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miRNA-204與腫瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

2016-04-04 17:06江海波葛瑞祥錢冬喜毛捷
關(guān)鍵詞:癌基因螺桿菌膠質(zhì)瘤

江海波,葛瑞祥,錢冬喜,毛捷

(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,安徽 蕪湖 241001)

miRNA-204與腫瘤關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展

江海波,葛瑞祥,錢冬喜,毛捷*

(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,安徽 蕪湖 241001)

miRNA-204在人體中廣泛表達(dá),并在很多腫瘤中表達(dá)異常。miRNA-204在人體內(nèi)通過(guò)對(duì)靶基因的調(diào)節(jié),在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中起重要作用。miRNA-204常作為腫瘤的抑癌基因,且通過(guò)相關(guān)分子機(jī)制可以抑制腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,也可以作為潛在的分子標(biāo)記物用于腫瘤的治療。對(duì)miRNA-204的深入研究,可對(duì)腫瘤的預(yù)防及治療提供新思路。

miRNA-204;腫瘤;靶基因

miRNA是一類長(zhǎng)度約為20~24 bp的小分子非編碼RNA,是一種極為重要的基因調(diào)控物質(zhì),其主要通過(guò)與靶基因mRNA 3'端非編碼區(qū)域(3'-UTR)完全或不完全配對(duì),使靶基因mRNA降解或抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄后翻譯,從而參與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、增殖、凋亡等過(guò)程[1-3],在腫瘤的發(fā)生中,有些miRNA作為原癌基因,有些作為抑癌基因[4-5]。人類miRNA-204基因位于染色體9q21.12,在人體內(nèi)各種組織、器官中廣泛表達(dá),是生物進(jìn)化中具有高度保守的微小非編碼RNA。目前已經(jīng)證實(shí),miRNA-204通過(guò)抑制靶基因mRNA翻譯,調(diào)控體內(nèi)細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和遷移,參與生命活動(dòng)中的一系列重要進(jìn)程。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA-204在胃癌、乳腺癌和膠質(zhì)瘤等眾多惡性腫瘤中出現(xiàn)缺失、甲基化等異常表達(dá)現(xiàn)象,而miRNA-204的失活促進(jìn)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、遷移以及增強(qiáng)對(duì)化療藥物的耐藥,在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用。因此,研究miRNA-204與腫瘤的關(guān)系對(duì)于闡明腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及治療具有重要意義。

1 miRNA-204與腫瘤的發(fā)生

miRNA-204調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá),并在腫瘤的發(fā)生中起重要作用。大量研究表明,miRNA-204在胃癌[6-7]、子宮內(nèi)膜癌[8]、胰腺癌[9]、肝腫瘤[10-11]、腦膠質(zhì)瘤[12-14]、腎透明細(xì)胞癌[15-16]、頭頸部腫瘤[17]、乳腺癌[18-19]等癌組織中的水平低于同一患者的正常組織,并強(qiáng)調(diào)了miRNA-204作為一種抑癌基因抑制腫瘤發(fā)生的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。Lee等[17]描述miRNA-204是一種具有腫瘤抑制作用的miRNA,提高miRNA-204的表達(dá)并豐富其生物學(xué)進(jìn)程與頭頸部腫瘤的進(jìn)展有密切關(guān)系。在頭頸部鱗癌(HNSCC)細(xì)胞株中恢復(fù)miRNA-204的功能會(huì)抑制其相關(guān)靶基因的表達(dá)。先前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)食管和肺鱗癌中,雜合性缺失是鱗狀細(xì)胞癌發(fā)生中一種常見(jiàn)的體細(xì)胞遺傳損傷,在頭頸部鱗癌中,miRNA-204在腫瘤的相關(guān)基因區(qū)域9q21.1-q22.3表現(xiàn)高頻率的雜合性缺失,miRNA-204的功能缺失明顯提高了腫瘤易感性,說(shuō)明miRNA-204在腫瘤發(fā)生中起抑癌基因的作用。這一作用在膠質(zhì)瘤中也得到驗(yàn)證,膠質(zhì)瘤中miRNA表現(xiàn)出抑制性的有miRNA-124、miRNA-181家族、106a、17-5p、miRNA-204等,其中miRNA-204是作用最突出的抑制性miRNA。為驗(yàn)證膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中的miRNA-204的水平低于正常組織,從而發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用,Ying等[12]采用PCR法對(duì)6例正常腦組織和20例膠質(zhì)瘤新鮮樣本進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)與正常腦組織相比,WHO分級(jí)中Ⅰ和Ⅱ級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤中的miRNA-204表達(dá)減少,在Ⅲ和Ⅳ級(jí)膠質(zhì)瘤中miRNA-204的表達(dá)則在一個(gè)更低的水平。胃癌的發(fā)生常與幽門螺桿菌感染有關(guān),Zhou等[20]通過(guò)qPCR和免疫組化法發(fā)現(xiàn)SOX4在幽門螺桿菌陽(yáng)性組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中得出,SOX4的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平在由幽門螺桿菌引起的胃癌中表達(dá)上調(diào)。而SOX4是miRNA-204的靶基因,在幽門螺桿菌陽(yáng)性組織中miRNA-204通過(guò)下調(diào)SOX4在機(jī)體內(nèi)的作用來(lái)抑制幽門螺桿菌引起的胃癌。在直腸癌中,自噬會(huì)被激活,而其中重要的分子LC3B-Ⅱ會(huì)增加直腸癌的發(fā)生,同時(shí)在大腸癌發(fā)生中發(fā)揮抗細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。miRNA-204-5p高表達(dá)直腸癌患者中可以抑制LC3B-Ⅱ在自噬中的活性,并抑制Bcl-2的抗凋亡作用,以此作為腫瘤的抑癌基因[21]。Yin等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-204-5p與結(jié)直腸癌組織中的致癌基因RAB22A呈負(fù)相關(guān),因此miRNA-204在結(jié)直腸癌中也起到抑癌基因的作用。在惡性外周神經(jīng)鞘瘤中,miRNA-204表達(dá)下調(diào),恢復(fù)miRNA-204表達(dá)能夠抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和進(jìn)程,miRNA-204通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)RAS信號(hào)通路來(lái)抑制高遷移率族蛋白A2(high mobility group AT-hook 2,HMGA2)的表達(dá),從而調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤的癌變進(jìn)程[23]。當(dāng)然,miRNA-204在機(jī)體內(nèi)有時(shí)也會(huì)起到雙重調(diào)節(jié)的作用,例如,在前列腺腫瘤中,miRNA-204在前列腺腺癌(PAC)起抑癌作用,而對(duì)前列腺神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌瘤(NFPC)起致癌作用[24-25]。

