何 珍,張繼揚(yáng),徐 勐,萬(wàn)業(yè)達(dá)
(天津醫(yī)院放射一科,天津 300210)
胚胎型大腦后動(dòng)脈伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的多層螺旋CT血管造影分析
何 珍,張繼揚(yáng),徐 勐,萬(wàn)業(yè)達(dá)
(天津醫(yī)院放射一科,天津 300210)
目的:采用多層螺旋CT血管造影(CTA)分析胚胎型大腦后動(dòng)脈(FTP)伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤情況,探討FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素。同時(shí)對(duì)比分析FTP伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與FTP未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的相關(guān)臨床資料。方法:3名醫(yī)師復(fù)習(xí)155例頭顱CTA的橫斷面、多平面重組(MPR)、容積再現(xiàn)(VR)圖像,觀察FTP是否存在及其分型,同時(shí)分析FTP患者與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的部位、大小,是否存在蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。電話回訪FTP患者是否存在吸煙、高血壓、冠心病和糖尿病病史。總結(jié)FTP發(fā)生率,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)分析是否存在性別差異。分別總結(jié)FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率。采用Fisher確切概率法比較FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率,以及伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP患者在年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓、冠心病和糖尿病方面是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。采用二項(xiàng)Logistic回歸分析FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果:FTP總體發(fā)生率為16.13%(25/155),男性為12.12%(12/99),女性為23.21%(13/56),其發(fā)生率無(wú)性別差異(P=0.071)。FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率為20%(5/25),全部為女性,非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率為6.15%(8/135),F(xiàn)TP與非FTP在伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率上存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.038)。FTP是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素(P=0.031)。伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤FTP患者與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤FTP患者在性別、高血壓、冠心病及糖尿病方面存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05),在年齡和吸煙史上不存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:女性FTP患者在同時(shí)存在高血壓、冠心病或糖尿病病史時(shí),其伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率明顯增高。
顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤;大腦后動(dòng)脈;體層攝影術(shù),螺旋計(jì)算機(jī);血管造影術(shù)
胚胎型大腦后動(dòng)脈 (Fetal origin of posterior cerebral artery,F(xiàn)TP)是Willis環(huán)常見(jiàn)的一種先天性變異,即大腦后動(dòng)脈(Posterior cerebral artery,PCA)血供通過(guò)后交通動(dòng)脈(Posterior communicatingartery,PComA)來(lái)自于頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈系,而并非是椎基底動(dòng)脈系[1]。大量文獻(xiàn)對(duì)這一變異進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)報(bào)道[2-6]。國(guó)內(nèi)外也有一些文獻(xiàn)對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤伴發(fā)FTP的情況進(jìn)行了報(bào)道。本文復(fù)習(xí)155例頭顱多層螺旋CT血管造影(CT angiograpy,CTA)的資料,從另一個(gè)角度總結(jié)FTP伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的情況,分析FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素。此外,對(duì)伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行了對(duì)照分析。
1.1 資料
復(fù)習(xí)2008年1月—2009年1月連續(xù)的155例中國(guó)人頭顱CTA資料。男99例,女56例,年齡(60.23±13.24)歲。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)同意。在行CTA檢查前,患者均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 臨床癥狀
155例中頭暈、頭痛98例,一側(cè)肢體麻木或活動(dòng)不利125例,飲水嗆咳30例,走路不穩(wěn)35例,復(fù)視24例。
1.3 檢查方法及圖像處理
采用GE Lightspeed 16層螺旋CT,美國(guó) LF 9000高壓注射器。經(jīng)肘靜脈或手背靜脈以4 mL/s的流率注入歐乃派克350 mgI/mL 100 mL。掃描層厚為5 mm,螺距為1.375∶1。延遲時(shí)間25 s。管電壓140 kV,管電流230 mA。
采用AW 4.5工作站進(jìn)行圖像重組,完成顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈容積再現(xiàn)(Volume rendering,VR)、多平面重組(Multiple planner reconstruction,MPR)圖像。重建層厚為0.625 mm。DFOV為6.5 cm。觀察窗位500 HU、窗寬1 500 HU。
1.4 FTP分型及伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤觀察內(nèi)容
當(dāng)后交通動(dòng)脈管徑大于PCA-P1段管徑時(shí),稱為部分型。當(dāng)PCA-P1段缺如時(shí),稱為完全型[7]。復(fù)習(xí)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈CTA資料,明確是否存在FTP、FTP位于哪側(cè)、FTP分型。觀察FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤部位,是否伴發(fā)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。在顯示動(dòng)脈瘤瘤徑最佳的MPR層面,測(cè)量瘤徑寬度。在顯示動(dòng)脈瘤最大徑線層面測(cè)量其長(zhǎng)徑、短徑,記錄平均直徑(長(zhǎng)徑與短徑平均值)。
