王博,汪和貴
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,安徽 蕪湖 241001)
IVUS在冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干病變介入治療中的研究進(jìn)展
王博,汪和貴*
(皖南醫(yī)學(xué)院弋磯山醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,安徽 蕪湖 241001)
血管內(nèi)超聲(IVUS)是一種有創(chuàng)斷層成像技術(shù)。作為冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的輔助手段,IVUS在冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)方面有著重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,可評(píng)估靶血管的嚴(yán)重程度,優(yōu)化手術(shù)策略,提高臨床預(yù)后。盡管缺乏隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,但現(xiàn)有的非隨機(jī)研究認(rèn)為,在冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干病變(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)左主干病變)介入治療中使用IVUS能降低患者術(shù)后主要心血管不良事件(MACE,包括心源性猝死、心肌梗死、靶血管血運(yùn)重建)發(fā)生率,提高患者的遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。
血管內(nèi)超聲;冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干病變;冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療
心臟大部分心肌的供血依賴(lài)冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干。左主干病變的血運(yùn)重建失敗可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致血流動(dòng)力學(xué)崩潰,尤其是無(wú)橋血管或側(cè)支循環(huán)的無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變血運(yùn)重建失敗的后果更加嚴(yán)重。因此冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)一直作為左主干病變的首選治療方案,指南上將其推薦級(jí)別列為Ⅰa類(lèi)推薦。隨著PCI技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和各種新的手術(shù)器械的出現(xiàn),如:DES(藥物洗脫支架)、血管內(nèi)超聲(IVUS)、壓力導(dǎo)絲等,左主干病變PCI的安全性和有效性得到了越來(lái)越多的研究的支持[1-5]。同時(shí)越來(lái)越多的研究認(rèn)為在左主干病變PCI中使用IVUS能提高患者的臨床預(yù)后[6-9]。2011年美國(guó)的指南把IVUS作為左主干病變PCI術(shù)中的Ⅱa類(lèi)推薦[10],2014年歐洲指南繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)了在左主干病變PCI中使用IVUS的意義[11]。現(xiàn)就IVUS在左主干病變PCI治療中的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
冠狀動(dòng)脈造影一直被認(rèn)為是冠心病診斷的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但現(xiàn)有的研究顯示由于左主干特殊的位置和解剖特點(diǎn)使其評(píng)估左主干病變真實(shí)的嚴(yán)重程度十分困難[12]。如:左主干開(kāi)口部可被造影劑層流或不透射線(xiàn)的主動(dòng)脈瓣葉所掩蓋而顯示不清。即使沒(méi)有冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化存在時(shí),左主干開(kāi)口部管腔也有可能會(huì)比遠(yuǎn)端?。?3]。當(dāng)左主干較短時(shí),可導(dǎo)致缺乏正常的參考段血管做為參照。左主干的正性重構(gòu)可導(dǎo)致病變的長(zhǎng)度和嚴(yán)重程度被低估。當(dāng)左主干遠(yuǎn)端/分叉病變時(shí),由于左前降支和回旋支的分叉所掩蓋可使病變顯示不清。不同的檢查者對(duì)同一病變嚴(yán)重程度的判斷也有一定的主觀差異。
