谷云飛
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變異型心絞痛與早復(fù)極心電圖改變的研究進(jìn)展
谷云飛
變異型心絞痛是無(wú)明顯冠脈狹窄而患者胸痛的病因之一,可伴發(fā)室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心室顫動(dòng)等惡性心律失常。早期復(fù)極心電圖既往多考慮良性改變,近年來(lái),較多研究證實(shí)早復(fù)極心電圖改變對(duì)惡性心律失常的發(fā)生具有預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。關(guān)于早復(fù)極心電圖改變預(yù)測(cè)變異型心絞痛患者發(fā)生惡性心律失常的研究較少,本文結(jié)合最新臨床研究作一回顧。
變異型心絞痛;早期復(fù)極;室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速;心室顫動(dòng);心律失常;冠脈痙攣
R540.41
A
2095-9354(2016)04-0249-02
變異型心絞痛(vasospastic angina,VSA)是無(wú)明顯冠脈狹窄而患者發(fā)生胸痛的原因之一。對(duì)于VSA患者,給予鈣離子拮抗劑和/或硝酸酯類藥物治療后通常預(yù)后良好。VSA除引起胸痛等癥狀外,可導(dǎo)致多種心律失常的發(fā)生,包括竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)緩、竇性停搏、完全性房室阻滯、陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng)、室性早搏;當(dāng)然,小部分VSA患者也可出現(xiàn)致死性的室性心律失常,如室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速或心室顫動(dòng)[1]。對(duì)于VSA患者發(fā)生室性心律失常最初由Prinzmetal等[2]首次報(bào)道,此后有較多關(guān)于VSA與室性心律失常的報(bào)道發(fā)表。日本相關(guān)研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于成功心肺復(fù)蘇后且無(wú)嚴(yán)重冠脈狹窄的患者,以VSA為病因的比例高達(dá)6%,同時(shí)VSA患者發(fā)生室性心動(dòng)過(guò)速、心室顫動(dòng)及心臟驟停的比例可高達(dá)5%~15%[4]。因此,VSA并非院外致死性心律失常(包括心臟驟停、室性心律失常)發(fā)生的少見(jiàn)原因。對(duì)于無(wú)嚴(yán)重冠脈狹窄的致死性心律失?;颊?,需要考慮是否存在VSA的可能,并盡可能通過(guò)激發(fā)試驗(yàn)來(lái)進(jìn)行證實(shí)。同時(shí),需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)VSA患者進(jìn)行致死性心律失常發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)分層,并發(fā)現(xiàn)可能存在的預(yù)測(cè)因素。
盡管對(duì)VSA患者區(qū)分危險(xiǎn)因素、進(jìn)行猝死危險(xiǎn)分層非常重要,但是目前相關(guān)結(jié)論仍存爭(zhēng)議。Kerin等[5]研究提示VSA發(fā)生心律失常者合并冠脈狹窄的比例較高,然而其他研究[3,6]則提示有無(wú)冠脈狹窄與惡性心律失常發(fā)生無(wú)明顯相關(guān)。在Matsue等[7]發(fā)表在JACC上的一項(xiàng)研究中,入選確診為VSA且有明確室速、室顫發(fā)作的患者,同時(shí)排除存在嚴(yán)重冠脈狹窄者(>50%),植入ICD,經(jīng)過(guò)2.9年隨訪,21.7%的患者再次出現(xiàn)室性心律失常,而對(duì)于再發(fā)心律失常與無(wú)心律失常的兩組患者,其臨床特征無(wú)明顯差異。由此作者認(rèn)為VSA發(fā)生惡性心律失常的患者屬于高危人群,再次發(fā)生心律失常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,且無(wú)有效的臨床指標(biāo)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),對(duì)于此類高危患者植入ICD較為合適。通過(guò)以上研究回顧,VSA發(fā)生以及再次發(fā)生室性心律失常比例較高,既往研究缺乏能夠較好預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)生的臨床指標(biāo)。
早復(fù)極由于多發(fā)于年輕健康人群,多年來(lái)被認(rèn)為是良性心電圖改變。近些年研究[8-9]提示早復(fù)極心電圖改變與特發(fā)性心室顫動(dòng)的發(fā)生具有一定相關(guān)性。其他研究也不斷提示Brugada綜合征[10]、急性心肌梗死[11]以及應(yīng)激性心肌病患者[12]中早復(fù)極心電圖改變的出現(xiàn)可作為致死性心律失常發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。因此近年來(lái),部分研究者對(duì)VSA與早復(fù)極心電圖改變進(jìn)行了研究,探討兩者的相互關(guān)系,主要結(jié)果如下:
2.1VSA患者出現(xiàn)早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例較高
2015年Inamura等[13]選取了116例接受藥物激發(fā)試驗(yàn)的胸痛患者,根據(jù)結(jié)果分為VSA組(66例)和對(duì)照組(50例),同時(shí)對(duì)其基線心電圖進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)VSA患者存在早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例為36%,而對(duì)照組僅為12%,VSA發(fā)生早復(fù)極心電圖改變比例明顯高于對(duì)照組(P=0.001),多元回歸分析提示基線早復(fù)極心電圖改變是VSA的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素(OR=5.65)。Oh等[14]則發(fā)現(xiàn)VSA患者出現(xiàn)靜息早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例達(dá)21.4%,而另一項(xiàng)相關(guān)研究[15]中VSA患者存在靜息早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例為24.2%。這些數(shù)據(jù)均提示:VSA患者出現(xiàn)早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例較高,且可能作為VSA的一種預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。