1.5 FTP患者病史隨訪
對(duì)經(jīng)CTA確定為FTP的患者,從原始檢查登記記錄中獲取聯(lián)系電話,對(duì)患者本人或家屬進(jìn)行電話回訪?;卦L內(nèi)容包括吸煙史(曾經(jīng)有1年連續(xù)吸煙歷史即確定為存在吸煙史)及臨床是否確診為高血壓、冠心病或糖尿病。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
計(jì)算FTP的發(fā)生率,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)分析其發(fā)生率是否存在性別差異。分別計(jì)算FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率,采用Fisher確切概率法分析二者間是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。采用二項(xiàng)Logistic回歸分析FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素。總結(jié)FTP患者年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓、冠心病及糖尿病情況,采用Fisher確切概率法分析伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤在上述因素中是否存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
2.1 FTP發(fā)生率
155例顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈CTA檢查中,明確存在FTP者25例,男12例,女13例,平均年齡(71.40±6.02)歲。
25例出現(xiàn)29條FTP,13條為部分型,16條為完全型。其中1例右側(cè)出現(xiàn)2條FTP(圖1),3例雙側(cè)出現(xiàn)FTP(圖2,3)。FTP總體發(fā)生率為16.13%(25/155),男性發(fā)生率為12.12%(12/99),女性發(fā)生率為 23.21%(13/56)。采用 χ2檢驗(yàn),χ2=3.254,P= 0.071>0.05,因此FTP發(fā)生率無(wú)明顯性別差異。雙側(cè)FTP發(fā)生率在總體及FTP人群中分別為1.94%(3/ 155)、12.00%(3/25)。
2.2 FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤情況
FTP患者中20%(5/25)伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,全部為女性。大腦中動(dòng)脈-后交通動(dòng)脈移行部動(dòng)脈瘤1例(圖2);頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈(Internal carotid artery,ICA)顱內(nèi)段動(dòng)脈瘤2例(圖3,4),其中1例(圖3)有蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血史,此次伴發(fā)左側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)血腫;PcomAPCA移行部動(dòng)脈瘤1例(圖5);基底動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈瘤1例(圖6)。
FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤瘤頸平均值為 (3.3± 1.6)mm,瘤體平均直徑為(5.5±2.9)mm。
2.3 非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤情況
非FTP患者中6.15%(8/130)伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,男5例,女3例。大腦前動(dòng)脈-前交通動(dòng)脈移行部動(dòng)脈瘤2例,ICA顱內(nèi)段動(dòng)脈瘤3例,大腦中動(dòng)脈M1段動(dòng)脈瘤1例,PCA-PcomA移行部動(dòng)脈瘤2例,未見(jiàn)伴發(fā)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。
非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤平均瘤頸為 (2.8± 1.8)mm,瘤體平均直徑為(6.5±2.4)mm。
2.4 FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生率分析
由于病例數(shù)不足40例,采用Fisher確切概率法比較FTP與非FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率,P=0.038<0.05,二者發(fā)生率存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率明顯高于非FTP患者。
圖1a,1b 男,42歲,右側(cè)兩條FTP,一條為完全型(F-FTP),一條為部分型(P-FTP)。 圖2a,2b 女,65歲,雙側(cè)FTP(右側(cè)為完全型、左側(cè)為部分型),伴左側(cè)大腦中動(dòng)脈-后交通動(dòng)脈移行部動(dòng)脈瘤。 圖3a,3b 女,74歲,雙側(cè)部分型FTP,伴左側(cè)ICA顱內(nèi)段動(dòng)脈瘤、左側(cè)大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段缺如。 圖3c 同一患者此次檢查伴發(fā)左側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)血腫。 圖3d 同一患者兩周前發(fā)生蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血。 圖4a,4b 女,78歲,右側(cè)完全型FTP,伴左側(cè)ICA顱內(nèi)段動(dòng)脈瘤。Figure 1a,1b. Male,42 years old,1 piece of full fetal origin of posterior cerebral artery(F-FTP)and 1 piece of partial fetal origin of posterior cerebral artery(P-FTP)on right side in the same patient. Figure 2a,2b. Female,65 years old,1 piece of F-FTP on right side and 1 piece of P-FTP on left side in the same patient,accompanied with aneurysm located at junction between left middle cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery. Figure 3a,3b. Female,74 years old,2 pieces of P-FTP on both sides,accompanied with aneurysm located at intracranial segment of left internal carotid artery,and A1 segment agenesis of left anterior cerebral artery. Figure 3c. This patient with hematoma in left basal ganglion area in CTA examination. Figure 3d.This patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage in head CT examination 14 days ago. Figure 4a,4b. Female,78 years old,1 piece of F-FTP on right side,accompanied with aneurysm located at intracranial segment of left internal carotid artery.
