韓雙羽,李彩麗,馮靖△,王玉寶△
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間歇低氧-肺氣腫大鼠的炎癥及免疫反應(yīng)特點研究
韓雙羽1,李彩麗2,馮靖2△,王玉寶1△
摘要:目的建立間歇低氧(IH)-肺氣腫大鼠模型,探討其引起炎癥和免疫反應(yīng)的特點。方法60只Wistar大鼠隨機(jī)分成對照組、肺氣腫組、IH組和重疊組(肺氣腫合并IH組)。每組15只。造模成功后使用流式細(xì)胞儀測定各組外周血中性粒細(xì)胞(PMN)、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞、CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡率水平。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法測定血漿中腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6水平。取大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF),在光鏡下計算巨噬細(xì)胞、外周血PMN和淋巴細(xì)胞比例。采集肺、肝臟、胰腺組織和右頸動脈并進(jìn)行病理評分。結(jié)果重疊組中PMN、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率與其他3組相比較低,CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平最高(均P < 0.05)。BALF中,肺氣腫組巨噬細(xì)胞和PMN百分比高于其余3組(均P < 0.05)。重疊組中肺、肝臟、胰腺、右頸動脈內(nèi)中膜厚度的病理評分高于其他3組(均P < 0.05)。結(jié)論肺氣腫合并IH可產(chǎn)生更嚴(yán)重的系統(tǒng)性多器官炎癥和免疫反應(yīng)。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺氣腫;炎癥;免疫;間歇低氧;重疊綜合征
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)與阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(OSA)在呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病中往往共存,被稱為重疊綜合征(OS),由Flenley于1985年首先提出。OS可以使系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)和心血管疾病的風(fēng)險增加[1],在年齡>40歲的人群中發(fā)病率為0.5%~1.0%[2]。與單純OSA或COPD患者相比,OS患者低氧程度、高碳酸血癥程度更為嚴(yán)重,發(fā)展為肺動脈高壓、慢性肺源性心臟病的概率增加[3-4]。本研究通過建立間歇低氧(IH)-肺氣腫大鼠模型,觀察大鼠系統(tǒng)性炎癥及免疫反應(yīng)的發(fā)生情況,旨在探討OSA與COPD的共同作用與相互影響,深入理解OS的內(nèi)在特征與可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制。
1.1一般資料60只4周齡健康SPF級Wistar大鼠,雄性,體質(zhì)量120~150 g,購自中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所動物模型中心。光學(xué)顯微鏡(日本OLYMPUS BX4.0);數(shù)碼相機(jī)(日本佳能公司);多功能彩色病理圖像分析系統(tǒng)(北京航空航天大學(xué));氣體氧濃度監(jiān)測器(瑞士夏美頓公司);低流量流速表(余姚工業(yè)自動化儀表廠);氧氣減壓器(天津減壓器廠);熏箱為玻璃箱改制(85 cm×70 cm×55 cm),低氧艙為大號密封盒改制;混合氣體(天津六方氣體公司);酶標(biāo)儀(美國Model550microplate Reader,Bio-Rad);臺式冷凍離心機(jī)(德國Heraeus公司);倒置顯微鏡(德國Zeiss,Axiorert200);腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)試劑盒(美國Invitrogen公司);大前門烤煙型香煙(上海卷煙廠生產(chǎn));臺盼藍(lán)染色液(上海地申生物科技有限公司);AnnexinV-PE凋亡試劑盒(美國eBioscince公司);流式細(xì)胞儀、細(xì)胞分離液Histopaque1119、Histopaque1083、大鼠粒細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物FITC、大鼠淋巴細(xì)胞標(biāo)記物(美國BD公司);吉姆薩染液、瑞氏染液(南京建成生物有限公司)。
1.2方法
1.2.1分組與模型制作60只大鼠隨機(jī)分成4組,每組15只,暴露方法及模型建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均參照課題組既往研究[5-6]。對照組:假熏煙暴露和間歇正常氧暴露。IH組:假熏煙暴露和IH暴露。肺氣腫組:熏煙暴露和間歇正常氧暴露。重疊組:熏煙暴露和IH暴露。模型均建立成功。
