姚軍,王藹明
(中國人民解放軍海軍總醫(yī)院,北京100048)
?
·綜述·
宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變手術(shù)方式與早產(chǎn)的關(guān)系
姚軍,王藹明
(中國人民解放軍海軍總醫(yī)院,北京100048)
宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變(CIN)為宮頸癌前病變,越來越多的年輕CIN患者接受治療。目前CIN主要的手術(shù)治療方式有宮頸消融、宮頸錐切等。宮頸消融利用燒灼、冷凍等物理方法破壞病變組織,術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險相對較低。宮頸錐切治療將宮頸部分切除,常見術(shù)式有子宮頸冷刀錐切(CKC)、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)線圈電切術(shù)(LEEP),其中CKC術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險增加較為明顯,且與錐切范圍有關(guān)。對于有生育要求的未孕CIN患者建議采用LEEP治療,CKC只適用于陰道鏡或活檢結(jié)果提示可疑浸潤癌的患者。對于孕期診斷CIN的患者,當陰道鏡檢查提示可疑宮頸癌時,可考慮采用宮頸錐切治療(首選LEEP),同時行子宮環(huán)扎術(shù)可減少術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險。術(shù)后應(yīng)加強孕期管理,預防術(shù)后宮頸機能不全、早產(chǎn)等并發(fā)癥。
宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變;宮頸錐切治療;宮頸消融治療;早產(chǎn)
近年來,宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變(CIN)發(fā)病率日益增高,發(fā)病年齡日趨年輕化。隨著婦女保健意識的增強及CIN“三階梯”診斷程序的廣泛開展,越來越多的年輕CIN患者接受治療。目前CIN常用治療方法包括消融(激光燒灼、冷凍治療、熱療等)、切除冷刀錐切(CKC)、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)線圈電切(LEEP)、激光錐切等[1~3]?,F(xiàn)有研究[2,3]表明,CIN治療與不孕、不良妊娠結(jié)局、不良新生兒結(jié)局等有一定關(guān)聯(lián),特別是與早產(chǎn)關(guān)系密切。本文就近年來有關(guān)CIN術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險及手術(shù)方式選擇的研究進展綜述如下。
1.1手術(shù)方式與早產(chǎn)的關(guān)系
1.1.1宮頸消融治療宮頸消融治療是利用燒灼、冷凍等物理方法破壞瘤變組織,使宮頸病變細胞壞死、脫落,術(shù)后細胞再生,創(chuàng)面得以修復。研究[1]表明,CIN的浸潤深度多在5 mm以內(nèi),消融治療深度為6~7 mm,理論上可達到滿意的治療效果。宮頸消融治療的適應(yīng)證為CINⅠ及部分CINⅡ患者,尤其適于病變范圍小、級別低、尚未生育的年輕患者。宮頸消融治療在破壞病變的同時清除了大部分轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)組織,關(guān)于治療后是否增加早產(chǎn)風險結(jié)論尚不明確。大樣本回顧性分析顯示,CIN患者經(jīng)宮頸消融治療后早產(chǎn)風險增加[4]。Jakobsson等[5]收集了8 120例CIN患者的資料,發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸消融治療后早產(chǎn)率稍增加。當平衡年齡、吸煙、孕產(chǎn)史等混雜因素后,Kyrgiou等[6]認為CIN本身也會增加早產(chǎn)風險,且與宮頸消融治療后早產(chǎn)率相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。一項Meta分析[3]結(jié)果顯示宮頸消融治療后早產(chǎn)風險稍有增加,但差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。
1.1.2宮頸錐切治療宮頸錐切治療的適應(yīng)證主要為CINⅡ、CINⅢ及微小浸潤癌等[7],常用的手術(shù)方法為LEEP、CKC。有研究[3,8,9]表明,宮頸錐切治療后患者早產(chǎn)風險增加,且不同錐切方式術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險不一致。LEEP憑借損傷小、恢復快、操作方便等優(yōu)勢得到廣泛開展。Stout等[10]收集了1 727例分娩記錄,發(fā)現(xiàn)34.4%的產(chǎn)婦有LEEP治療史。在平衡年齡、吸煙、分娩年齡等混雜因素后,Samson等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)LEEP術(shù)后早產(chǎn)率增加了2.4%。CKC采用手術(shù)刀操作,一般情況下要求切除病變外緣5 mm、錐高20~25 mm的宮頸組織,臨床工作中多用于CINⅢ及可疑浸潤癌患者。一項回顧性研究[12]結(jié)果顯示,CKC術(shù)后患者早產(chǎn)風險增加了4.9倍,且隨著錐切次數(shù)增多、早產(chǎn)風險增高。