IVUS能精確測(cè)量冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干的最小管腔直徑(MLD)、最小管腔橫截面積(MLA)及管腔面積狹窄率等指標(biāo)。通過(guò)這些指標(biāo)不僅可以判斷該冠脈真實(shí)的狹窄程度而且對(duì)患者PCI術(shù)后心血管不良事件的預(yù)測(cè)有重要的意義[14-17],因此常常作為左主干病變是否需要血運(yùn)重建干預(yù)的判斷指標(biāo)。對(duì)于需要血運(yùn)重建干預(yù)的左主干病變的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍存在一定爭(zhēng)議。最初把IVUS測(cè)得的冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干的MLA≤9 mm2或管腔狹窄超過(guò)50%定義為有血運(yùn)重建意義,左主干狹窄需要進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建干預(yù)[18]。Fassa等[19]認(rèn)為當(dāng)冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干病變的MLA≤7.5 mm2時(shí)需要進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建干預(yù)。而隨著壓力導(dǎo)絲在左主干病變上的應(yīng)用,對(duì)有血運(yùn)重建意義的冠狀動(dòng)脈左主干病變的認(rèn)識(shí)也不斷深入?,F(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為壓力導(dǎo)絲測(cè)得的靶病變血管的FFR(血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù))是評(píng)估冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的功能性改變的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并指出當(dāng)冠脈病變血管FFR<0.75時(shí)應(yīng)行血運(yùn)重建治療[20]。由于FFR與IVUS測(cè)得的MLD、MLA均存在著高度的相關(guān)性,因此FFR可以幫助確定有血運(yùn)重建意義的左主干病變的MLD、MLA的最佳臨界值[14,21-22]。Jasti等[14]對(duì)55例冠脈造影不能明確的左主干病變患者的FFR值及IVUS參數(shù)進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究。回歸分析表明,F(xiàn)FR與MLD、MLA的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為r=0.79(MLD)、0.74(MLA)。同時(shí)認(rèn)為MLD 2.88 mm、MLA 5.9 mm2,對(duì)于評(píng)估左主干狹窄的功能意義的敏感性(93%)和特異性(98%)最高。近年也有學(xué)者的研究得出了不同的結(jié)論[15-16,23-24]。Kang等[15]的研究認(rèn)為左主干病變患者當(dāng)通過(guò)IVUS測(cè)得的左主干MLA<4.8 mm2時(shí)需要進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建。而Park等[16]的研究認(rèn)為冠脈左主干MLA≤4.5 mm2時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)行血運(yùn)重建治療。
綜合上述研究結(jié)果,目前大多數(shù)學(xué)者仍建議:(1) MLD<2.8 mm,(2) MLA<6.0 mm2,(3)管腔面積狹窄率>50%,滿(mǎn)足上述任意一條,即可作為左主干病變需要行血運(yùn)重建治療的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
術(shù)前IVUS能夠分析靶病變的性質(zhì),選取最佳的治療策略。包括管腔狹窄的嚴(yán)重程度、斑塊的分布、鈣化的程度和范圍,有無(wú)血管重構(gòu)、血栓、血管瘤以及夾層等。這些信息非常重要,也是選擇器械的依據(jù)。如:對(duì)病變長(zhǎng)度和參照血管直徑的精確測(cè)量,可幫助選取尺寸最佳的支架和球囊。IVUS可以確定鈣化斑塊是在血管內(nèi)膜還是外膜,是表淺鈣化還是深部鈣化,是360°鈣化還是非圓周鈣化。支架釋放后是否完全覆蓋病變,有無(wú)貼壁不良和膨脹不全。支架植入后是否影響分支開(kāi)口。這些信息決定著是否需要進(jìn)行旋磨治療,支架是否可以完全到位和完全膨脹,是否需要后擴(kuò)展或者改行CABG治療。對(duì)于左主干遠(yuǎn)程或分叉病變,是使用貫穿策略還是雙支架技術(shù)。
4.1SYNTAX研究[3]是左主干病變患者選擇PCI治療的理論依據(jù)該研究隨訪(fǎng)3年發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于SYNTAX評(píng)分為低、中危的患者PCI組與CABG組的主要心腦血管不良事件(MACE)(全因死亡、急性腦血管事件、心肌梗死、再次血運(yùn)重建)發(fā)生率相當(dāng)。對(duì)于非左主干病變使用IVUS能提高臨床預(yù)后已得到很多研究的肯定,而左主干病變患者IVUS能否提高其PCI治療的臨床預(yù)后仍然存在著一定的爭(zhēng)議[26-28]。
