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慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

2016-04-05 01:37張瓅文石廣霞王雪蕊劉存志
實用心腦肺血管病雜志 2016年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:性反應(yīng)膠質(zhì)腦缺血

曹 燕,張瓅文,孫 寧,石廣霞,王雪蕊,劉存志

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·前沿進(jìn)展·

慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

曹 燕,張瓅文,孫 寧,石廣霞,王雪蕊,劉存志

慢性腦缺血是血管性癡呆(VD)、阿爾茨海默病(AD)和Binswanger病等多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的病理基礎(chǔ),具有較長的可干預(yù)時間窗,深入研究慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制對缺血性腦血管疾病的防治具有重要臨床意義。本文就慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

腦缺血;炎癥;細(xì)胞因子類;綜述

曹燕,張瓅文,孫寧,等.慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展[J].實用心腦肺血管病雜志,2016,24(8):1-4.[www.syxnf.net]

CAO Y,ZHANG L W,SUN N,et al.Progress on inflammatory reaction mechanism of chronic cerebral ischemia[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2016,24(8):1-4.

慢性腦缺血是一種由長期腦血流灌注不足導(dǎo)致的病理狀態(tài),是血管性癡呆(VD)、阿爾茨海默病(AD)和 Binswanger病等多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病的病理基礎(chǔ)[1-2]。慢性腦缺血常伴有腦白質(zhì)脫髓鞘、腦梗死和血管性認(rèn)知功能障礙等,其與急性缺血性腦卒中相比,具有較長的可干預(yù)時間窗。故深入研究慢性腦缺血的發(fā)病機(jī)制對缺血性腦血管疾病的防治具有重要的臨床意義。慢性腦缺血的主要病理學(xué)改變?yōu)樯窠?jīng)元凋亡、炎性反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、能量代謝障礙、膽堿能功能紊亂等[3]。其中,炎性反應(yīng)在慢性腦缺血損傷的發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮著重要作用。臨床研究表明,慢性腦缺血可導(dǎo)致VD患者血漿和腦脊液中炎性因子水平明顯升高[4]。本文通過分析和總結(jié)國內(nèi)外慢性腦缺血損傷的炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展,為臨床防治慢性腦缺血損傷提供參考,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1 膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活化

膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可通過直接調(diào)控神經(jīng)元間突觸聯(lián)系來維持神經(jīng)元微循環(huán)穩(wěn)態(tài),其與神經(jīng)元共同參與學(xué)習(xí)和記憶過程。膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵,其通過產(chǎn)生自由基、改變血管舒縮性、釋放細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子等而引起或加重顱腦損傷。

1.1小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞作為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的免疫細(xì)胞,可由靜息態(tài)進(jìn)入活化態(tài),其是神經(jīng)炎癥發(fā)生的標(biāo)志。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生2周后,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞自噬途徑啟動,會誘導(dǎo)白質(zhì)病變,引發(fā)炎性反應(yīng),進(jìn)一步加重認(rèn)知功能損傷[5]。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血發(fā)生第6周和第8周,大鼠海馬和皮質(zhì)區(qū)域出現(xiàn)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞染色加深,胞體增大,突起增多、變短,呈“阿米巴樣”改變[6]。有研究表明,小鼠腦組織慢性腦缺血發(fā)生約13周后,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞仍處于激活狀態(tài)[7];而嚴(yán)重慢性腦缺血發(fā)生17周后,小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能受損,其清除β淀粉樣蛋白功能下降,可能與AD的發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)[8]。

1.2星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)數(shù)量最多的免疫細(xì)胞。在正常生理條件下,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞為神經(jīng)元提供代謝和營養(yǎng)支持,維持神經(jīng)元的正常功能。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血發(fā)生8周后,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增多,染色光密度增大,表達(dá)量增高,這種變化持續(xù)至24周后達(dá)高峰,第16周時出現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)瘢痕,可抑制軸突再生,造成不可逆損傷[9]。另外,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腦內(nèi)谷氨酸代謝有關(guān)[10],可清除突觸間隙的谷氨酸。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生10周后,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量進(jìn)一步增多,海馬組織對谷氨酸的攝取減少,可能造成認(rèn)知功能損傷[11]。

2 炎性遞質(zhì)的釋放

炎性遞質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生可誘導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞浸潤、影響神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞表達(dá),其參與腦缺血后炎性損傷過程。另外,炎性遞質(zhì)可作為內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活化的信號,刺激細(xì)胞黏附分子的產(chǎn)生。有研究表明,血清炎性遞質(zhì)水平與缺血性腦血管疾病患者腦動脈狹窄的發(fā)生發(fā)展及其狹窄程度密切相關(guān)[12]。

