小組進(jìn)一步證實(shí)Stom2過表達(dá)與較差的乳腺癌總生存率相關(guān),尤其在伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及HER2/ neu陰性的患者中[28]。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,與腫瘤中心組織比較,在ESCC邊緣具有侵襲性的組織中Stoml2表達(dá)更高,而抑制Stoml2的表達(dá)可通過MMP-2依賴的途徑減弱ESCC細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。同時(shí),ERK1/2抑制劑(如PD98059、U0126等)可有效阻止Stoml2的上調(diào),而AKT抑制劑(LY294002、MK-2206等)卻無該作用,表明Stoml2的調(diào)節(jié)與 MAPK/ERK通路有著密切聯(lián)系[29]。Gajbhiye等[30-31]證實(shí)近60%的子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥患者體內(nèi)可檢測到一系列的子宮內(nèi)膜IgG、IgM抗體,而作為被發(fā)現(xiàn)的3種子宮內(nèi)膜抗原之一的Stoml2可大大激發(fā)血清內(nèi)針對(duì)其抗原決定簇抗體的產(chǎn)生,且anti-SLP2a-autoAb (50%、96%)和anti-SLP2c-autoAb(61%、93%)預(yù)測早期子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的敏感性和特異性均高于血清CA125水平(21%、89%),這項(xiàng)研究為子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的早期診斷提供了新的思路。Chang等[32]的研究表明,Stoml2在肺鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中高表達(dá)且高水平的Stoml2與腫瘤遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.025)、總生存率(P=0.018)及無瘤生存率(P= 0.017)的降低有明顯相關(guān)性,且可作為肺癌一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素。Yeoh等[33]在研究結(jié)直腸癌中疏水蛋白與腫瘤分期和分級(jí)的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn),Stoml2在大于50%的高、中分化腺癌中明顯高表達(dá),且女性結(jié)直腸癌患者組織中Stoml2的表達(dá)明顯升高。Song等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)了神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤組織和細(xì)胞系中Stoml2在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯水平表達(dá)中上調(diào),并證實(shí)在神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系中敲除Stoml2可通過降低NF-κB的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性抑制其相關(guān)目的基因,從而介導(dǎo)MMP-9的表達(dá)并大大降低神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的遷移速度和侵襲能力。Liu等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)與鄰近正常胃黏膜上皮組織比較,Stoml2在胃癌組織中過表達(dá)(P<0.001),且高表達(dá)的Stoml2與腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移及美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(huì)分期呈明顯正相關(guān)。此外,多變量分析證實(shí)Stoml2的高表達(dá)可作為胃癌的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.005)。Li等[36]主導(dǎo)的一項(xiàng)大樣本胃癌回顧性研究也證實(shí)了Stoml2在胃癌組織中的表達(dá)比癌灶周圍正常組織中明顯升高,且Stoml2高表達(dá)與更高級(jí)別的組織學(xué)類型(P=0.047)、T類分期(P<0.001)及N類分期(P= 0.01)相關(guān),同時(shí),可利用Stoml2的表達(dá)水平將N0期的患者生存時(shí)間進(jìn)行分層,且癌組織中Stoml2表達(dá)量升高的患者相較于低表達(dá)的患者總存活率更低(中位數(shù)分別為38.9、64.0個(gè)月,P<0.001),與之前的研究相同,Stoml2的表達(dá)水平可作為胃癌一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的預(yù)后因素(RR= 1.920,P=0.001),即Stoml2表達(dá)量升高預(yù)示患者預(yù)后不佳。Towle等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn),VCP、DCTN3和STOML2基因的表達(dá)均可單獨(dú)促進(jìn)口腔癌細(xì)胞的生長,同時(shí)該課題組也證實(shí)了在由正常組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍忠u性的口腔癌過程中這3種基因被平行激活。Wang等[38]在對(duì)Stoml2與膀胱癌關(guān)聯(lián)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)癌組織中Stoml2 mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)均較非癌組織明顯升高,且Stoml2的表達(dá)水平與膀胱癌組織分級(jí)(P<0.001)、病理T分期(P=0.019)、臨床分期(P= 0.001)及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.026)呈明顯正相關(guān),此外,Stoml2的表達(dá)水平與總生存率呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān),且高表達(dá)的Stoml2可作為膀胱癌患者生存期的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。