李雪娜,尹雅芙,杜補林,李亞明
(中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科,遼寧 沈陽 110001)
NOX4蛋白在乳腺癌中的表達及與18F-FDG攝取值的相關性研究
李雪娜,尹雅芙,杜補林,李亞明
(中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科,遼寧 沈陽 110001)
目的:煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶4(NOX4)在乳腺癌中的表達與糖代謝的相關性尚不清楚,本研究擬探討乳腺癌18F-FDG攝取值與NOX4的表達水平的相關性及其臨床意義。資料和方法:本研究入組乳腺癌患者術前行氟-18代脫氧葡萄糖正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像(18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography,18F-FDG PET)。應用免疫組織化學方法檢測乳腺癌患者病灶病理標本NOX4表達。收集患者的淋巴結轉移、組織分型和組織學分級病理資料,分析乳腺癌NOX4表達與18F-FDG攝取值(最大標準攝取值,SUVmax)的相關性,及與腫瘤臨床病理參數(shù)的關系。結果:56例患者符合入選標準而納入研究,共56個乳腺癌灶。病灶SUVmax為4.78±2.96。NOX4表達陽性33例,陰性23例。NOX4表達陽性組SUVmax為6.42±3.23,NOX4表達陰性組SUVmax為3.22±1.57,NOX4表達陽性組的SUVmax高于表達陰性組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義 (t=4.83,P<0.05)。淋巴結轉移陽性組的NOX4表達陽性率高于淋巴結轉移陰性組(χ2=4.52,P<0.05)。NOX4表達與組織學類型無顯著相關性(χ2=2.88,P>0.05)。組織學分級Ⅲ級組的NOX4表達陽性率高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ級組(χ2=6.32,P<0.01)。浸潤性導管癌組SUVmax高于小葉癌組(t=2.97,P<0.05)。淋巴結轉移組SUVmax高于非轉移組(t=2.04,P=0.04)。組織學分級Ⅲ級組SUVmax高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ組(t=-2.5,P<0.05)。結論:乳腺癌NOX4表達水平與18F-FDG攝取值具有相關性;NOX4表達、18F-FDG攝取值與淋巴結轉移、組織學分級具有相關性。
乳腺腫瘤;氟脫氧葡萄糖F18;正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像術
乳腺癌轉移是導致乳腺癌患者死亡的重要原因。因此研究乳腺癌轉移的機制尤為重要[1]。腫瘤細胞活性氧(ROS)的增加對腫瘤轉移的影響越來越受到重視[2-3],NAPDH氧化酶和線粒體是細胞內ROS產生的主要來源[4],NAPDH氧化酶在一些腫瘤中高表達的mRNA水平[5-6],NADPH氧化酶是細胞可逆調控ROS產生的重要機制[7-8]。煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶4(NOX4)主要分布在腎臟,在成骨細胞、內皮細胞、造血干細胞及神經細胞中有表達[9-10],NOX4在乳腺癌細胞和乳腺癌組織中有表達[11],但與能量代謝和乳腺癌轉移的相關性尚不清楚?;谝陨媳尘?,本研究擬探討乳腺癌18F-FDG攝取值與NOX4的表達水平的相關性及其臨床意義。
1.1 一般資料
本研究收集2005年5月—2008年1月在中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科行18F-FDG PET顯像的乳腺癌患者。入選標準:①顯像后約2周內在外科進行乳腺癌手術切除。②術前未進行放療和化療。③所有患者簽署知情同意書。收集并記錄患者的一般臨床資料,如年齡、病變大小。
1.2 顯像方法
采用GE Discovery LS PET/CT儀掃描。18FFDG由GE Minitrace回旋加速器生產,通過合成模塊自動合成,放化純>95%。受檢者空腹4 h以上,空腹血糖<7 mmol/L。平靜狀態(tài)下按5.55 MBq/kg靜脈注射18F-FDG。平臥50~60 min后行PET/CT顯像。CT為4排螺旋CT,層厚4.25 mm,140 kV,80 mA。PET(18環(huán))掃描采用二維(2D)模式采集,每個床位采集3 min,圖像重建采用有序子集最大期望值迭代法,矩陣128×128。18F-FDG PET/CT圖像半定量分析。逐層閱讀PET/CT影像,選擇病灶攝取最顯著的層面,應用感興趣區(qū)技術測定病灶最大標準攝取值(SUVmax)[12]。
1.3 乳腺組織病理學分析
本研究選取乳腺癌組織標本,標本均經4%中性甲醛固定、石蠟包埋、HE常規(guī)染色后明確診斷。分別由2名病理醫(yī)師根據(jù)WTO乳腺腫瘤分類標準(2003)和TNM分期系統(tǒng)(2003),確定腫瘤的組織學類型、淋巴結轉移情況和臨床病理分期。
1.4 免疫組織化學染色及結果判定
