賈 勇,梅祎祎,盛楚喬,潘雅潔,程增霞,程繁銀
作者單位:116044遼寧省大連市,大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(賈勇,梅祎祎,潘雅潔,程增霞,程繁銀);吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院兒科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(盛楚喬)
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·調(diào)查研究·
55歲及以上城市居民慢性病共病現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查及相關(guān)性分析
賈 勇,梅祎祎,盛楚喬,潘雅潔,程增霞,程繁銀
作者單位:116044遼寧省大連市,大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(賈勇,梅祎祎,潘雅潔,程增霞,程繁銀);吉林大學(xué)白求恩第一醫(yī)院兒科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室(盛楚喬)
【摘要】目的了解≥55歲城市居民慢性病共病現(xiàn)狀及各慢性病之間的關(guān)系,為提高社區(qū)慢性病管理的效率提供參考依據(jù)。方法2012年10—12月,采用分層整群隨機(jī)抽樣方法,按人口比例和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平在遼寧省丹東市振興區(qū)、元寶區(qū)、振安區(qū)、東港市、鳳城市和寬甸縣6個行政區(qū)22個街道41個社區(qū)隨機(jī)抽取≥55歲丹東市常住居民(在本地累計居住時間≥6個月)4 903人作為調(diào)查對象,剔除信息不全等問卷,有效問卷4 571份,有效率為93.23%。采用自行設(shè)計的調(diào)查問卷,調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括性別、年齡等一般人口學(xué)特征以及慢性病檢出情況等,包括9種常見慢性?。焊哐獕?、慢性頸/腰椎病、心臟病(冠心病、心律不齊)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、抑郁癥、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍、癌癥。結(jié)果丹東市≥55歲居民4 571人,其中慢性病檢出人數(shù)2 337人,檢出率為51.13%。高血壓檢出率為38.63%(1 766/4 571)、慢性頸/腰椎病檢出率為13.08%(598/4 571)、心臟病檢出率為11.62%(531/4 571)、COPD檢出率為8.40%(384/4 571)、2型糖尿病檢出率為5.82%(266/4 571)、腦卒中檢出率為5.78%(264/4 571)、抑郁癥檢出率為3.13%(143/4 571)、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍檢出率為2.58%(118/4 571)、癌癥檢出率為2.36%(108/4 571)。女性高血壓、心臟病、2型糖尿病檢出率高于男性(P<0.05);男性抑郁癥檢出率高于女性(P<0.05);男性與女性慢性頸/腰椎病、COPD、腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍、癌癥檢出率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。未患有慢性病2 234人,占48.87%;患有1種慢性病1 010人,占22.10%;同時患有2種慢性病880人,占19.25%;同時患有3種慢性病384人,占8.40%;同時患有4種及以上慢性病63人,占1.38%?;加?種及以上慢性病1 327人,慢性病共病檢出率為29.03%,女性慢性病共病檢出率高于男性〔31.45%(734/2 334)與26.51%(593/2 237),P<0.05〕。慢性病相關(guān)性分析顯示,高血壓與慢性頸/腰椎病、心臟病、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、抑郁癥、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);慢性頸/腰椎病與心臟病、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);心臟病與腦卒中、抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);腦卒中與抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);COPD與抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);2型糖尿病與腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);抑郁癥與慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍與癌癥相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論丹東市≥55歲居民慢性病檢出率較高,且慢性病共病檢出率較高,多種慢性病存在相關(guān)關(guān)系。慢性病共病現(xiàn)象研究對我國社區(qū)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生綜合管理有一定的指導(dǎo)意義和實踐意義,通過對共病的深入研究,干預(yù)共享行為危險因素,可以改善居民健康水平,提高社區(qū)慢性病管理的效率。
共病(multimorbidity)是指患者在同一時間同時或相繼患有2種或2種以上的疾病[1-2],已經(jīng)成為發(fā)達(dá)國家衛(wèi)生保健工作中所面臨的嚴(yán)重挑戰(zhàn)和威脅[3-4]。而老年人群慢性病的共病現(xiàn)象是全球公共衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域的普遍性問題[5],并非只出現(xiàn)在西方發(fā)達(dá)國家。在國內(nèi)的臨床研究中,有少量研究報道是對精神類疾病且只針對1種疾病的共病現(xiàn)象的研究[6-7],對慢性病共病研究的報道數(shù)量更少。國外研究表明,共病現(xiàn)象可能導(dǎo)致患者重復(fù)就診及增加潛在的社會、經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[8]。為此,本研究通過對遼寧省丹東市≥55歲居民進(jìn)行橫斷面調(diào)查,了解老年人群慢性病共病情況,分析該地區(qū)常見慢性病之間的關(guān)系,探討慢性病共病分布水平和流行特征,為提高我國社區(qū)慢性病管理效率提供參考。
1對象與方法
1.1調(diào)查對象2012年10—12月,采用分層整群隨機(jī)抽樣方法,按人口比例和經(jīng)濟(jì)水平在遼寧省丹東市振興區(qū)、元寶區(qū)、振安區(qū)、東港市、鳳城市和寬甸縣6個行政區(qū)22個街道41個社區(qū)隨機(jī)抽取≥55歲丹東市常住居民(在本地累計居住時間≥6個月)4 903人作為調(diào)查對象,剔除信息不全等問卷,回收有效問卷4 571份,有效率為93.23%。本研究調(diào)查人數(shù)占當(dāng)年丹東市人口總數(shù)[9]的3.29‰。