2.5 二項(xiàng)Logistic回歸分析FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素
統(tǒng)計(jì)分析FTP是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表1。
2.6 伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP患者臨床資料對(duì)照分析
由于病例數(shù)不足40例,采用Fisher確切概率法分析伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP患者的臨床資料,見(jiàn)表2。
圖5a,5b 女,77歲,右側(cè)完全型FTP,伴右側(cè)PComA-PCA移行部動(dòng)脈瘤。 圖6a,6b 女,76歲,左側(cè)完全型FTP,伴基底動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端動(dòng)脈瘤。Figure 5a,5b. Female,77 years old,F-FTP on right side,accompanied with aneurysm located at junction between right posterior cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery.Figure 6a,6b.Female,76 years old,F-FTP on left side,accompanied with aneurysm located at terminal of basal artery.
表1 FTP是否為顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤危險(xiǎn)因素二項(xiàng)Logistic回歸分析
表2 伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的FTP患者臨床資料對(duì)照分析
3.1 FTP胚胎發(fā)育
在胚胎28~30 d(4.0~5.7 mm),從成對(duì)的背主動(dòng)脈向頭側(cè)延伸,形成ICA[4]。在胚胎5~8 mm階段,成對(duì)的縱行的神經(jīng)動(dòng)脈沿著菱腦出現(xiàn),并合并形成基底動(dòng)脈。ICA和神經(jīng)動(dòng)脈吻合支的尾側(cè)部分形成PComA。在40 mm階段 (8周)PCA是PComA的延伸,椎基底系形成,并通過(guò)P1段參與PCA的供血。在這期間,Willis環(huán)各組成部分管徑相同[8]。在發(fā)育過(guò)程中,PCA-P1段管徑逐漸增寬,PComA管徑逐漸變細(xì),至出生時(shí),PCA-P1段管徑大于PComA管徑。這是我們最常見(jiàn)到的類型,稱為成人型PCA。如果在胚胎發(fā)育過(guò)程中,出現(xiàn)停滯,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下兩種情況。其一,P1段管徑與PComA一致,稱為中間型PCA。其二,P1段缺如或P1段管徑小于PComA,即本文分析的FTP。當(dāng)P1段缺如時(shí),稱為完全型FTP。當(dāng)P1段管徑小于PComA時(shí),稱為部分型FTP[5,7,9]。
3.2 FTP伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤
FTP是Willis環(huán)后循環(huán)變異的一種。FTP側(cè)PCA血供經(jīng)PComA完全來(lái)自同側(cè)ICA,或者由同側(cè)ICA與基底動(dòng)脈共同供血,但是以ICA為主。這種變異導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)血流灌注的不對(duì)稱[10],ICA、PComA發(fā)生一系列血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化。首先血流壓力增高,尤其在動(dòng)脈分叉處。同時(shí)動(dòng)脈分叉處血管壁中膜缺乏肌肉層,血管壁明顯變薄[11-12]。而且,F(xiàn)TP患者更易伴發(fā)大腦前動(dòng)脈A1段、PCA-P1段和椎動(dòng)脈的變異[13]。因此,在上述多因素共同作用下導(dǎo)致動(dòng)脈瘤的發(fā)生率增加。
部分國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn),對(duì)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤伴發(fā)FTP情況進(jìn)行了研究報(bào)道。Horikoshi等[11]報(bào)道47%的ICA動(dòng)脈瘤病人伴有FTP,且女性多見(jiàn)。Zada等[2]也報(bào)道ICA-PComA瘤中11%發(fā)生在PComA起始部,且伴有FTP,其中女性常見(jiàn)。值得注意的是,由于處理方式不同,ICA-PComA瘤需要與PComA漏斗相鑒別,后者僅是變異,不需手術(shù)處理。PComA漏斗是指PComA起自ICA處呈漏斗狀擴(kuò)張,呈圓形或圓錐形,直徑<2 mm。它以ICA為基底,PComA起自其頂端[14]。國(guó)內(nèi)王洪生等[15]報(bào)道的PComA瘤中,伴發(fā)FTP達(dá)56.1%。石建成等[16]也報(bào)道ICA-PComA瘤發(fā)生率在前循環(huán)優(yōu)勢(shì)型(即存在FTP)中明顯高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均衡型。
本研究從另一個(gè)角度對(duì)FTP患者并發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的情況進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)20%的FTP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤,且都發(fā)生在女性。2例發(fā)生在PComA與大腦中動(dòng)脈、PCA移行部,2例發(fā)生在ICA顱內(nèi)段,1例發(fā)生在基底動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端。此外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)1例雙側(cè)FTP伴發(fā)ICA瘤患者,在此次檢查前2周發(fā)生蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血,本次檢查發(fā)生左側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)血腫。這證實(shí)了陳仁智等[17]的觀點(diǎn),即雙側(cè)FTP患者由于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)異常,導(dǎo)致后循環(huán)缺血、動(dòng)脈瘤、高血壓等疾病的發(fā)生率明顯升高。與非FTP患者發(fā)生顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤比較 (本研究發(fā)生率為6.15%),F(xiàn)TP患者伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤幾率明顯增高。