1.2手術(shù)切除程度與早產(chǎn)的關(guān)系研究[1]表明,CIN侵及范圍一般不超過5 mm,且與病變程度有關(guān),其中CINⅢ平均浸潤深度為1.35 mm、侵及范圍為7.60 mm,超過50歲的患者宮頸管受累幾率為28.6%,而年輕女性僅為10%。而目前CIN各種治療措施清除范圍遠超過此限度,這使得手術(shù)并發(fā)癥(如術(shù)后出血、早產(chǎn)等)發(fā)生率顯著增加。文獻[8,13]報道宮頸錐切術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險與錐高關(guān)系密切,這可能與錐高增加、宮頸腺體破壞加重有關(guān)。英國的一項多中心大樣本回顧性分析[8]顯示,小范圍的宮頸切除(<10 mm)的CIN患者早產(chǎn)率(7.5%)并未明顯增加,而大范圍切除(15~19 mm)者早產(chǎn)率為15.3%,超大范圍切除(>20 mm)者早產(chǎn)率高達15.3%。Castanon等[13]研究表明,當宮頸錐切深度超過15 mm,早產(chǎn)率可增加6.5%,且早產(chǎn)風險不隨治療間隔時間及孕產(chǎn)次改變而改變。有學者就錐切標本的其他參數(shù)進行了分析研究[14~17]。Khalid等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)當宮頸切除體積超過6 cm3或厚度超過12 mm,早產(chǎn)風險可增加三倍;有學者[16]將錐高、體積、錐底直徑等納入回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示僅錐高與孕周呈現(xiàn)負線性關(guān)系。一項隨機對照研究[17]也顯示錐高為早產(chǎn)的主要危險因素,而非錐底直徑、體積等。綜合分析,宮頸錐切破壞了宮頸正常結(jié)構(gòu),隨著切除深度增加、腺體破壞加重、宮頸機能下降明顯,早產(chǎn)風險也相應(yīng)增加。我們建議,在采取錐切治療CIN時,如能完全切除病變組織,應(yīng)盡量將錐高控制在10 mm以內(nèi)。
1.3孕期CIN手術(shù)與早產(chǎn)的關(guān)系在孕期高雌孕激素水平作用下,一方面宮頸鱗柱交界和轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)生理性外翻,另一方面盆腔充血、黏膜增厚、宮頸黏液分泌增加及A-S反應(yīng)等,均容易使孕期CIN病變過度診斷[18]。大樣本流行病學調(diào)查[19]結(jié)果顯示,孕期宮頸細胞學異常率可達20%。前瞻性研究[20]結(jié)果則顯示,產(chǎn)后CIN病變消退率為34.2%,2%~3%的孕期CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ患者產(chǎn)后進展可為早期浸潤癌,這些患者通過手術(shù)治療可達到臨床治愈,而孕期不充分切除可能造成切緣陽性率或病變持續(xù)存在率增高。孕期CIN患者錐切治療后產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥如感染、出血、流產(chǎn)及早產(chǎn)等發(fā)生率為7.8%~33%。如必須采用宮頸錐切治療,應(yīng)嚴格控制錐切的范圍。
2.1未孕患者手術(shù)方式選擇一方面,宮頸消融治療同時破壞了正常的宮頸組織;另一方面,HPV感染、性病高發(fā)等都可能使宮頸消融術(shù)后胎膜早破、早產(chǎn)等發(fā)生率增加。在臨床工作中,對于年輕且有生育要求的低度CIN患者,消融治療應(yīng)作為可選手術(shù)方式之一。孕期下生殖道的主要抗感染機制為宮頸黏液栓、其內(nèi)的抗菌成分及以乳酸桿菌占主導的陰道微環(huán)境等。宮頸錐切術(shù)后生殖道抗感染能力受損,再生纖維結(jié)締組織抗拉能力下降,宮頸機能不全風險增加,增大了生殖道感染風險[10,21],這些可能是宮頸錐切術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險增加的原因。Berghella等[22]對109例孕中期超聲診斷為宮頸機能不全的孕婦分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),28%的患者有宮頸活檢、錐切等病史。有學者[23]研究表明,有宮頸錐切史的孕婦孕20周宮頸長度明顯短于正常女性。CKC較LEEP會切除更多的宮頸組織,已有證據(jù)表明CKC術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險較LEEP明顯增加[3,9,14,24]。一項前瞻性隨機對照研究[24]也表明CKC術(shù)后患者早產(chǎn)率高于LEEP。所以,對于有生育要求的未孕CIN患者建議采用LEEP治療;CKC在明確診斷方面有LEEP不可替代的價值,但只適用于陰道鏡或活檢結(jié)果提示可疑浸潤癌的患者。