1.2調(diào)查內(nèi)容采用自行設(shè)計的調(diào)查問卷,調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括性別、年齡、民族、家庭收入、婚姻狀況、所患慢性病名稱、確診時間、確診醫(yī)院等級和名稱等。慢性病根據(jù)國際疾病分類(ICD-10)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10]來確定。包括9種常見慢性?。焊哐獕?、慢性頸/腰椎病、心臟病(冠心病、心律不齊)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、抑郁癥、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍、癌癥。調(diào)查疾病由調(diào)查對象或直系親屬自報,并在二級及以上醫(yī)院已確診。
1.3調(diào)查方法本次調(diào)查由丹東市衛(wèi)生行政部門進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一組織和實施,調(diào)查員由各社區(qū)衛(wèi)生工作人員組成,經(jīng)統(tǒng)一規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)后進(jìn)行面對面入戶調(diào)查。3次上門未調(diào)查成功而放棄該戶時,從候選戶中按順序遞補(bǔ)。因病住院不在訪談現(xiàn)場或無能力回答的調(diào)查對象由熟悉其情況的直系親屬回答。
1.4質(zhì)量控制采用EpiData 3.0軟件建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)雙人雙份錄入,錄入后將原始數(shù)據(jù)與已錄入的電子文檔進(jìn)行校對,并進(jìn)行邏輯檢錯。
1.5統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SAS 9.1統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗;慢性病間的相關(guān)性采用列聯(lián)表相關(guān)性分析。檢驗水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般情況
2.1.1人口學(xué)特征共調(diào)查丹東市≥55歲居民4 571人,其中,男2 237人(占48.94%),女2 334人(占51.06%);年齡55~96歲,平均年齡62.1歲。慢性病檢出人數(shù)2 337人,檢出率為51.13%。
2.1.29種常見慢性病檢出情況丹東市≥55歲居民高血壓檢出率為38.63%(1 766/4 571)、慢性頸/腰椎病檢出率為13.08%(598/4 571)、心臟病檢出率為11.62%(531/4 571)、COPD檢出率為8.40%(384/4 571)、2型糖尿病檢出率為5.82%(266/4 571)、腦卒中檢出率為5.78%(264/4 571)、抑郁癥檢出率為3.13%(143/4 571)、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍檢出率為2.58%(118/4 571)、癌癥檢出率為2.36%(108/4 571)。女性高血壓、心臟病、2型糖尿病檢出率高于男性,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);男性抑郁癥檢出率高于女性,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。男性與女性慢性頸/腰椎病、COPD、腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍、癌癥檢出率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1)。
2.29種常見慢性病共病檢出情況丹東市≥55歲居民未患有慢性病2 234人,占48.87%;患有1種慢性病1 010人,占22.10%;同時患有2種慢性病880人,占19.25%;同時患有3種慢性病384人,占8.40%;同時患有4種及以上慢性病63人,占1.38%(見表2)?;加?種及以上慢性病1 327人,慢性病共病檢出率為29.03%(1 327/4 571),其中,男性慢性病共病檢出率為26.51%(593/2 237),女性慢性病共病檢出率為31.45%(734/2 334),女性慢性病共病檢出率高于男性,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=13.53,P<0.01)。
2.39種常見慢性病共病其他疾病情況9種常見慢性病共病其他疾病依次為慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍〔98.31%(116/118)〕、心臟病〔97.93%(520/531)〕、腦卒中〔97.35%(257/264)〕、2型糖尿病〔95.86%(255/266)〕、抑郁癥〔93.01%(133/143)〕、高血壓〔70.44%(1244/1766)〕、慢性頸/腰椎病〔62.88%(376/598)〕、癌癥〔62.04%(67/108)〕、COPD〔52.08%(200/384)〕(見圖1)。
2.49種常見慢性病相關(guān)性分析慢性病相關(guān)性分析顯示,高血壓與慢性頸/腰椎病、心臟病、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、抑郁癥、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);慢性頸/腰椎病與心臟病、2型糖尿病、腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);心臟病與腦卒中、抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);腦卒中與抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);CODP與抑郁癥相關(guān)(P<0.05);2型糖尿病與腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);抑郁癥與慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍相關(guān)(P<0.05);慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍與癌癥相關(guān)(P<0.05,見表3)。
3討論
本調(diào)查結(jié)果表明,丹東市≥55歲居民慢性病檢出率為51.13%,提示丹東市老年人慢性病患病率較高。其中高血壓檢出率為38.63%,居于慢性病首位,這與國內(nèi)的相關(guān)研究結(jié)果基本一致[11-12]。女性高血壓、心臟病、2型糖尿病檢出率高于男性,男性抑郁癥檢出率高于女性。這一結(jié)果由多因素共同作用導(dǎo)致,老年女性隨著年齡增長,雌激素水平下降,高血壓、2型糖尿病等慢性血管性疾病發(fā)病率增高[13],但老年男性吸煙、飲酒等不良生活習(xí)慣及男性承負(fù)的精神壓力和社會責(zé)任高于女性,是導(dǎo)致精神類疾病的重要危險因素[12]。提示可以針對不同性別構(gòu)建慢性病管理的疾病譜,以對存在共病現(xiàn)象的慢性病進(jìn)行控制和干預(yù)。
表2丹東市≥55歲居民慢性病共病檢出情況
Table 2Detection of the multimorbidity of chronic diseases among Dandong residents aged ≥55