綜上所述,在人體的大部分腫瘤中,miRNA-204通過(guò)對(duì)其不同靶基因的調(diào)節(jié),從而在體內(nèi)起到抑癌基因的作用,腫瘤組織中的miRNA-204含量比正常組織低,恢復(fù)其在細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)水平,會(huì)使腫瘤細(xì)胞的分化增殖能力降低。而在少數(shù)情況下,miRNA-204也能起致癌基因的作用。

2 miRNA-204與腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移

腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是指腫瘤細(xì)胞脫離原發(fā)生長(zhǎng)部位,通過(guò)各種途徑的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),在機(jī)體內(nèi)的其他遠(yuǎn)離原發(fā)部位的器官和組織繼續(xù)增殖生長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,是惡性腫瘤最顯著的生物學(xué)特征之一,也是臨床腫瘤患者的主要死因。研究證實(shí),miRNA-204參與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的整個(gè)過(guò)程,所以其可用于惡性腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)并成為研究病情預(yù)后的潛在生物標(biāo)記物。Mao等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),在膠質(zhì)瘤中,Ezrin的過(guò)表達(dá)是引起腫瘤發(fā)展及遷移的重要原因,而過(guò)表達(dá)的miRNA-204可以通過(guò)調(diào)控Ezrin的3'-UTR來(lái)抑制Ezrin蛋白,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中miRNA-204的表達(dá)下調(diào),而恢復(fù)miRNA-204在膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達(dá)可以減少腫瘤的侵襲、遷移。所以,在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中,miRNA-204主要通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Ezrin的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制腫瘤的侵襲、遷移。所以miRNA-204是一個(gè)重要的抑制腫瘤侵襲、遷移的因子,這一點(diǎn)也可以通過(guò)Ying[12]和Xia等[13]的研究加以確認(rèn)。在上皮細(xì)胞源性的惡性腫瘤中,上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)與腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。Zhang等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)下調(diào)miRNA-204表達(dá)會(huì)通過(guò)激活SIRT1-LKB1通路造成胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移,而上調(diào)其表達(dá)會(huì)影響EMT基因的水平,增加上皮細(xì)胞黏鈣蛋白并減少波形蛋白水平,從而抑制胃癌的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移。在食管癌中FOXM1是在EMT激活過(guò)程中起重要作用的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,miRNA-204直接作用于FOXM1的3'-UTR抑制其蛋白表達(dá),從而調(diào)控EMT和腫瘤的侵襲[26]。在乳腺癌[18]和非小細(xì)胞性肺癌[27]中,則是通過(guò)下調(diào)Six1,從而抑制EMT,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在肝內(nèi)膽管腫瘤[10]和子宮內(nèi)膜癌[8]中,miRNA-204常與腫瘤的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有重要關(guān)系,恢復(fù)或者過(guò)表達(dá)miRNA-204會(huì)減少腫瘤的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。另外miRNA-204在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中通過(guò)抑制NUAK1抑制腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移[28];在視網(wǎng)膜母細(xì)胞瘤中通過(guò)靶向調(diào)節(jié)CyclinD2和MMP-9來(lái)抑制腫瘤侵襲[29]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在腫瘤細(xì)胞和組織中,如果miRNA-204的表達(dá)過(guò)低,則腫瘤的侵襲力和轉(zhuǎn)移能力很強(qiáng),同時(shí)患者的總生存率和無(wú)病生存時(shí)間都會(huì)大大降低。所以miRNA-204在腫瘤侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移中有重要意義,其作用主要是通過(guò)對(duì)各種基因和信號(hào)通路的調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,這一作用機(jī)制為尋求新的方法和靶向藥物來(lái)治療腫瘤提供了新的思路。