2.1腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)TNF-α屬于前炎性因子,其具有神經(jīng)毒性作用,是炎性反應(yīng)的起始因子。VD患者血清TNF-α和白介素1β(IL-1β)水平高于正常人,低于AD患者[13]。慢性腦缺血大鼠腦組織TNF-α和IL-1β水平高于正常腦組織[14],其大量表達(dá)可以加劇血管炎性反應(yīng),增加興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放,進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞壞死并加重早期腦梗死[15]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TNF-α和IL-1β水平與腦缺血后的線粒體凋亡導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)[16]。慢性腦缺血會引起腦組織和血清TNF-α水平升高[17-18];腦組織中TNF-α的表達(dá)滯后于血清,但表達(dá)量遠(yuǎn)高于血清[19-20]。

2.2IL-1β活化的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等均可分泌IL-1β,其可促進(jìn)黏附分子的表達(dá),從而加重局部炎性反應(yīng)。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后,缺血側(cè)腦組織中IL-1β水平升高,于1 d后達(dá)最大值,后逐漸減少,1周后恢復(fù)至參考范圍[19]。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血大鼠造模1周后,皮質(zhì)及海馬等部位IL-1β水平較高,而造模2周后腦室周圍白質(zhì)、胼胝體等區(qū)域IL-1β水平較高[17]。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血發(fā)生第12周和第17周,海馬和皮質(zhì)區(qū)域IL-1β蛋白及mRNA表達(dá)水平均高于假手術(shù)組[18-21]。IL-1β在慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后不同時間點的表達(dá)量不同,提示慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后不同時期炎性反應(yīng)程度存在差異。

2.3白介素6(IL-6)慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后大量釋放IL-6,可造成腦組織損傷;VD患者腦脊液中IL-6水平升高[4]。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生2 h后IL-6釋放增加,24 h達(dá)峰值,3 d后恢復(fù)至參考范圍,而7 d后IL-6水平再次呈上升趨勢[19]。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后第4周胼胝體、第9周海馬IL-6水平均高于假手術(shù)組[22-23],提示IL-6的延遲增多可能與腦缺血早期釋放IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性因子有關(guān)[24]。

2.4黏附分子黏附分子介導(dǎo)的黏附過程參與缺血性腦損傷,腦缺血時產(chǎn)生的炎性因子可誘導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附分子的表達(dá),也可誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞趨化因子的產(chǎn)生。黏附分子表達(dá)上調(diào)是炎性反應(yīng)中白細(xì)胞黏附并透過血管屏障的起始因素。有研究表明,在慢性腦缺血大鼠腦血管內(nèi)皮中,細(xì)胞間黏附分子1(ICAM-1)和血管細(xì)胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)含量均明顯增高,當(dāng)ICAM-1和VCAM-1受到抑制時可改善大鼠的認(rèn)知功能[25-26]。提示認(rèn)知功能障礙可能是由于微血管炎性反應(yīng)參與慢性腦缺血引起。

3 炎癥通路的激活

慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后,細(xì)胞內(nèi)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)、Janus激酶-信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(JAK/STAT)、Toll樣受體/髓樣分化因子88(TLRs/MyD88)信號通路以及絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等相關(guān)信號通路激活均會介導(dǎo)炎性反應(yīng)。

3.1NF-κB信號通路NF-κB是炎性反應(yīng)中重要的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,可與多種炎性反應(yīng)基因的啟動子結(jié)合。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生時NF-κB因TNF-α等炎性因子作用而活化,并快速易位進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子及黏附分子等炎性酶類靶基因的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致腦內(nèi)微血管和海馬區(qū)的炎性反應(yīng),造成神經(jīng)元損傷[27-28]。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后7 d,海馬NF-κB P65蛋白和mRNA均達(dá)到峰值[20]。NF-κB活化后進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核內(nèi)與炎性反應(yīng)關(guān)鍵酶——環(huán)氧合酶2(COX-2)啟動子區(qū)域的NF-κB結(jié)合位點結(jié)合,可促進(jìn)COX-2基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),增加炎性因子的釋放;有臨床數(shù)據(jù)表明,慢性腦缺血患者的大腦小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞COX-2表達(dá)上調(diào),可能與缺血后腦組織損傷和認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)[29-30]。

3.2JAK/STAT信號通路JAK/STAT信號通路是一條由細(xì)胞因子刺激激活的信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,可參與細(xì)胞的增殖分化、凋亡及免疫調(diào)節(jié)等生理過程。JAK/STAT信號通路的傳遞由3個成分組成,即酪氨酸激酶相關(guān)受體、酪氨酸激酶JAK和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子STAT。在慢性腦缺血引發(fā)的炎性反應(yīng)中,JAK/STAT家族的調(diào)控對神經(jīng)元凋亡具有重要作用。有研究表明,慢性腦缺血的大鼠皮質(zhì)和海馬中廣泛分布著信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子1(STAT1)蛋白陽性細(xì)胞[31]。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后,膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)JAK活化,誘導(dǎo)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(STAT3)核轉(zhuǎn)位,同時誘導(dǎo)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放炎性因子,導(dǎo)致軸突-膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞連接完整性中斷,影響神經(jīng)元功能,造成認(rèn)知功能障礙[32]。