患病數(shù)量(種)男性檢出人數(shù)比例(%)女性檢出人數(shù)比例(%)合計檢出人數(shù)比例(%)0114651.23108846.61223448.87149822.2651221.94101022.10240418.0647620.3988019.2531617.202239.563848.40≥4281.25351.50631.38合計2237100.002334100.004571100.00
注:COPD=慢性阻塞性肺疾病
圖1丹東市≥55歲居民各慢性病共病比例情況
Figure 1Percentage of different conditions of multimorbidity among Dandong residents age ≥55
表1 不同性別丹東市≥55歲居民慢性病檢出率比較〔n(%)〕
注:COPD=慢性阻塞性肺疾病
表3 丹東市≥55歲居民9種常見慢性病相關(guān)性分析(r值)
注:aP<0.05;-為無此項數(shù)據(jù)
本調(diào)查中,丹東市≥55歲居民9種常見慢性病共病檢出率為29.03%,低于Kirchberger等[14]對德國65~94歲居民慢性病共病檢出率(58.6%)、Schram等[15]對荷蘭55~94歲居民慢性病共病檢出率(56%)的結(jié)果;高于Menotti等[16]對芬蘭(23.3%)和意大利(15.3%)65~84歲男性的檢出率。這一結(jié)果表明,中國慢性病共病現(xiàn)象存在且共病檢出率水平較高。分析該結(jié)果與各國之間差異的原因,認(rèn)為一是各國研究對象年齡上有差異;二是所研究慢性病的疾病數(shù)量不同,Kirchberger等[14]、Schram等[15]、Menotti等[16]研究疾病數(shù)量分別為13、12、7種。從上述各國研究的疾病數(shù)量與慢性病共病檢出率之間關(guān)系來看,疾病數(shù)量越多,慢性病共病檢出率越高。因此,若在本研究基礎(chǔ)上增加慢性病疾病數(shù)量,我國慢性病共病檢出率可能會進(jìn)一步增加。本調(diào)查中,慢性病共病檢出率居前5位的疾病分別為慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍(98.31%)、心臟病(97.93%)、腦卒中(97.35%)、2型糖尿病(95.86%)、抑郁癥(93.01%)。共病檢出率相對較高的疾病有共享行為危險因素[17],如吸煙、飲酒、久坐、高鹽飲食。提示也可以通過控制共享行為危險因素對慢性病進(jìn)行綜合管理。
相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果顯示,9種慢性病之間存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中2型糖尿病分別與高血壓、慢性頸/腰椎病、腦卒中、慢性胃/十二指腸潰瘍存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,該結(jié)果與國內(nèi)一項2型糖尿病共病研究結(jié)果基本一致[7]。該現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生可歸為兩個原因:一是共病之間存在直接或間接的因果關(guān)聯(lián);二是各疾病之間共享行為危險因素[7,18-19]。這一結(jié)果再次提示在社區(qū)慢性病綜合管理工作中,可以通過干預(yù)共享行為危險因素來降低各慢性病的發(fā)生率,進(jìn)而減少醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)費用和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。
綜上所述,慢性病共病現(xiàn)象研究對我國社區(qū)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生綜合管理有一定的指導(dǎo)意義和實踐意義,通過對共病的深入研究,干預(yù)共享行為危險因素可以改善居民健康水平,提高社區(qū)慢性病管理的效率。本研究的局限性在于研究疾病數(shù)量不夠充足、全面,可能低估我國慢性病共病現(xiàn)象。下一步將對影響共病的共享行為危險因素、存在共病現(xiàn)象的疾病類別以及共病現(xiàn)象的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)進(jìn)行深入研究。
作者貢獻(xiàn):賈勇進(jìn)行調(diào)查設(shè)計、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對文章負(fù)責(zé);梅祎祎、盛楚喬、潘雅潔、程增霞進(jìn)行試驗實施、資料收集;程繁銀進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制、評估及審校。
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(本文相關(guān)《家庭健康詢問調(diào)查表》見本刊官網(wǎng)www.chinagp.net方法學(xué)研究欄目)
(本文編輯:陳素芳)
【關(guān)鍵詞】慢性?。还膊‖F(xiàn)象;社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù);橫斷面研究
賈勇,梅祎祎,盛楚喬,等.≥55歲及以上城市居民慢性病共病現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查及相關(guān)性分析[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(6):683-687.[www.chinagp.net]
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Investigation and Correlation Analysis of Multimorbidity of Chronic Diseases Among Residents Aged 55 Years and OverJIAYong,MEIYi-yi,SHENGChu-qiao,etal.PublicHealthSchool,DalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116044,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the status of multimorbidity of chronic diseases among residents aged ≥55 and correlation among various chronic diseases.MethodsA total of 4 903 residents aged ≥55 who had lived in Dandong for ≥6 months were randomly selected from 41 communities on 22 streets of 6 administrative areas which were Zhenxing District,Yuanbao District,Zhen′an District,Donggang,Fengcheng and Kuandian County in Dandong City,Liaoning Province from October to December in 2012.After the exclusion of incomplete questionnaires,collected 4 571 effective questionnaires with an effective rate of 93.23%.Self-designed questionnaires were adopted,and the content included general demographic data such as gender and