1.2.2外周血中性粒細(xì)胞(PMN)、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率測定使用AnnexinV-PE凋亡率檢測試劑盒,按照操作說明書使用密度梯度離心法分離外周血單核細(xì)胞和PMN,重懸后分別加入粒細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物、CD3-Ab和CD4-Ab、CD3-Ab和CD8-Ab,孵育清洗后,先后加入AnnexinV和7-AA,通過流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞凋亡,每份標(biāo)本收集細(xì)胞數(shù)20 000個,計算凋亡細(xì)胞的百分率。
1.2.3TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平檢測取大鼠外周血,使用Quantakine?試劑盒,根據(jù)試劑盒手冊進(jìn)行ELISA測定。
1.2.4大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中各炎癥細(xì)胞百分比檢測將大鼠麻醉后行開胸術(shù),于氣管分叉上方結(jié)扎右主支氣管,左肺行氣管灌洗,回收灌洗液,一份灌洗液使用血細(xì)胞計數(shù)儀測定細(xì)胞總數(shù)及白細(xì)胞總數(shù)。另一份灌洗液經(jīng)500×g離心5min后,制片,改良Wright-Giemsa染色后,使用光學(xué)顯微鏡(×100)測定巨噬細(xì)胞、PMN和淋巴細(xì)胞的百分比,分類計數(shù)檢測判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均參照美國胸科協(xié)會官方指南進(jìn)行[7]。
1.2.5肺、肝、胰腺及頸動脈炎癥病理學(xué)評價使用10%福爾馬林浸潤右肺,切取肺組織,行剖腹手術(shù)和頸部切開術(shù),提取肝臟、胰腺和右頸動脈組織塊,置于4%甲醛溶液中固定,于24h內(nèi)行石蠟包埋,行4 μm切片后,常規(guī)蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,在光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察組織形態(tài)。為了客觀度量,本研究進(jìn)行了隨機(jī)分層病理切片,采用文獻(xiàn)[8]方法對病理結(jié)果進(jìn)行量化評分,包括平均線性截距(MLI),平均肺泡數(shù)(MAN)和肺部、肝臟(近肝門區(qū))、胰腺炎癥病理得分,使用病理圖像分析系統(tǒng)測量大鼠右頸動脈內(nèi)中膜厚度占整個血管壁厚百分比(內(nèi)中膜厚度百分比)。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法采用SPSS 11.5統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料用±s表示,多組間均數(shù)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較采用Bonferroni檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1外周血PMN、CD3+CD4+T及CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率重疊組PMN及CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率最低,對照組最高;重疊組CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡率最高,對照組最低(均P < 0.05),見表1、圖1~3。
Tab.1 The apoptotic rates of PMN, CD3+CD4+T cells and CD3+CD8+T cells in peripheral blood in four groups of rats表1 各組大鼠外周血PMN、CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率 (n=15,%,±s)
Tab.1 The apoptotic rates of PMN, CD3+CD4+T cells and CD3+CD8+T cells in peripheral blood in four groups of rats表1 各組大鼠外周血PMN、CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡率?。╪=15,%,±s)
**P<0.01;a與對照組比較,b與IH組比較,c與肺氣腫組比較,均P<0.05
組別對照組IH組肺氣腫組重疊組F PMN 30.87±1.65 22.71±1.47a19.45±1.61ab8.54±2.55abc244.23**CD3+CD4+T 13.02±1.18 20.65±1.31a18.49±1.67ab22.62±1.55abc87.18**CD3+CD8+T 31.75±1.53 23.65±1.29a28.42±1.45ab18.42±1.16abc166.35**
A~D分別為對照組、IH組、肺氣腫組及重疊組Fig.1 Flow cytometric analysis for early-stage apoptotic neutrophils from rat PMNs in four groups圖1 各組大鼠外周血PMN凋亡流式細(xì)胞分析結(jié)果
