楊雷,夏紀(jì)毅,姜雋,姜睿
(西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院:1泌尿外科;2醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心;3血管外科,四川瀘州646000)
論著
水通道蛋白在糖尿病大鼠陰道組織的表達(dá)*
楊雷1,夏紀(jì)毅2,姜雋3,姜睿1
(西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院:1泌尿外科;2醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心;3血管外科,四川瀘州646000)
目的:研究AQP 0、5、6、10、11及12在糖尿病大鼠陰道組織的表達(dá)。方法:將糖尿病大鼠隨機(jī)分為12、16周組并將正常大鼠隨機(jī)分為12、16周組(n=6)。分別測各組大鼠陰道潤滑及AQPs在陰道組織的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果:本實(shí)驗(yàn)中12、16周齡糖尿病大鼠血糖水平分別較12、16周對照組大鼠血糖水平顯著升高(P<0.05),12及16周齡糖尿病大鼠陰道潤滑性(2.12± 1.41;2.64±0.88)分別較12及16周對照大鼠血糖陰道潤滑性(4.21±0.86;4.41±0.77)顯著降低(P<0.05),糖尿病大鼠陰道組織中AQPs的表達(dá)均低于相應(yīng)對照大鼠陰道組織中AQPs的表達(dá)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:糖尿病大鼠陰道組織AQPs的表達(dá)下降可能導(dǎo)致其陰道潤滑性下降。
水通道蛋白;糖尿病;陰道潤滑性;雌性大鼠
陰道潤滑困難指性生活時(shí)難以獲取并且保持陰道潤滑,是女性性功能障(Female sexual dysfunction,F(xiàn)SD)常見的癥狀和致病因素,損害患者的生活質(zhì)量[1-3],女性陰道潤滑不充分發(fā)生率達(dá)3%-43%[3-5]。陰道潤滑與生殖器血管充血相關(guān)[6-7]。局部或全身雌激素替代可減緩低雌激素水平導(dǎo)致的陰道萎縮及干燥等癥狀[8]。然而陰道潤滑困難可發(fā)生于更年期前[9],多種疾病如糖尿病、多發(fā)性硬化癥、高血壓等均可導(dǎo)致陰道干燥[10-12],且與雌激素水平關(guān)系尚不清楚。多數(shù)研究顯示糖尿病女性軀體并發(fā)癥與FSD之間無相關(guān)性[13]。糖尿病患者心理因素導(dǎo)致FSD發(fā)病率可能高于生理因素,罹患糖尿病女性FSD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[13]。糖尿病患者中FSD發(fā)病率75%高于普通人群的30.6%[14],高血糖可以導(dǎo)致陰道干燥[15]。陰道潤滑困難在1型糖尿病中達(dá)14%~47%,對照組陰道潤滑困難為6%[16-17],2型糖尿病中陰道潤滑困難達(dá)37.5%~66%,對照組陰道潤滑困難為22%[18-19]。因此有必要研究高血糖在FSD中所產(chǎn)生的作用。
陰道潤滑與血管活性腸肽、神經(jīng)肽Y、降鈣素相關(guān)基因肽的活性或表達(dá)以及使用選擇性5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑有關(guān)[5-6,20]。最近認(rèn)為女性性喚起是生殖器官血流增加是由NO所介導(dǎo)的[21-23]。部分實(shí)驗(yàn)證明西地那非對陰道潤滑困難的功效[23-25],其余研究顯示西地那非較安慰劑并未增加陰道潤滑[26-27]。PDE5I治療FSD的不同結(jié)果表明陰道潤滑過程有多種因素參與,其機(jī)制尚不清楚[26]。
水通道蛋白(Aquaporin water channels,AQPs)是一種有助于水和小分子溶質(zhì)進(jìn)出細(xì)胞的膜蛋白,與陰道分泌作用有關(guān)。AQP 1~3主要表達(dá)在陰道毛細(xì)血管、靜脈及上皮細(xì)胞,AQP 5~6主要表達(dá)在陰道上皮細(xì)胞胞膜,未發(fā)現(xiàn)AQP 4、7、8、9在女性陰道組織的表達(dá)[28]。切除卵巢后陰道分泌物及AQP2在陰道組織的表達(dá)顯著降低,AQP 1表達(dá)無顯著變化[29]。高血糖可降低AQP 1~3的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致陰道分泌物減少[30-31],表示AQP 1~3在高血糖相關(guān)陰道潤滑及干燥中起主要作用。其他亞型AQPs在陰道組織的表達(dá)報(bào)道較少,進(jìn)一步研究其余亞型AQPs(AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12)在大鼠陰道組織的表達(dá)、潤滑程度及血糖水平之間的關(guān)系有助于了解潤滑的機(jī)制,研究有效的糖尿病患者陰道潤滑困難的治療方法。
1.1 建立糖尿病大鼠模型及分組
于西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心購買雌性大鼠24只,隨機(jī)選取12只大鼠進(jìn)行糖尿病建模,根據(jù)本課題組前期方法將鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)溶解于pH 4.5檸檬酸鹽緩沖液中(現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用),濃度為0.1 mol/L,予以大鼠55 mg/kg腹腔內(nèi)注射建立糖尿病模型[30],對照組大鼠以相同劑量檸檬酸緩沖液腹腔注射。STZ注射后48 h測所有大鼠尾靜脈血糖,血糖>16.8 mmol/L認(rèn)為建模成功。建模成功后糖尿病大鼠隨機(jī)分為:12周糖尿病大鼠(group A,n=6),16周糖尿病大鼠(group C,n=6),對照大鼠隨機(jī)分為12周對照大鼠(group B,n=6)以及16周對照大鼠(group D,n=6)。普通飲食及進(jìn)水。每周檢測大鼠血糖及體重。
1.2 測定陰道潤滑
用1.5%戊巴妥鈉(50 mg/kg腹腔注射)麻醉大鼠,于直腸兩側(cè)分離暴露盆神經(jīng),將棉簽置入大鼠陰道內(nèi),以7 V、16 Hz、0.8 ms波幅電流刺激其盆神經(jīng)60 s,1 min后取出棉簽,測得陰道分泌物重量[29-30]。陰道潤滑性為分泌物重量/陰道重量×100%。