age and the detection results of chronic diseases.The 9 most common chronic diseases were hypertension,chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease (coronary heart disease and arrhythmia),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer.ResultsAmong the 4 571 Dandong residents aged ≥55,the number of people who were detected with chronic diseases was 2 337 with a detection rate of 51.13%.The detection rates of hypertension,chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease,COPD,type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer were 38.63%(1 766/4 571),13.08%(598/4 571),11.62%(531/4 571),8.40%(384/4 571),5.82%(266/4 571),5.78%(264/4 571),3.13%(143/4 571),2.58%(118/4 571) and 2.36%(108/4 571) respectively.Females were higher than males in the detection rates of hypertension,heart disease and type 2 diabetes (P<0.05);males were higher than females in the detection rate of depression(P<0.05);males and females were not significantly different in the detection rates of chronic neck/lumbar disease,COPD,stroke,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer(P>0.05).The number of subjects without chronic diseases was 2 234,accounting for 48.87%;the number of subjects with only one kind of chronic disease was 1 010,accounting for 22.10%;the number of subjects who had two kinds of chronic diseases was 880,accounting for 19.25%;the number of patients who had three kinds of chronic diseases was 384,accounting for 8.40%;the number of patients who had four kinds or more than four kinds of chronic diseases was 63,accounting for 1.38%.There were all together 1 327 patients who had two kinds or more than two kinds of chronic diseases with a detection rate of 29.03%,and females were higher than males in the detection rate of multimorbidity of chronic diseases〔31.45%(734/2 334) and 26.51%(593/2 237),P<0.05〕.Correlation analysis of chronic diseases showed that hypertension was correlated with chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease,type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression and chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer (P<0.05);chronic neck/lumbar disease was correlated with heart disease,type 2 diabetes,stroke and chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer (P<0.05);heart disease was correlated with stroke and depression (P<0.05);stroke was correlated with depression (P<0.05);COPD was correlated with depression(P<0.05);type 2 diabetes was correlated with stroke and chronic neck/lumbar disease(P<0.05);depression was correlated with chronic neck/lumbar disease;chronic neck/lumbar disease was correlated with cancer (P<0.05).ConclusionPrevalence of chronic disease and prevalence of multimorbidity of chronic disease are both higher among residents aged ≥55 in Dandong.And there are statistically significant correlations among chronic diseases.The study of the multimorbidity of chronic diseases has guiding and practical significance in the general management of community health care.The further studies of multimordibity,aiming at the intervention of common behavioral risk factors,will improve the residents′ health level and the efficiency of community chronic disease management.
【Key words】Chronic disease;Comorbidity;Community health services;Cross-sectional studies
(收稿日期:2015-06-14;修回日期:2015-12-24)
【中圖分類號】R 544.1 R 587.1
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.06.012
通信作者:程繁銀,116044遼寧省大連市,大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院;E-mail:chengfanyin@163.com