A~D分別為對照組、IH組、肺氣腫組及重疊組Fig.2 Flow cytometric analysis for early-stage apoptotic CD3+CD4+T lymphocytes from rat PBMC in four groups圖2 各組大鼠CD3+CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡流式細(xì)胞分析結(jié)果
A~D分別為對照組、IH組、肺氣腫組及重疊組Fig.3 Flow cytometric analysis for early-stage apoptotic CD3+CD8+T lymphocytes from rat PBMCs in four groups圖3 各組大鼠CD3+CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡流式細(xì)胞分析結(jié)果
2.2各組大鼠TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平比較TNF-α 和IL-6的表達(dá)水平為重疊組>肺氣腫組>IH組>對照組(均P < 0.05),見表2。
2.3各組大鼠BALF中炎癥細(xì)胞百分比比較肺氣腫組巨噬細(xì)胞和PMN百分比高于其余3組(均P < 0.05)。重疊組淋巴細(xì)胞百分比與IH組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,與其他2組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),見表3。
2.4肺、肝臟、胰腺、右頸動脈炎癥病理學(xué)評價肺氣腫組和重疊組大鼠的病理學(xué)特征明顯,表現(xiàn)為肺組織間質(zhì)增厚和薄壁組織炎癥,MAN減少,MLI增加,大量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤;對照組肝臟病理基本正常,IH組表現(xiàn)為輕微炎癥,肺氣腫組、重疊組肝細(xì)胞呈氣球樣變且伴有炎性細(xì)胞浸潤,見圖4。肺、肝臟、胰腺、內(nèi)中膜厚度的病理評分中,重疊組均高于其他3組,對照組各項評分在4組之中最低,IH組低于肺氣腫組(均P < 0.05),見表4。
Tab.2 Comparison of blood levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in four groups of rats表2 各組TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平比較(n=15,ng/L,±s)
Tab.2 Comparison of blood levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in four groups of rats表2 各組TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平比較(n=15,ng/L,±s)
**P<0.01;a與對照組比較,b與IH組比較,c與肺氣腫組比較,均P<0.05
組別對照組IH組肺氣腫組重疊組F TNF-α 16.47±2.25 48.59±3.20a62.58±4.80ab76.89±7.77abc270.51**IL-6 109.71±7.84 264.57±16.69a478.60±12.23ab683.52±20.23abc2792.10**
Tab.3 Cellular profiles of BALF in four groups of rats表3 各組大鼠BALF各炎癥細(xì)胞比例(n=15,%,±s)
Tab.3 Cellular profiles of BALF in four groups of rats表3 各組大鼠BALF各炎癥細(xì)胞比例(n=15,%,±s)
**P<0.01;a與對照組比較,b與IH組比較,c與肺氣腫組比較,均P<0.05
組別對照組IH組肺氣腫組重疊組F巨噬細(xì)胞73.55±9.85 45.45±4.37a75.25±2.53ab36.75±6.86abc90.34**PMN 1.60±1.17 1.30±1.90 14.90±3.06ab2.75±1.92c94.69**淋巴細(xì)胞24.85±10.50 53.25±5.51a9.85±2.36ab60.50±7.94ac108.31**
PMN凋亡延遲可使PMN生存期延長,是導(dǎo)致慢性炎癥和器官、組織損傷非常重要的機(jī)制[9-11]。缺氧和促炎癥細(xì)胞因子等均可以使PMN凋亡延遲,但會生產(chǎn)更多數(shù)量的活性氧,造成器官和組織的慢性損傷[12]。PMN凋亡延遲引發(fā)的肺和氣管持久性炎癥是COPD發(fā)病機(jī)制的關(guān)鍵階段,而IH反復(fù)發(fā)作患者出現(xiàn)心血管并發(fā)癥亦與PMN凋亡延遲引起的活性氧累積增加密切相關(guān)[13]。本研究顯示,COPD組和IH組的PMN凋亡率均比對照組低,而重疊組最低,表明COPD和IH均可導(dǎo)致明顯的PMN凋亡延遲,而COPD與IH共同存在則進(jìn)一步抑制了PMN的凋亡,可能會造成更為嚴(yán)重的器官和組織損傷,這對于全身炎癥反應(yīng)較為嚴(yán)重的OS患者具有重要的病理生理意義。
CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞和CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞是異常免疫反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵,它們的分化或功能的破壞會導(dǎo)致自身免疫疾病和炎癥。近期研究表明,當(dāng)CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡減少時,CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡水平增加,并且這種免疫異常與COPD患者氣道病理過程有關(guān)[14]。OSA患者扁桃腺CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞的增殖與促炎細(xì)胞因子的較高表達(dá)和釋放相關(guān),可以促進(jìn)局部炎癥的發(fā)展[15]。以上證據(jù)表明COPD和OSA患者均可能具有免疫異常。本研究顯示,與對照組相比,重疊組CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞凋亡明顯減少,而CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞凋亡明顯增多,肺氣腫組和IH組CD3+CD4+T細(xì)胞居中,提示OS患者存在更為嚴(yán)重的免疫異常。
肺(HE,×40)、肝(HE,×100)、右頸總動脈(HE,×40)、胰腺(HE,×400)及支氣管肺泡灌洗液細(xì)胞組織(改良Wright-Giemsa染色,×100)Fig.4 Histological photographs of tissues in different groups圖4 各組大鼠不同組織部位病理掃描結(jié)果
Tab.4 Comparison of pathological scores in lung, liver, pancreas and carotid artery in four groups of rats表4 各組大鼠病理評測結(jié)果比較?。╪=15,±s)
Tab.4 Comparison of pathological scores in lung, liver, pancreas and carotid artery in four groups of rats表4 各組大鼠病理評測結(jié)果比較?。╪=15,±s)
**P<0.01;a與對照組比較,b與IH組比較,c與肺氣腫組比較,均P<0.05
組別對照組IH組肺氣腫組重疊組FmAN(個/mm2) 169.97±5.09 164.37±8.55 103.43±4.24ab83.68±4.39abc270.50**MLI(μm) 41.53±1.61 43.12±2.08 91.14±2.50ab98.41±3.93abc1289.08**肺(%) 10.30±1.95 19.20±1.18a55.00±4.52ab74.60±4.17abc812.68**別組對照組IH組肺氣腫組重疊組F肝臟(%) 8.00±1.49 13.60±2.95a58.00±4.62ab80.00±6.33abc672.50**胰腺(%) 7.00±2.58 18.50±4.74a51.50±5.30ab77.50±4.86abc508.40**內(nèi)中膜厚度百分比(%) 48.84±1.29 54.00±1.80a60.72±3.24ab72.06±3.66abc139.83**
TNF-α和IL-6等促炎細(xì)胞因子在宿主防御和心血管疾病中都有著極其重要的作用,其在血漿中水平升高通常是全身炎癥反應(yīng)的重要標(biāo)志。研究顯示,COPD患者的肺和血漿中TNF-α或IL-6水平均增加,證實了全身性炎癥是COPD發(fā)病機(jī)制的重要組成部分[16]。本研究顯示,肺氣腫組和IH組血漿TNF-α和IL-6水平較對照組均升高,表明2組大鼠均出現(xiàn)了明顯的全身炎癥反應(yīng),而重疊組的這兩項指標(biāo)水平最高,提示吸煙暴露和IH兩種因素的疊加使全身炎癥反應(yīng)較單一因素更為嚴(yán)重。
臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),COPD患者BALF中PMN的數(shù)量較正常人群增加[17]。與之相近,本研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)肺氣腫組BALF中的PMN比例高于其他組;IH組和重疊組BALF中PMN的比例較低,其原因可能是IH引起淋巴細(xì)胞持續(xù)增多所致。筆者既往研究已經(jīng)證實,IH暴露主要可引起淋巴細(xì)胞水平明顯上升,并與后續(xù)的炎癥過程相關(guān)[18]。
本研究病理結(jié)果顯示,COPD組和IH組都具有相似的血管病理改變,即右頸動脈內(nèi)中膜厚度較對照組明顯增加,這與對臨床患者的觀察結(jié)果是相同的[19-20]。值得強調(diào)的是,與其他3組相比,重疊組肺、肝臟、胰腺、內(nèi)中膜厚度的病理評分最高,考慮這可能與PMN凋亡延遲、CD3+CD8+T細(xì)胞異常增加以及血漿中TNF-α和IL-6水平明顯升高有關(guān),再一次證實COPD和IH兩種因素疊加會導(dǎo)致更為嚴(yán)重的全身炎癥反應(yīng)和器官損傷,提示OS患者與單純患一種疾病相比預(yù)后可能更差。
綜上所述,本研究成功地建立了COPD、IH和OS的動物模型,明確地呈現(xiàn)出COPD和IH的炎癥、免疫、病理等特征,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)OS產(chǎn)生了更嚴(yán)重的系統(tǒng)性多器官炎癥和免疫反應(yīng),為開展更為深入的研究奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。
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(2015-06-24收稿2015-07-17修回)