3.3TLRs/MyD88信號通路TLRs/MyD88信號通路作為調(diào)節(jié)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞炎性反應(yīng)的主要信號通路,海馬TLR4和MyD88在慢性腦缺血狀態(tài)下激活,促進(jìn)IL-1β和IL-6等炎性因子的釋放,引起炎性損傷[33]。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后可導(dǎo)致Toll樣受體4(TLR4)增多,激活其下游信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路元件MyD88的表達(dá),同時不改變Toll樣受體2(TLR2)和TLRs的干擾素活化因子(TRIF)的表達(dá)[34]。有研究表明,TLR4受體敲除可減輕腦缺血造成的炎性反應(yīng)[35],提示慢性腦缺血可激活具有MyD88依賴性的TLR4信號通路。

3.4MAPK信號通路MAPK信號通路由上游激活蛋白、MAPK激酶的激酶和MAPK激酶組成,且依次激活,共同調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長、分化和炎性反應(yīng)等多種生理病理過程。慢性腦缺血發(fā)生后會出現(xiàn)MAPK家族的高度磷酸化[36-38],這種MAPK信號通路的激活可上調(diào)IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α等炎性因子水平[22,33]。故臨床采用抑制劑阻斷MAPK信號通路時,促炎因子明顯減少[39-40]。

4 小結(jié)

慢性腦缺血損傷的病理過程十分復(fù)雜,主要由長期腦低灌注造成細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧和葡萄糖的缺失引起氧化應(yīng)激、炎性反應(yīng)、線粒體功能障礙和白質(zhì)損傷等[41],其中,炎性反應(yīng)扮演了重要角色。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的免疫細(xì)胞活化伴隨著IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性因子及黏附分子的合成及分泌,NF-κB、JAK/STAT等信號通路的激活會觸發(fā)炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)[42],導(dǎo)致胼胝體和海馬白質(zhì)損傷和神經(jīng)元-突觸丟失,最終導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降[43]。故抑制慢性腦缺血后炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)可能是改善腦缺血損傷后認(rèn)知障礙的潛在治療靶點,這為防治慢性腦缺血損傷提供了新思路。故如何抑制炎性反應(yīng)以及炎性反應(yīng)時間點是今后研究的一個新方向。

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英文文獻(xiàn)通過PubMed進(jìn)行檢索,檢索公式:(chronic cerebral ischemia OR chronic cerebral hypoperfusion)AND inflammation;中文文獻(xiàn)通過中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識服務(wù)平臺、維普網(wǎng)進(jìn)行檢索,先以“慢性腦缺血”為檢索詞獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)后再以“炎癥”為關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行二次檢索。中英文檢索均輔以人工檢索,文獻(xiàn)檢索時間截止至2016年5月。文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)國內(nèi)外公開發(fā)表的與慢性腦缺血炎性反應(yīng)機(jī)制相關(guān)的研究報道;(2)臨床研究類文獻(xiàn)和動物實驗類文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)資料來源不清,綜述及會議論文、學(xué)位論文;(2)重復(fù)發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)(選擇最先發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn))。檢索完成后逐一閱讀納入文獻(xiàn)并匯總實驗設(shè)計、研究方向及最新進(jìn)展。

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(本文編輯:李潔晨)

Progress on Inflammatory Reaction Mechanism of Chronic Cerebral Ischemia

CAOYan,ZHANGLi-wen,SUNNing,SHIGuang-xia,WANGXue-rui,LIUCun-zhi.

AcupunctureCenterofBeijingChineseMedicineHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100010,China

LIUCun-zhi,AcupunctureCenterofBeijingChineseMedicineHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100010,China;E-mail:lcz623780@126.com

Chronic cerebral ischemia is the pathologic basis of multiple nervous system disease,including vascular dementia,Alzheimer disease,Binswanger disease and so on,but it has relatively long intervention time-window,so in-depth study for inflammatory reaction mechanism of chronic cerebral ischemia has important clinical significance for prevention and treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.This paper reviewed related research progress on inflammatory reaction mechanism of chronic cerebral ischemia.

Brain ischemia;Inflammation;Cytokines;Review

國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(81473501);國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項目(81303122)

100010北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院針灸中心(曹燕,石廣霞,王雪蕊,劉存志);山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)針灸推拿學(xué)院(曹燕,張瓅文,孫寧)

劉存志,100010北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京中醫(yī)醫(yī)院針灸中心;E-mail:lcz623780@126.com

R 743.31

A

10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2016.08.001

2016-06-07;

2016-08-19)

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