組織標本經中性福爾馬林溶液固定、石蠟包埋,制成4 μm切片,切片經二甲苯脫蠟、梯度酒精脫苯水化后,采用鏈霉素抗生物素蛋白-過氧化物酶(SP法)檢測NOX4蛋白表達,具體方法如下:①切片經二甲苯、梯度酒精脫蠟至水;②高溫高壓抗原修復95 s;③3%過氧化氫37℃浸泡20 min;④磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)沖洗3次,每次5 min;⑤37℃條件下,濕盒內非免疫血清封閉30 min;⑥滴加山兔抗人多克隆NOX4抗體(1∶100 Abcam公司),濕盒內4℃孵育過夜;⑦PBS沖洗3次,每次5 min;⑧滴加生物素標記二抗,濕盒內37℃孵育40 min;⑨PBS沖洗3次,每次5min;⑩滴加鏈霉菌抗生物素蛋白——過氧化物酶,濕盒內37℃,40min;⑾PBS沖洗3次,每次5min;⑿DAB顯色;⒀蘇木素復染;⒁梯度酒精脫水,二甲苯透明;⒂中性樹脂封片;⒃顯微鏡下觀察染色效果,于400倍鏡下拍照。
結果判定:多克隆抗體NOX4以細胞核中出現(xiàn)棕黃色顆粒為陽性顯色[13]。高倍視野(400倍)下選陽性信號最強區(qū)域計數(shù)200個腫瘤細胞中陽性細胞數(shù),按表達百分率分為以下4個等級:0%為0分,>0%~50%為1分,>50%~75%為2分,>75%為3分。根據(jù)免疫組化染色強度分為3個等級:淺黃色計為1分,棕黃色計為2分,黃褐色計為3分。以陽性細胞率和染色強度的分值乘積作為每1例的積分,積分<4者判定為陰性,積分≥4為陽性。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學分析
采用SPSS 16.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學分析。正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)性變量以均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;組間比較應用卡方檢驗;P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
研究期間共56例患者符合入選標準而納入研究,年齡(55.6±9.5)歲。病變大?。?.1±0.5)cm。其中包括45例乳腺浸潤性導管癌,11例乳腺小葉癌。腫瘤直徑<3 cm者50例,≥3 cm者6例;淋巴結轉移33例,無淋巴結轉移23例。組織學分級Ⅰ+Ⅱ期25例,Ⅲ期31例。
56例乳腺癌患者,共 56個乳腺癌灶。病灶SUVmax為4.78±2.96。NOX4表達陽性33例,陰性23例。NOX4表達陽性組SUVmax為6.42±3.23,NOX4表達陰性組SUVmax為3.22±1.57,NOX4表達陽性組的乳腺癌糖代謝高于表達陰性組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(t=4.83,P<0.05)(圖1,2)。
在56例乳腺癌患者中,NOX4表達水平與年齡無顯著性相關(χ2=3.61,P=0.06),NOX4表達與淋巴結轉移顯著性相關性(χ2=4.52,P=0.03),淋巴結轉移陽性組的NOX4表達陽性率高于淋巴結轉移陰性組。NOX4表達與組織學類型無顯著相關性 (χ2= 2.88,P=0.09)。NOX4表達與組織學分級具有顯著相關性(χ2=6.32,P=0.00),組織學分級Ⅲ級組NOX4表達的陽性率高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ級組。
年齡≥55歲組和<55歲組乳腺癌灶的SUVmax分別為4.2±2.32和5.3±3.5,兩者無統(tǒng)計學差異(t=-1.42,P=0.15)。浸潤性導管癌組和小葉癌組的SUVmax分別為 5.75±3.15和 3.50±2.1 (t=2.97,P= 0.01),浸潤性導管癌組SUVmax高于小葉癌組。淋巴結轉移組與非轉移組的SUVmax分別為6.68± 5.19和4.04±3.77,淋巴結轉移組的SUVmax高于非轉移組(t=2.04,P=0.04)。組織學分級Ⅰ+Ⅱ組和Ⅲ級組的SUVmax分別為3.75±2.47和7.46±7.75,組織學分級Ⅲ級組SUVmax高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ組(t=-2.5,P=0.01)。
表1 56例乳腺癌腫瘤NOX4表達、18F-FDG攝取率與臨床病理學參數(shù)的相關性分析
圖1a,1b 患者,女,47歲,浸潤性導管癌,18F-FDG PET/CT圖像。左側乳腺外上象限軟組織結節(jié)影,病變18F-FDG攝取呈局限性顯著增高,SUVmax=16.2。 圖 1c NOX4在乳腺癌組織中的表達。NOX4免疫組織化學結果顯示細胞核染色陽性,NOX4呈高表達(S-P法)。 圖2a,2b 患者,女,55歲,浸潤性導管癌,18F-FDG PET/CT圖像。左側乳腺外上象限軟組織結節(jié)影,病變18F-FDG攝取高于周圍正常乳腺組織,SUVmax=2.6。 圖2c NOX4在乳腺組織中的表達。該患者免疫組織化學染色結果顯示NOX4低表達(S-P法)。