2.2孕期患者手術(shù)方式選擇介于孕期CIN高發(fā)病率、低惡變率、高轉(zhuǎn)歸率,目前指南建議細胞學結(jié)果異常的孕婦定期行宮頸細胞學檢查和陰道鏡檢查[25~28]。當陰道鏡檢查提示可疑宮頸癌時,可考慮采用宮頸錐切治療。LEEP切除深度在10~15 mm,孕期患者建議選擇LEEP。Dunn等[29]認為孕期宮頸錐切同時行子宮環(huán)扎術(shù)可減小術(shù)后早產(chǎn)風險。對于孕期行宮頸錐切治療的孕婦,應(yīng)加強孕期管理,預防術(shù)后宮頸機能不全、早產(chǎn)等并發(fā)癥。
總之,CIN為具有惡性病變傾向的良性病變,有一定的轉(zhuǎn)陰率[30,31]。目前有關(guān)宮頸消融治療后早產(chǎn)風險是否增加尚有爭議。鑒于育齡女性CIN高發(fā)病率、高轉(zhuǎn)陰率、低惡變率及治療后高并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,目前指南建議宮頸錐切治療適用于CINⅡ/Ⅲ。宮頸錐切術(shù)式中,CKC術(shù)后早產(chǎn)發(fā)生率增加,且發(fā)生率與切除范圍有關(guān)。對于年輕且有生育要求的CIN患者,可采用如宮頸消融治療等相對保守的治療方式。當宮頸錐切不可避免時,應(yīng)慎重選擇錐切方式,嚴格控制錐切范圍,術(shù)后加強孕期管理。
[1] Khan MJ,Smith-McCune KK.Treatment of cervical precancers: back to basics[J].Obstet Gynecol,2014,123(6): 1339-1343.
[2] Jolley JA,Wing DA.Pregnancy management after cervical surgery[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2008,20(6): 528-533.
[3] Santesso N,Mustafa RA,Wiercioch W,et al.Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of benefits and harms of cryotherapy,LEEP,and cold knife conization to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2015,132(3):266-271.
[4] Bruinsma FJ,Quinn MA.The risk of preterm birth following treatment for precancerous changes in the cervix: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BJOG,2011,118(9):1031-1041.
[5] Jakobsson M,Gissler M,Sainio S,et al.Preterm delivery after surgical treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Obstet Gynecol,2007,109(2 Pt 1):309-313.
[6] Kyrgiou M,Arbyn M,Martin-Hirsch P,et al.Increased risk of preterm birth after treatment for CIN[J].BMJ,2012,345:e5847.
[7] Organization WH.WHO guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3 and adenocarcinoma in situ: cryotherapy,large loop excision of the transformation zone,2014 .
[8] A Castanon RL,P Brocklehurst HE.Risk of preterm delivery with increasing depth of excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in England: nested case-control study[J].BMJ,2014,349:g6223.
[9] Van Hentenryck M,Noel JC,Simon P.Obstetric and neonatal outcome after surgical treatment of cervical dysplasia[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2012,162(1):16-20.
