朱紅云 鞠海兵
[摘要] 糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(DR)是導(dǎo)致不可逆性盲的重要原因之一,DR發(fā)病與動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān),其治療干預(yù)靶點成為當(dāng)今研究的熱點。血漿脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)是一種新型的動脈粥樣硬化性炎性標(biāo)志物,與血脂密切相關(guān),由Lp-PLA2所引起的慢性炎癥反應(yīng)與脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂共同作用導(dǎo)致了動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。目前,關(guān)于Lp-PLA2的認(rèn)識還不完善,仍需要進(jìn)行大量的實驗研究以明確Lp-PLA2與DR發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)系及其致病機(jī)制。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變;脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2;動脈粥樣硬化;血脂
[中圖分類號] R587.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2016)02(a)-0017-03
Research progress of the relationship between blood lipid,lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and diabetic retinopathy
ZHU Hong-yun1 JU Hai-bing2▲
1.Clinical College of Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region of Kunming Medical University,Kunming 650032,China;2.Department of Endocrinology,Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region,Kunming 650032,China
[Abstract] Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major causes of irreversible blindness,and the onset of DR is closely linked to atherosclerosis.The therapeutic intervention targets for DR has become a research hotspot.As one of novel markers of inflammation in atherosclerosis,lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is closely related to blood lipid level.The chronic inflammatory reaction caused by Lp-PLA2 combined with lipid metabolism disorders lead to the occurrence of atherosclerosis.Currently,understanding of the Lp-PLA2 is still not perfect,still requires extensive study to make clear that the relationship between Lp-PLA2 and the occurrence and development of DR as well as its pathogenetic mechanism.
[Key words] Diabetic retinopathy;Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2;Atherosclerosis;Blood lipid
在全球由于眼部疾患致盲的3700萬患者中,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)占4.8%,是導(dǎo)致不可逆性盲的重要原因之一[1],因而成為近年來備受關(guān)注的研究熱點。已有研究[2]顯示,新診斷2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的DR發(fā)生與早期動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān)。也有研究顯示,糖尿病微血管和大血管并發(fā)癥具有相同的發(fā)病機(jī)制,動脈粥樣硬化在糖尿病大血管病變和微血管病變的發(fā)病中均起重要作用[3]。血清脂蛋白相關(guān)磷脂酶A2(lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,Lp-PLA2)是一種新型的動脈粥樣硬化性炎性標(biāo)志物,與血脂密切相關(guān)。國外研究[4]顯示,新診斷T2DM患者空腹血漿Lp-PLA2水平明顯升高,Lp-PLA2是糖尿病患者廣泛動脈粥樣硬化的一個獨立危險因素,這與林秀紅等[5]的報道一致。本文就近年來國內(nèi)外有關(guān)血脂、Lp-PLA2與DR,尤其是與DR軟硬性滲出病變的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行綜述。
1 Lp-PLA2概述
1.1 Lp-PLA2是動脈粥樣硬化的新型炎性標(biāo)志物
Lp-PLA2屬于磷酸脂酶PLA2超家族成員[6],由于其能水解血小板活化因子(PAF),又被稱為血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH),是分子質(zhì)量為45.4 kDa的鈣離子非依賴性絲氨酸酯酶,由441個氨基酸組成。Lp-PLA2是一種炎性遞質(zhì),由成熟的巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞合成及分泌,可引起單核巨噬細(xì)胞主導(dǎo)的慢性炎癥。隨著對Lp-PLA2研究的深入,目前,普遍認(rèn)為Lp-PLA2能夠促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[7]。研究[8]顯示,高濃度的血漿Lp-PLA2是一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的預(yù)測動脈粥樣硬化的炎性因子,與動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),其機(jī)制可能為:①Lp-PLA2能水解血管內(nèi)膜上的氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL),生成炎性介質(zhì)溶血磷脂膽堿(Lyso-PC)和氧化型游離脂肪酸(oxFA),后兩者能刺激黏附因子、表皮生長因子和血小板源性生長因子的表達(dá),引起內(nèi)皮功能障礙,同時可以促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞生成泡沫細(xì)胞,泡沫細(xì)胞聚集成動脈粥樣硬化性斑塊。此外,Lyso-PC和oxFA的生成可進(jìn)一步加速Lp-PLA2的生成,進(jìn)而形成惡性循環(huán),促進(jìn)動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[9]。②Lp-PLA2使脂蛋白氧化代謝增強(qiáng),引起血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損、功能失調(diào),導(dǎo)致血管的局部炎癥反應(yīng),并形成新的動脈粥樣斑塊。