Figure 1a,1b.18F-FDG PET/CT scan performed in a female (47 years old)with invasive ductal carcinoma.Focal uptake of18F-FDG revealed in the left side of upper outer quadrant of breast(SUVmax= 16.2). Figure 1c. Immunohistochemistry staining of the breast cancer lesion.The result showed the nucleus staining is positive and the high expression of NOX4 in the breast cancer tissue(S-P method). Figure 2a,2b.18F-FDG PET/CT scan performed in a female(55 years old)with invasive ductal carcinoma.Uptake of18F-FDG revealed in the left side of upper outer quadrant of breast(SUVmax=2.6). Figure 2c. Immunohistochemistry staining of the breast cancer lesion.The result showed low expression of NOX4 in the breast cancer tissue(S-P method).
NADPH氧化酶最早認為存在于吞噬細胞內,氧化酶產生的ROS清除入侵的微生物。后來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NADPH氧化酶不僅參與宿主防御,且與非吞噬細胞內和細胞間的信息傳遞有關。與吞噬細胞所產生的ROS不同,NOX家族所產生的活性氧不參與細胞防御功能,而參與細胞分化、增殖等的調節(jié),NOX家族在腫瘤中的作用還處于研究的起始階段,有研究[14]顯示NOX在腫瘤細胞和正常組織中表達不同,提示NOX異常表達和調節(jié)可能與腫瘤的發(fā)生有關。NOX4酶復合體不需要RAC蛋白的活化,NOX4是一個一直處于活化狀態(tài)的NADPH氧化酶。NOX4在腫瘤細胞中表達,在不同的腫瘤中表達具有異質性[15-16],而且它的生物學功能尚不清楚。腫瘤患者NOX4表達與能量代謝的相關性尚無相關報道。
本研究中,我們對乳腺癌患者NOX4表達水平與腫瘤的糖酵解水平進行了相關性分析。將NOX4表達陽性組與NOX4表達陰性組乳腺癌灶18F-FDG攝取值SUVmax進行比較分析,結果顯示,兩組間SUVmax具有顯著性差異,NOX4表達陽性組SUVmax高于陰性組,提示乳腺癌糖酵解率增高,NOX4表達的陽性率增高。既往的體外細胞實驗研究結果也顯示人為干預T-Rex 293細胞的線粒體功能,使細胞線粒體功能發(fā)生障礙,細胞的能量代謝轉換為有氧糖酵解,同時細胞的NOX1表達增高,糖酵解的重要底物NAD+增高,提示NOX在細胞內能量代謝中具有重要的作用[17]。本研究首次報道人的乳腺癌組織中的NOX4蛋白表達與18F-FDG攝取值具有相關性。惡性腫瘤細胞表面葡萄糖轉運體(Glucose transport,Glut)多呈高表達,Glut介導葡萄糖攝取到細胞內,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌18F-FDG攝取與組織的Glut表達具有相關性[18-19]。因此,乳腺癌中NOX4表達與Glut表達的相關性如何,有待進一步深入研究。
有研究顯示乳腺癌的18F-FDG攝取值與乳腺癌的預后、惡性程度具有相關性[20],本研究進一步分析了乳腺癌NOX4表達與臨床病理學參數(shù)的相關性,結果提示NOX4表達與術中淋巴結轉移具有相關性。淋巴結轉移組的NOX4表達陽性率高于無淋巴結轉移組。因此,提示NOX4表達與乳腺癌的轉移具有相關性。本研究結果顯示乳腺癌NOX4的表達與乳腺癌組織學分級具有相關性,組織學分級越高,NOX4的陽性表達率越高。最新的研究[21]報道,細胞實驗和動物實驗結果顯示,通過抑制NOX4的表達可降低鼠乳腺癌細胞4T1的侵襲轉移能力。最近的體外人乳腺癌細胞研究[22]也顯示,NOX4是ROS的重要來源,在乏氧下通過TGF-β通路進行調解,而TGF-β和乏氧是腫瘤轉移的重要因素,提示NOX4表達與乳腺癌轉移具有相關性。但在人乳腺癌的標本中的表達與轉移、組織學分級的相關性還未見相關報道。本研究結果顯示乳腺癌的18F-FDG攝取值與腫瘤的淋巴結轉移和組織學分級具有相關性,既往有研究報道乳腺癌的18F-FDG攝取值與腫瘤分級和預后相關[23-24],和我們的研究結果一致。 綜上所述,本研究表明乳腺癌NOX4表達水平與糖酵解具有相關性;NOX4表達與乳腺癌轉移相關。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究的樣本量較少,使多因素回歸分析受限,其次,單中心研究,不能除外選擇性偏倚。對于NOX4影響乳腺癌能量代謝、轉移的分子機制還需要進一步研究。
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Relationships between NOX4 expression and18F-FDG uptake in patients with breast cancer
LI Xue-na,YIN Ya-fu,DU Bu-lin,LI Ya-ming
(Department of Nuclear Medicine,the First Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