Salas等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),Stoml2在無復(fù)發(fā)的硬纖維瘤中表達(dá)下調(diào),且可預(yù)測這種疾病的無進(jìn)展生存率。Xiao等[40]證實(shí),Stoml2 mRNA在宮頸癌組織中比正常宮頸組織中表達(dá)升高,同樣,Stoml2的表達(dá)量可作為宮頸癌患者總生存時(shí)間的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素(P=0.022),且與腫瘤分期(P=0.013)、瘤體大小(P=0.025)密切相關(guān),而與總生存率及無復(fù)發(fā)生存時(shí)間各自呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P=0.001、0.017)。Sun等[41]的研究表明,Stoml2 mRNA及蛋白在卵巢上皮腫瘤細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)且與腫瘤分期密切相關(guān)(P<0.001),并可作為卵巢上皮腫瘤患者生存期的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。以上研究均表明,Stoml2在惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞中過表達(dá),且Stoml2的表達(dá)量普遍預(yù)示患者總生存時(shí)間的減少。但是,Zambelli等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Stoml2 mRNA高表達(dá)與尤文氏肉瘤轉(zhuǎn)移及死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的降低有關(guān),表明其在不同腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后中功能的復(fù)雜性。
自Stoml2被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)其定位、結(jié)構(gòu)及功能的研究持續(xù)進(jìn)行。Stoml2基因定位于染色體9p13、合成的氨基酸序列與人stomatin有超過20%的同源性。雖然與stomatin家族中其他成員一樣包含特異性序列,Stoml2卻因缺乏在其他同源蛋白中均存在特征性的氨基末端疏水域而顯得尤為特殊。Stoml2與stomatin一樣存在于人類紅細(xì)胞中,但前者在組織和細(xì)胞系中有著更廣泛的分布。一系列的研究證實(shí)Stoml2大量存在于線粒體中并與Mfn2結(jié)合成Stoml2-Mfn2異質(zhì)寡聚體。Stoml也可調(diào)節(jié)線粒體中Ca2+的外流并協(xié)助線粒體緩沖Ca2+的能力,且對(duì)細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)Ca2+信號(hào)的形成起調(diào)節(jié)作用。同時(shí),Stoml2與T細(xì)胞有著密切聯(lián)系,表明Stoml2可作為潛在的免疫調(diào)節(jié)靶點(diǎn)。越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Stoml2與多種疾病,尤其與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、預(yù)后有著密切關(guān)系。一系列的研究表明,與正常組織比較,某些惡性腫瘤,如子宮內(nèi)膜癌、膀胱癌、宮頸癌,其組織中Stoml2mRNA表達(dá)顯著升高。相應(yīng)地,更多惡性腫瘤組織中被證實(shí)Stoml2蛋白過表達(dá),包括食道鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、肺癌、喉癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌、乳腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、胃癌、口腔癌、膀胱癌、硬纖維瘤及宮頸癌。在多數(shù)被研究的惡性腫瘤組織中,Stoml2普遍與患者總生存率的降低、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等不良預(yù)后呈正相關(guān),表明其可作為惡性腫瘤的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。綜上所述,敲除Stoml2可降低線粒體膜電勢(shì),降低VEGF和MMP-7水平,減弱細(xì)胞的侵襲能力,從而抑制腫瘤進(jìn)展。Stoml2的下調(diào)可導(dǎo)致G1期細(xì)胞數(shù)量的增加,而S期細(xì)胞數(shù)量相應(yīng)減少,從而抑制細(xì)胞生長、增殖及黏附能力,表明Stoml2可作為腫瘤治療的藥物靶點(diǎn)。
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10.3969/j.issn.1009-5519.2016.16.026
A
1009-5519(2016)16-2517-05
,E-mail:wslangna198962@sina.com。與遺傳性口形紅細(xì)胞增多癥有關(guān)[7],而人類stomatin基因卻未出現(xiàn)變異[8]。stomatin-like protein 2,也被稱為Stoml2或人stomatin樣蛋白2(SLP-2),其基因是stomatin基因超家族中的一員,最早從人類心臟cDNA文庫中克隆并被發(fā)現(xiàn)廣泛表達(dá)于正常和異常組織中。Stoml2蛋白與線粒體內(nèi)膜相連并將膜本體蛋白連接于周圍細(xì)胞骨架,且在細(xì)胞周期的調(diào)控、細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲等功能中發(fā)揮重要作用。
2016-02-22
2016-03-07)