1.3 測定血漿雌激素
取大鼠血漿經(jīng)放射免疫分析測得大鼠血清雌激素水平(Bayer Inc,Germany)。
1.4 免疫組化測AQP 0、5、6、11的表達(dá)
取大鼠陰道組織遠(yuǎn)端三分之一使用4%多聚甲醛固定液固定并包埋。用avidin-biotin complex (ABC)法進(jìn)行免疫組化分析。用1∶50羊血清和1%牛血清白蛋白阻斷非特異性IgG。分別滴加AQP 0(兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體,1∶200,Santa Cruz),AQP 5、6、11(羊抗大鼠多克隆抗體,1∶100,Santa Cruz)后孵育,清洗切片后與二抗(50 uL/片,DK-2600,Dako,Glostrup,Denmark)孵育。正常大鼠血清代替一抗作為陰性對照。光鏡下觀察結(jié)果陽,用Image-Pro Plus 6.0圖像分析軟件(Media Cybernetics Inc.Bethesda,MD,USA)進(jìn)行分析。AQP 10、12暫無適用免疫組化抗體,故未做免疫組化檢測。
1.5 Western印記測AQPs在陰道組織的表達(dá)
取大鼠遠(yuǎn)端三分之一陰道組織行Western Blot[29],待陰道組織裂解充分后,使用高速離心機(jī)按照17 000轉(zhuǎn)/分4℃下離心5 min,取上清液即為蛋白提取物,測其蛋白濃度。取蛋白樣品100℃水浴變性5 min,120 V下SDS–PAGE電泳90 min后,于4℃中400 mA恒流轉(zhuǎn)膜40 min將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至0.2 um PVDF膜(Millipore,Billerica,MA,USA)。5%脫脂奶粉室溫下封閉1 h,兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體AQP 0(1:200),羊抗大鼠多克隆抗體AQP 5(1∶100)、AQP 6(1∶100)、AQP 11(1∶100),兔抗大鼠多克隆抗體AQP 10(1∶200,Acris)、AQP 12(1∶200,Acris)按比例稀釋后孵育。使用β-actin作為內(nèi)參。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,結(jié)果中定量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)間比較采用單因素方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD法,多重線性回歸分析血糖和體重與AQPs表達(dá)的相關(guān)性,P<0.05有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般情況及陰道潤滑性
所有大鼠發(fā)情期每一組體重、血糖、血漿雌激素和陰道潤滑性見表1。A和C組大鼠血糖分別較B組和D組顯著增高(P<0.05),A、C組大鼠的體重分別顯著低于B、D組(P<0.05)。各組大鼠雌激素?zé)o顯著差異。電刺激后陰道潤滑性A組較B組、C組較D組均顯著降低(P<0.05)。
表1 實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠基本情況
2.2 免疫組化測AQP0、5、6、11在陰道組織的表達(dá)
AQP 0、5、6、11在陰道組織的表達(dá)(圖1,圖2)。AQP 0主要表達(dá)在陰道上皮胞質(zhì)內(nèi),AQP 5主要表達(dá)在陰道血管內(nèi)皮及陰道上皮細(xì)胞,AQP 6及 AQP 11主要在陰道毛細(xì)血管及靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)。B、D組中AQPs在陰道小靜脈、毛細(xì)血管及上皮細(xì)胞保質(zhì)的表達(dá)顯著強(qiáng)于A、C組(P<0.05)。
圖1 AQPs在大鼠陰道組織中的表達(dá)
圖2 IHC的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.3 Western Blot測各組大鼠陰道組織中AQPs的表達(dá)(圖3,圖4)。
2.4 陰道潤滑性與血糖和體重的關(guān)系
體重與陰道潤滑性沒有相關(guān)性(P>0.05),血糖與陰道潤滑性呈負(fù)相關(guān),本實(shí)驗(yàn)中血糖是影響大鼠陰道潤滑性的獨(dú)立因素(P<0.05)(表2)。
圖3 AQPs在大鼠陰道組織中的表達(dá)
圖4 AQPs在大鼠陰道組織中的表達(dá)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
表2 多重線性回歸分析血糖和體重與AQPs表達(dá)的相關(guān)性
性刺激引起盆腔血管流量增加致陰道及陰蒂充血,隨著陰道血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變,從陰道粘膜及陰道上皮下血管而來的滲出物使陰道潤滑[32]。越來越多的人開始研究AQPs在FSD中所起的作用[33],并有大量AQPs在生殖系統(tǒng)的研究。AQP 0主要表達(dá)在睪丸生精上皮的支持細(xì)胞及間質(zhì)細(xì)胞[34]。AQP 5在小鼠、大鼠、豬及人的子宮[35],大鼠和豬的輸卵管,大鼠睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞中有表達(dá)[36]。孕酮通過上調(diào)子宮AQP 5的表達(dá)引起分娩時(shí)宮頸擴(kuò)張[37]。AQP 10位于成人睪丸輸出小管[34]并調(diào)控附睪水的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[38]。AQP 11表達(dá)于成年大鼠支持細(xì)胞[39]。
AQP 0、6的表達(dá)受胞外pH影響[38],AQP 6表達(dá)在人內(nèi)耳及腎臟[40-41]。AQP 11、12轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)水的作用尚存爭議[42]。AQP 11可能參與緩慢而持久的水跨膜運(yùn)動(dòng)[43],表達(dá)于大鼠腦、肝及眼[44-46]。AQP 12在胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞中表達(dá),可能參與消化酶的分泌[47]。