Objective:The relationship between the NOX4(NADPH oxidase 4)expression and glucose metabolism in breast cancer is unclear.This present study intends to study the expression levels of NOX4 and18F-FDG uptake.And to further explore the clinical significance.Methods:The patients diagnosed as breast cancer who underwent preoperative18F-FDG PET were enrolled.We examined the maximum standardized uptake values(SUVmax)of lesions.The levels of NOX4 were measured with immunohistochemical analysis.The clinical,histopathology of breast cancer patients were collected and recorded,and the correlation between NOX4 and clinical and histological predictors and metastasis were analyzed.Results:Fifty-six patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study,a total of 56 breast lesions.The SUVmax of lesions were 4.78±2.96.Thirty-three cases had positive expression of NOX4,23 cases had negative expression.The SUVmax in the positive expression of NOX4 group was 6.42±3.23,the negative NOX expression group was 3.22±1.57.The SUVmax was higher in the NOX4 positive expression group than negative expression group,the difference was statistically significant(t=4.83,P<0.05).NOX4 expression levels were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis(χ2=4.52,P<0.05).The expression of NOX4 and histological types have no significant correlation(χ2=2.88,P>0.05).The expression of NOX4 and histological grading were significantly related to histological grade,the positive rate of NOX4 expression in the groupⅢ was higher thanⅠ+Ⅱ Group(χ2= 6.32,P<0.01).The SUVmax in infiltrating ductal carcinoma was higher than lobular carcinoma(t=2.97,P<0.05).The SUVmax in lymph node metastasis was higher than no lymph node metastasis(t=2.04,P=0.04).The SUVmax in the groupⅢ was higher thanⅠ+Ⅱ Group(t=-2.5,P<0.05).Conclusions:The levels of NOX4 expression were correlated with the18F-FDG uptake.The expression of NOX4 and the18F-FDG uptake are associated with lymph node metastasis and histological grade.
Breast neoplasms;Fluorodeoxyglucose F18;Positron-emission tomography
R737.9;R817.4
A
1008-1062(2016)08-0547-04
2015-12-31;
2016-01-15
李雪娜(1980-),女,遼寧盤錦人,講師。E-mail:lixuenacmunm@163.com
李亞明,中國醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科,110001。E-mail:ymli2001@163.com
國家自然科學基金項目(81271605);國家自然科學基金青年科學基金項目(81301249);遼寧省科學技術計劃項目(2012225013)。