2.2VSA患者出現(xiàn)早復(fù)極心電圖改變對(duì)惡性心律失常的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值
Oh等[14]的研究中共入選281例VSA患者,平均隨訪(7.6±4.7)年,發(fā)現(xiàn)VSA有早復(fù)極心電圖改變組心源性猝死或致死性心律失常的發(fā)生比例明顯高于無(wú)早復(fù)極心電圖改變組(20.0%vs.5.4%,P=0.001)。而Inamura等[13]將VSA患者隨訪后按有無(wú)室性心律失常分為兩組,兩組出現(xiàn)基線早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例分別為100%和33%,兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.019),而兩組患者的其他指標(biāo)例如QT離散度、心電圖ST段水平或下斜抬高、QRS波寬度、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)等的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。同樣地,Kitamura等[15]對(duì)265例VSA患者平均隨訪(5.5±3.3)年,21例患者出現(xiàn)室顫,根據(jù)有無(wú)室顫發(fā)作分為兩組,室顫組與無(wú)室顫組早復(fù)極心電圖改變的發(fā)生率有明顯差異(61.9%vs.20.9%,P=0.001),而其他指標(biāo)如鈣離子拮抗劑使用比例、QT離散度、猝死家族史等兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。多元回歸分析提示僅早復(fù)極心電圖改變(OR=5.8)和男性(OR=5.1)為VSA患者發(fā)生室顫的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。
綜上所述,VSA與早復(fù)極心電圖改變具有某種相關(guān)性,VSA患者出現(xiàn)早復(fù)極心電圖改變的比例較高,且出現(xiàn)早復(fù)極改變者發(fā)生室性心律失常的比例較高。因此可能通過(guò)基線心電圖的改變進(jìn)行VSA危險(xiǎn)分層,而早復(fù)極心電圖改變可以作為心電圖預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一。但是由于上述研究中樣本量均偏小,未來(lái)仍需要更多樣本和數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)上述結(jié)論。
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Recent progress on vasospastic angina and ECG changes of early repolarization
Gu Yun-fei
(Department of Cardiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luo-yang Research Institution of Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Luoyang Henan 471000, China)
Vasospastic angina(VSA) is one of the causes of pectoralgia in patients without obvious coronary artery stenosis. It can be accompanied with malignant arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. ECG of early repolarization was mostly considered to be benign change in the past. Recently, more research verifies the predictive value of ECG changes of early repolarization for the occurrence of malignant arrhythmias. However, less research concerns on the role ECG changes of early repolarization take in predicting the occurrence of malignant arrhythmias among VSA patients. This paper reviews the latest clinical research.
Vasospastic angina; early repolarization; ventricular tachycardia; ventricular fibrillation; arrhythmia; coronary spasm
471000 河南 洛陽(yáng),鄭州大學(xué)附屬洛陽(yáng)中心醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,洛陽(yáng)市心腦血管病研究所
谷云飛,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事心臟電生理研究,擅長(zhǎng)心律失常的射頻消融及起搏器植入,E-mail:yunfeigu@126.com
專題筆談:變異型心絞痛
專題主持/王德國(guó)
10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2016.04.005
2016-07-24)(本文編輯:李政萍)
【編者按】變異型心絞痛(vasospastic angina,VSA)在臨床并不少見(jiàn),由于目前臨床上在冠脈造影中較少開(kāi)展激發(fā)試驗(yàn),其患病率被嚴(yán)重低估。隨著長(zhǎng)時(shí)程及遠(yuǎn)程心電監(jiān)護(hù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和血管造影技術(shù)在臨床的普及,VSA的臨床重要性在不斷提高。除典型心絞痛發(fā)作時(shí)的ST段抬高外,其余心電圖信息尤其是并發(fā)惡性心律失常引起臨床高度重視。對(duì)VSA患者體表心電圖信息的分析發(fā)掘,有助于早期診斷和治療,有助于早期篩選惡性心律失常高危者。我們特邀本刊編委,皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院王德國(guó)主任主持本期“變異型心絞痛”專題,包括《變異型心絞痛與早復(fù)極心電圖改變的研究進(jìn)展》《變異型心絞痛的心電圖特征》和《變異型心絞痛臨床治療一例》三篇論文。