(本文編輯陸榮展)
Inflammatory and immune responses in a ratmodel of intermittenthypoxia - emphysema
HAN Shuangyu1, LI Caili2, FENG Jing2△, WANG Yubao1△
1 Infective Disease Institute, The Second Affiliatedhospital of Tianjinmedical University, Tianjin 300211, China;
2 Department of Pneumology, Generalhospital of Tianjinmedical University
△Corresponding Author E-mail:wyb2046@163.com; zyyhxkfj@126.com
Abstract:Objective To develop an "overlap syndrome (OS)" ratmodel by intermittenthypoxia (IH) exposure on the base of pre-existing emphysema, and to explore its characters of severe systemic inflammation and immune responses.Methods Sixty Wistar rats were put into four groups: control group, IH group, emphysema group and overlap (emphysema+ IH) group.The peripheral blood samples were collected for detecting apoptosis of CD3+CD4+,CD3+CD8+T lymphocytes and neutrophils (PMN).Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were evaluated by ELISA.The bronchoalveolar la?vage fluid (BALF) was taken to calculate the ratio ofmacrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes under lightmicroscope.Tis?sue blocks of lung, liver, pancreas, and right carotid artery were taken for pathologic scoring.Results The apoptotic rates of PMN and CD3+CD8+T cells were significantly lower in overlap group than those of other three groups (P < 0.05).Pro-in?flammatory factor IL-6, TNF-α and peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T cell apoptosis were thehighest in overlap group com?pared to those of other three groups (P < 0.05).The ratio of PMN andmacrophages in BALF were significantlyhigher in em?physema group than those of other three groups (P < 0.05) and the pathology scores of lung, liver, pancreas, the ratio of carot?id artery intima-media thickness of whole thickness of vascular were significantlyhigher in overlap group than those of other three groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn ratmodel of intermittenthypoxia-emphysema there aremore serious systemicmulti-organ inflammation and immune responses.
Key words:emphysema; inflammation; immune; intermittenthypoxia; overlap syndrome
通訊作者△E-mail:wyb2046@163.com;zyyhxkfj@126.com
作者簡介:韓雙羽(1990),女,碩士在讀,主要從事感染性炎癥疾病研究
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81270144,30800507,81170071)
中圖分類號:R563.3
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/59031
作者單位:1天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院感染性疾病研究所(郵編300211);2天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院呼吸科