4.2早期的IVUS研究的不同結(jié)論早在球囊和BMS(裸金屬支架)時(shí)代就已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了少量的IVUS與冠脈造影指導(dǎo)下的左主干病變PCI的對(duì)照研究。這些研究所得到的結(jié)論并不都是一致的[17,29]。導(dǎo)致結(jié)論差異的原因可能是同一研究中同時(shí)包含了不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的各類(lèi)人群:包括擇期的和急診的手術(shù),正常的和左心功能不全的患者,開(kāi)口處、遠(yuǎn)程和分叉病變,以及有保護(hù)的和無(wú)保護(hù)的左主干;同一研究中使用了不同的PCI策略,包括斑塊消融、單純的球囊擴(kuò)展和支架植入術(shù)等。
Hong等[17]選取了87例有保護(hù)左主干病變的患者在IVUS指導(dǎo)下行支架植入術(shù)。在術(shù)后平均隨訪(fǎng)12個(gè)月中,術(shù)后即刻MLA≥7 mm2的患者(74例)再次血運(yùn)重建率顯著低于術(shù)后MLA<7 mm2的患者(12例)(7%vs50%,P=0.0011)。由此可見(jiàn),IVUS指導(dǎo)下有保護(hù)左主干病變PCI是安全有效的,且通過(guò)IVUS測(cè)得的術(shù)后即刻MLA是手術(shù)遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后的最重要的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。術(shù)后即刻MLA越大,遠(yuǎn)期再狹窄率越小。可其他學(xué)者的研究卻得到了不盡相同的結(jié)論[29]。
4.3DES時(shí)代IVUS研究成果
4.3.1IVUS可以通過(guò)優(yōu)化PCI的術(shù)中策略來(lái)改善臨床預(yù)后Agostoni等[30]在一項(xiàng)研究中使用DES對(duì)無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變的患者行IVUS指導(dǎo)下的擇期PCI,共選取了58例患者,其中IVUS組有24例患者,冠脈造影組有34例。在隨后平均433 d的隨訪(fǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)總的MACE發(fā)生率是15%。IVUS組的MACE發(fā)生率低于非IVUS組(8%vs20%,P=0.18)。病變累及左主干遠(yuǎn)端的患者M(jìn)ACE發(fā)生率更高。Park等[31]回顧分析了102例使用DES行左主干PCI治療的患者。其中86%例患者在PCI術(shù)前及術(shù)后使用了IVUS檢查且手術(shù)成功率是100%。與既往使用BMS的對(duì)照組患者相比,DES組更傾向于使用分叉支對(duì)吻或者擠壓技術(shù)。其中植入支架患者中的18%在IVUS檢查后進(jìn)行了支架內(nèi)后擴(kuò)張且后擴(kuò)展選用的球囊比植入的支架尺寸大1 mm以上。隨訪(fǎng)1年的MACE發(fā)生率僅為2%。6個(gè)月時(shí)復(fù)查冠脈造影,DES組再狹窄率是7.0%,而既往BMS對(duì)照組則高達(dá)30%(P<0.001)。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)在DES組所有的再狹窄都發(fā)現(xiàn)在分叉支病變。Kang等[32]的研究IVUS檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)有74例患者出現(xiàn)支架內(nèi)再狹窄,其中有32例(42%)患者存在支架膨脹不全,有71例(93%)患者存在明顯的支架內(nèi)新生內(nèi)膜(新生內(nèi)膜面積>50%支架面積)。其在隨后的研究[33]中又選取了403例IVUS指導(dǎo)下行無(wú)保護(hù)左主干PCI治療的患者(包括單支架技術(shù)和雙支架技術(shù))。術(shù)后9個(gè)月復(fù)查冠脈造影發(fā)現(xiàn)存在支架膨脹不全的患者的再狹窄率明顯高于無(wú)支架膨脹不全的患者(24.1%vs5.4%,P<0.001)。為期2年的隨訪(fǎng)發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)支架膨脹不全的患者無(wú)MACE,生存率也較高[(98±1)%vs(90±3)%,P<0.001],同時(shí)提出:支架膨脹不全是主要心血管不良事件的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。
目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管左主干病變PCI中使用了DES,但仍存在支架再狹窄或支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其原因可能是支架內(nèi)新生內(nèi)膜形成和支架貼壁不良或膨脹不全,使用IVUS指導(dǎo)下的高壓釋放支架和后擴(kuò)張,則能顯著降低支架膨脹不全和貼壁不良的發(fā)生率,從而減少M(fèi)ACE的發(fā)生[3,32,34-35]。