血糖水平可能影響各組織AQPs的表達(dá)。糖尿病患者腮腺AQP 5表達(dá)下降可能導(dǎo)致其口腔干燥[48]。STZ所致糖尿病可上調(diào)神經(jīng)視網(wǎng)膜AQP 1及視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮AQP 5、9、11、12的表達(dá),下調(diào)神經(jīng)視網(wǎng)膜AQP 6、11及視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮AQP 0的表達(dá)[49]。然而,除了高血糖下調(diào)AQP 1-3在陰道組織的表達(dá)外,對AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12在陰道組織的影響鮮為人知。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中各組大鼠之間雌激素水平無顯著差異,電刺激盆神經(jīng)后陰道分泌物量/陰道重量所得陰道潤滑性顯示糖尿病大鼠明顯低于正常大鼠,且免疫組化及Western-blot顯示糖尿病大鼠陰道組織AQP 0、5、6、10、11、12的表達(dá)顯著降低(Figures 1、2),AQPs的表達(dá)與糖尿病病程無明顯關(guān)系。參考本課題組前期研究[30],表明高血糖可能通過抑制糖尿病大鼠陰道中AQP0、1-3、5、6、10-12的表達(dá)致刺激盆神經(jīng)后陰道潤滑下降。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)不足之處為缺乏臨床數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)AQPs與糖尿病患者陰道潤滑困難的關(guān)系。除了AQPs在陰道組織水的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)外其他功能缺乏研究,也缺乏其他類型糖尿病的影響。接下來我們將研究糖尿病患者AQPs的表達(dá),通過提高糖尿病大鼠陰道AQPs的表達(dá)引起陰道潤滑性提高的有效性。值得注意的是幾乎每一種AQPs均下降,表明可能存在一種生理機(jī)制可以調(diào)控所有AQPs的表達(dá),所以將來我們也將證實(shí)這個(gè)猜想。
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(2016-04-25收稿)
Expression of aquaporins in vagina of diabetic rat
Yang Lei1,Xia Jiyi2,JiangJun3,Jiang Rui11Department of Urology;2Medical Research Center;3Department of Vascular Surgery,the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan Province 646000,China
Objective:The aim is to investigate the expression of AQP0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in the vaginal tissue of diabetes mellitus rats.Methods:Female Sprague-Dawley rats(n=24)were randomly divided into 4 groups:12-week-old diabetic rats(n=6),12-week-old non-diabetes control(n=6),16-week-old diabetic rats(n=6)and 16-week-old non-diabetes control(n=6).The level of vaginal lubrication and the expression of AQP 0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in vaginal tissue of rats were determined.Results:The levels of blood glucose were significantly increased in 12-week-old diabetic rats and 16-week-old diabetic rats compared to their age matched counterparts respectively(P<0.05),vaginal lubrication was significantly lower in 12-week-old diabetic rats(2.12±1.41)and 16-week-old diabetic rats(2.64±0.88)than their age matched counterparts,(4.21± 0.86)and(4.41±0.77)(P<0.05),respectively;and the expression of AQP 0,5,6,10,11 and 12 in vaginal tissue were significantly lower in 12-week-old diabetic rats and 16-week-old diabetic rats than their age matched counterparts respectively(P<0.05),as determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot,respectively. Conclusions:Decreased vaginal lubrication in diabetic rats may be related to the decreased expression of AQPs in vaginal tissue.
Aquaporin water channels;Diabetic;Vaginal lubrication;Female rats
R587.1;R393
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2016.05.011
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81070486)
楊雷(1987-),男,醫(yī)師,碩士
姜睿(1970-),男,教授,博士。E-mail:jiangrui@126.com