這與葉瑩瑩等[13]報(bào)道差距較大。葉瑩瑩等發(fā)現(xiàn)201例FTP患者中僅2例伴發(fā)對(duì)側(cè)PComA瘤,而對(duì)照組201例非FTP患者伴發(fā)PComA瘤僅1例。分析原因?yàn)?個(gè)研究的樣本構(gòu)成差異所致。葉瑩瑩等研究中有大部分(76例)為健康查體者,且平均年齡為56.2歲。本研究中全部為臨床疑診腦血管病患者,平均年齡為60.2歲。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道年齡、性別、吸煙、飲酒、高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病等都是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素[18-20]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FTP也是顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。而且本研究也對(duì)FTP病例中伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤與未伴發(fā)顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤患者的年齡、性別、吸煙史、高血壓、冠心病及糖尿病情況進(jìn)行了對(duì)照分析。結(jié)果顯示60歲以上的FTP患者,在伴有高血壓、冠心病或糖尿病病史時(shí),顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤發(fā)生率增高。因此,臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)該提高對(duì)這部分患者的關(guān)注。
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Evaluate fetal origin of posterior cerebral artery accompanied with intracranial aneurysm by CT angiography
HE Zhen,ZHANG Ji-yang,XU Meng,WAN Ye-da
(Department of Radiology,Tianjin Hospital,Tianjin 300210,China)
Objective:To observe fetal origin of posterior cerebral artery(FTP)accompanied with intracranial aneurysm by CT angiography(CTA).To investigate whether FTP is the risk factor of intracranial aneurysm.To analyze clinical datas(including age,gender,smoking history,hypertension,coronary heart disease and diabetes)of FTP patients whether accompanied with intracranial aneurysm.Methods:Three doctors reviewed intracranial CTA of 155 consecutive patients.Whether the FTP existed or not was observed firstly.Then,FTP type and intracranial aneurysms accompanied with FTP were observed carefully,including aneurysms’location,size,and subarachnoid hemorrhage.The clinical data including smoking history,hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes of patients with FTP were interviewed by telephone.The incidence of FTP,intracranial aneurysms accompanied with FTP and non-FTP were calculated respectively.Gender difference about FTP was analyzed by χ2test.The incidence of intracranial aneurysms(including accompanied with FTP and non-FTP)and their clinical data were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate weather FTP is the risk factor of intracranial aneurysm.Results:The FTP incidence was 16.13%(25/155)in overall,12.12%(12/99)in male,23.21%(13/56)in female.There was no gender difference in FTP incidence(P=0.071).The incidence of intracranial aneurysms accompanied with FTP and non-FTP was 20%(5/25),6.15%(8/135),respectively.There was statistical difference in the incidence of intracranial aneurysms between FTP and non-FTP(P=0.038).FTP is the risk factor of intracranial aneurysm(P=0.031).There were statistical differences between intracranial aneurysms accompanied with FTP and non-FTP on gender,hypertension,coronary heart disease and diabetes(P<0.05).On the contrary,there were no statistical difference between above on age and smoking(P>0.05).Conclusions:The incidence of intracranial aneurysms about female patients with FTP is significantly higher when they suffered hypertension,coronary heart disease or diabetes.
Intracranial aneurysm;Posterior cerebral artery;Tomography,spiral computed;Angiography
R739.41;R814.42;R814.43
A
1008-1062(2016)08-0538-05
2015-11-26;
2015-12-29
何珍(1975-),女,河北安平人,副主任醫(yī)師。E-mail:hzok@163.com
萬(wàn)業(yè)達(dá),天津醫(yī)院放射科,300210。E-mail:yd_wan@sina.com