4.3.2IVUS可以提高左主干遠(yuǎn)程/分叉支病變PCI的臨床預(yù)后左主干遠(yuǎn)端/分叉支病變較左主干其他部位的病變更容易發(fā)生PCI術(shù)后再狹窄[30,33]。研究認(rèn)為使用DES治療無(wú)保護(hù)左主干分叉支病變是安全有效的,建議左主干分叉支病變采用單支架技術(shù)與復(fù)雜的雙支架相比可能遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后更好,即“越簡(jiǎn)單越好”原則。但左主干分叉支病變使用單支架策略某些情況下可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致分支開(kāi)口狹窄或閉塞。在主支植入支架后使用IVUS對(duì)分支血管口部進(jìn)行評(píng)估,有助于術(shù)者決策分支血管是否需要進(jìn)一步處理,如對(duì)邊支血管進(jìn)行球囊擴(kuò)展或者植入第二枚支架等。手術(shù)策略的選擇還受到某些形態(tài)學(xué)因素如分支斑塊的分布、分支夾角的影響。通過(guò)IVUS我們能更好地獲取這些形態(tài)學(xué)上的特點(diǎn),從而幫助術(shù)者選取最合適的手術(shù)策略。
綜上所述,IVUS能準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估左主干病變的狹窄程度;術(shù)前IVUS能充分評(píng)估左主干病變的特點(diǎn),幫助術(shù)者選擇最優(yōu)的手術(shù)策略;術(shù)后IVUS檢查能明確支架是否貼壁不良或膨脹不全,是否完全覆蓋病變以及分叉病變中受累的分支是否需要進(jìn)一步處理。盡管現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為,使用IVUS能增加左主干病變PCI的遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后,但仍缺乏大樣本、多中心的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的支持。期待以后研究來(lái)幫助我們進(jìn)一步明確IVUS對(duì)左主干病變PCI的意義??紤]左主干病變PCI尤其是無(wú)保護(hù)左主干病變PCI失敗的嚴(yán)重后果,結(jié)合目前的研究及專(zhuān)家意見(jiàn),建議使用IVUS指導(dǎo)左主干病變的PCI治療。
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(吳迪編輯)
Research Progress of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Left Main Coronary Artery Stenoses with Intravascular Ultrasound
WANG Bo,WANG Hegui*
(Department of Cardiology,Yijishan Hospital,Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241001,China)
Intravascular ultrasound(IVUS)is an invasively tomograhpic techology.As a adjunct to angiography,IVUS has important application value for percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).IVUS allows to assess the degree of area stenosis,optimize PCI strategy and improve clinical outcomes.Although lacking randomized trials,the currently nonrandomized studies support that IVUS-guided PCI of the left main coronary artery stenoses reduce the rate of the major adverse cardiac events(MACE,including cardiac death,myocardial infarction,and target vessel revacularization)and improve long-term outcomes compared with angiography-guided PCI.
IVUS;left main coronary artery stenoses;PCI
R730.2
A
1008-2344(2016)06-0490-04
10.16753/j.cnki.1008-2344.2016.06.022
汪和貴(1970—),男(漢),副主任醫(yī)師,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,研究方向:冠心病介入治療.E-mail:wangheguiqd@sina.com
2016-05-18