1.2 Lp-PLA2與血脂密切相關(guān)
循環(huán)中約80%的Lp-PLA2與低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)結(jié)合,其余的分別與高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)和極低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)結(jié)合。研究顯示,血漿Lp-PLA2活性與總膽固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、LDL-C水平呈明顯正相關(guān),尤其是與LDL-C水平相關(guān)性最強(qiáng),與HDL-C水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示血漿Lp-PLA2與血脂水平密切相關(guān)[10]。由Lp-PLA2介導(dǎo)的慢性炎癥反應(yīng)與脂質(zhì)代謝共同作用導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生,提示Lp-PLA2可能不完全是一個急性時相的炎性因子,而是一個參與了oxLDL促炎反應(yīng)的炎性因子。一方面可能是由于Lp-PLA2在體內(nèi)主要以與LDL結(jié)合的復(fù)合物形式存在,另一方面其促動脈粥樣硬化的炎癥作用也主要與水解血管內(nèi)膜上oxLDL而產(chǎn)生的oxFA和溶血磷脂酰膽堿有關(guān)[11]。
2 血脂與DR
研究[12]顯示,血脂異常是DR的危險因素之一。糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜硬性滲出嚴(yán)重程度與血循環(huán)中的TC、TG、LDL-C含量呈正相關(guān),與HDL-C含量呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示血脂水平與T2DM視網(wǎng)膜病變的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[13]。Sasaki等[14]的研究顯示,在無黃斑水腫的T2DM患者中,LDL-C水平升高可以增加黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜的厚度及黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜的體積。Mohan[15]的研究顯示,膽固醇可使視網(wǎng)膜形成硬性滲出斑,且降血脂治療可使硬性滲出斑改善。DR早期應(yīng)用非諾貝特干預(yù)治療可顯著改善視網(wǎng)膜微循環(huán)障礙和減少血管內(nèi)皮損傷,減輕炎癥反應(yīng),有效預(yù)防視網(wǎng)膜血管滲出[16],提示降低血脂可以減輕糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變。
高脂血癥影響DR發(fā)生、發(fā)展的機(jī)制尚未完全明確。高血脂不僅使血液黏度增高、血流速度減慢、血小板聚集增強(qiáng)[17],導(dǎo)致組織缺血、缺氧,還可通過非酶促糖基化多元醇通路引起組織過氧化,導(dǎo)致微血管內(nèi)壁受損、內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,影響血管張力,破壞血-視網(wǎng)膜屏障,使血管通透性增強(qiáng),血漿成分的滲出增加,還可促進(jìn)微血栓的形成,引起局部微循環(huán)障礙,導(dǎo)致視網(wǎng)膜缺血、缺氧,進(jìn)而刺激血管生長因子釋放,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖,產(chǎn)生大量無結(jié)構(gòu)的新生血管,促進(jìn)增殖性DR的發(fā)生。此外,高血脂可改變細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)[18],促進(jìn)脂肪在血管壁沉積,引起微小血管內(nèi)膜增厚及退行性改變,促使管壁硬化、脆性增加、通透性增大,導(dǎo)致血漿脂蛋白、晶狀體物質(zhì)等滲漏,引起視網(wǎng)膜水腫、出血和滲出病變。這些病理改變均促進(jìn)了視網(wǎng)膜病變的發(fā)生。
3 動脈粥樣硬化與DR
動脈粥樣硬化是一種全身性病變,全身各部位不同級別動脈均可在危險因素的作用下發(fā)生動脈粥樣硬化,包括視網(wǎng)膜動脈[19]。傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為糖尿病微血管病變和大血管病變是完全不同的疾病過程。最近的研究顯示,DR的發(fā)生和動脈粥樣硬化的終點事件密切相關(guān),推測糖尿病微血管和大血管并發(fā)癥具有相似的發(fā)生進(jìn)程,都與動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān)[3]。臨床普遍采用頸動脈內(nèi)膜中層厚度(CA-IMT)的測定值反映全身動脈粥樣病變的范圍和程度[20]。通過對頸動脈彩色多普勒檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變程度與大動脈粥樣硬化的早期結(jié)構(gòu)改變呈顯著正相關(guān)[21]。研究[22]顯示,動脈粥樣硬化是T2DM大血管及微血管病變的病理基礎(chǔ),提示糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥和大血管動脈粥樣硬化性病變可能具有相同的致病機(jī)制。已有研究[23]顯示,DR與動脈粥樣硬化具有相似的病理生理學(xué)改變,兩者都包括內(nèi)皮功能異常、炎癥、新生血管生成、凋亡以及高凝狀態(tài)。此外,高血壓、高TG、高LDL-C、高血糖作為DR與動脈粥樣硬化的共同危險因素已經(jīng)得到公認(rèn)。
Lp-PLA2是動脈粥樣硬化相對獨立的危險因素,動脈粥樣硬化與糖尿病血管病變又有著密切聯(lián)系。糖尿病患者,特別是伴有血管病變的患者血清中Lp-PLA2水平明顯升高[24],研究[25]顯示,增殖性視網(wǎng)膜病變的糖尿病患者血中Lp-PLA2水平升高,但國內(nèi)關(guān)于Lp-PLA2水平與DR相關(guān)性的研究未見報道。
綜上所述,目前對Lp-PLA2的認(rèn)識還不完善,盡管已有文獻(xiàn)資料為Lp-PLA2作用機(jī)制提供了可靠的循證依據(jù),但仍需要進(jìn)行大量的研究明確Lp-PLA2與DR發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)系及其致病機(jī)制。探討Lp-PLA2水平與DR嚴(yán)重程度的相關(guān)性,在糖尿病患者治療中早期檢測及調(diào)控Lp-PLA2水平及活性,能夠?qū)R的預(yù)測、診斷、干預(yù)及治療提供更準(zhǔn)確的臨床參考指標(biāo),使其抑制劑的研發(fā)及應(yīng)用前景更為廣闊。
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(收稿日期:2015-12-09 本文編輯:祁海文)