[10] Stout MJ,Frey HA,Tuuli MG,et al.Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of vaginal infections during pregnancy: an observational study[J].BJOG,2015,122(4):545-551.
[11] Samson SL,Bentley JR,Fahey TJ,et al.The effect of loop electrosurgical excision procedure on future pregnancy outcome[J].Obstet Gynecol,2005,105(2):325-332.
[12] Ortoft G,Henriksen T,Hansen E,et al.After conisation of the cervix,the perinatal mortality as a result of preterm delivery increases in subsequent pregnancy[J].BJOG,2010,117(3):258-267.
[13] Castanon A,Landy R,Brocklehurst P,et al.Is the increased risk of preterm birth following excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia restricted to the first birth post treatment[J].BJOG,2015,122(9):1191-1199.
[14] Sozen H,Namazov A,Cakir S,et al.Pregnancy outcomes after cold knife conization related to excised cone dimensions.A retrospective cohort study[J].J Reprod Med,2014,59(1-2):81-86.
[15] Khalid S,Dimitriou E,Conroy R,et al.The thickness and volume of LLETZ specimens can predict the relative risk of pregnancy-related morbidity[J].BJOG,2012,119(6):685-691.
[16] CA Liverani JDG.Length but not transverse diameter of the excision specimen for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2-3) is a predictor of pregnancy outcome[J].Eur J Cancer Prev,2015.[Epub ahead of print]
[17] Kyrgiou M,Valasoulis G,Stasinou SM,et al.Proportion of cervical excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia as a predictor of pregnancy outcomes[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2015,128(2):141-147.
[18] Origoni M,Salvatore S,Perino A,et al.Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in pregnancy: the state of the art[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2014,18(6):851-860.
[19] Fader AN,Alward EK,Niederhauser A,et al.Cervical dysplasia in pregnancy: a multi-institutional evaluation[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2010,203(2):113.
[20] S Ackermann CG,Mehlhorn G.Management and course of histologically verified cervical carcinoma in situ during pregnancy[J].Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2006,85(9):1134-1137.
[21] Stout MJ,Frey HA,Tuuli MG,et al.Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of vaginal infections during pregnancy: an observational study[J].BJOG,2015,122(4):545-551.
[22] Berghella V,Pereira L,Gariepy A,et al.Prior cone biopsy: prediction of preterm birth by cervical ultrasound[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2004,191(4):1393-1397.
[23] Crane JM,Hutchens D.Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length to predict preterm birth in asymptomatic women at increased risk: a systematic review[J].Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,2008,31(5):579-587.
[24] Liu Y,Qiu HF,Tang Y,et al.Pregnancy outcome after the treatment of loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cold-knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Gynecol Obstet Invest,2014,77(4):240-244.
[25] LS Massad MHE,WK Huh HAK.2012 updated consensus guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors[J].Obstet Gynecol,2013,121(4):829-846.
[26] AY El-Bastawissi TMB.Effect of cervical carcinoma in situ and its management on pregnancy outcome[J].Obstet Gynecol,1999,93(2):207-212.
[27] LA Garrett CKM.Abnormal cytology in 2012: management of atypical squamous cells,low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia,and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia[J].Clin Obstet Gynecol,2013,56(1):25-34.
[28] Karimi-Zarchi M,Mousavi A,Gilani MM,et al.Conservative treatment in early cervical cancer[J].Int J Biomed Sci,2013,9(3):123-128.
[29] Dunn TS,Ginsburg V,Wolf D.Loop-cone cerclage in pregnancy: a 5-year review[J].Gynecol Oncol,2003,90(3):577-580.
[30] Nam KH,Kwon JY,Kim YH,et al.Pregnancy outcome after cervical conization: risk factors for preterm delivery and the efficacy of prophylactic cerclage[J].J Gynecol Oncol,2010,21(4):225-229.
[31] Moscicki AB,Shiboski S,Hills NK,et al.Regression of low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions in young women[J].Lancet,2004,364(9446):1678-1683.
國家“十二五”科技支撐計劃項目(2012BAI32B05)。
王藹明(E-mail: one_army@sina.com)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.19.035
R711.32
A
1002-266X(2016)19-0094-03
2016-02-02)