3 miRNA-204與腫瘤的治療

miRNA-204主要是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá),發(fā)揮相關(guān)抑癌或者致癌作用,而在腫瘤的治療中,miRNA-204也有著不可或缺的作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在胃癌的組織標(biāo)本中,下調(diào)miRNA-204會(huì)使Bcl-2的表達(dá)活性增加,而高表達(dá)的Bcl-2會(huì)降低腫瘤對(duì)5-FU的反應(yīng),結(jié)果表明上調(diào)miRNA-204后通過(guò)靶向抑制Bcl-2從而增加胃癌細(xì)胞對(duì)5-FU和奧沙利鉑的化療敏感性[7]。在乳腺癌中,miRNA-204與化療反應(yīng)顯著相關(guān),在化療無(wú)反應(yīng)者中低表達(dá),預(yù)后較差[19]。雌激素受體(ER)在乳腺癌中發(fā)揮重要的生物學(xué)功能,ERα高的腫瘤常侵襲力低而且預(yù)后較好。miRNA-204常有抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的特點(diǎn),但是在乳腺癌中卻很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。Liu等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)曲古抑菌素A(TSA)可以通過(guò)下調(diào)miRNA-204并上調(diào)ERα來(lái)降低體內(nèi)Akt活性從而抑制Mcl-1的表達(dá),同時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)下調(diào)miRNA-204的表達(dá)會(huì)使MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞對(duì)他莫昔芬(TMA)的敏感性增加。在之前的研究中,可見(jiàn)miRNA-204起抑癌作用,過(guò)表達(dá)的miRNA-204會(huì)抑制胃癌細(xì)胞和胰腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[6,9];或者在前列腺癌中起雙重作用機(jī)制[24-25]。而在乳腺癌的治療中發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA-204成為腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)TSA產(chǎn)生抗藥性的重要作用機(jī)制。所以,miRNA-204在腫瘤的治療過(guò)程中不僅可以提高對(duì)藥物的敏感性,在某些腫瘤如乳腺癌中也可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)藥物的敏感性,如何合理運(yùn)用相關(guān)機(jī)制,提高腫瘤藥物的治療效果,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

4 總結(jié)與展望

miRNA-204是可用于腫瘤治療和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后的潛在生物標(biāo)記物。雖然對(duì)miRNA的研究已經(jīng)有了很大進(jìn)展,但是對(duì)miRNA-204的認(rèn)識(shí)仍然有待拓展,除了探索新的與miRNA-204相關(guān)的腫瘤外,許多已知的功能也有待深入研究。miRNA-204有多個(gè)靶基因參與調(diào)控腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,要想進(jìn)一步探討其與腫瘤的相關(guān)關(guān)系,關(guān)鍵是確定其靶基因。miRNA-204的表達(dá)異常對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、治療等方面都有不同的影響,由于其發(fā)生機(jī)制的不同可讓我們研發(fā)出更具有個(gè)性化和更有效的藥物。此外,miRNA-204可以成為腫瘤的診斷及判斷預(yù)后的重要依據(jù)??偠灾琺iRNA-204的更多功能和作用機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步研究,從而成為研究腫瘤預(yù)防和治療的重要依據(jù)。

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(文敏編輯)

Research Progress of the Relationship between miRNA-204 and Cancers

JIANG Haibo,GE Ruixiang,QIAN Dongxi,MAO Jie*
(Department of Neurosurgery,Yijishan Hospital,Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241001,China)

miRNA-204 is widely expressed in human body and also aberrantly expressed in almost all human cancers.It is proved that miRNA-204 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cancers through regulating its target genes in human body.miRNA-204 is often used as a tumor suppressor to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis through the related molecular mechanism.Meanwhile,miRNA-204 can also be used as potential molecular marker in the treatment of cancers.With a deeper study of miRNA-204,it is possible to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cancers.

miRNA-204;cancer;target gene;research progress

R730.2

A

1008-2344(2016)06-0479-04

10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.06.019

安徽省高校自然科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目(No.KJ2015A141)

毛捷(1970—),男(漢),博士,副教授,研究方向:膠質(zhì)瘤的基礎(chǔ)和臨床.E-mail:myw921@yahoo.com

2016-05-03

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