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姜黃素對(duì)腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障損傷保護(hù)作用的研究

2016-04-07 02:23王改,王娜,郝京霞
胃腸病學(xué) 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:姜黃素治療乙醇

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姜黃素對(duì)腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障損傷保護(hù)作用的研究

王改1*王娜2郝京霞3

保定市兒童醫(yī)院PICU1(071000)河北醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科2河北省兒童醫(yī)院PICU3

背景:腸上皮緊密連接的破壞及其所致的腸黏膜屏障功能受損在腸道疾病的發(fā)病中起重要作用,姜黃素對(duì)受損的腸黏膜屏障具有保護(hù)作用。目的:探討姜黃素對(duì)乙醇誘導(dǎo)的腸黏膜屏障損傷的保護(hù)作用。方法:培養(yǎng)Caco-2細(xì)胞以制備體外腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障模型,將其分為空白對(duì)照組、乙醇組和不同濃度姜黃素治療組(5、20、80 μmol/L)。以單層上皮的跨上皮細(xì)胞電阻(TEER)和熒光素鈉透過率評(píng)估腸上皮屏障功能;蛋白質(zhì)印跡法和免疫熒光法分別檢測(cè)Occludin蛋白表達(dá)和定位;透射電鏡觀察細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)果:與空白對(duì)照組相比,乙醇組TEER降低,熒光素鈉透過率顯著升高(P<0.05),Occludin蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低(P<0.05);免疫熒光法示Occludin蛋白表達(dá)不連續(xù),熒光強(qiáng)度減弱;透射電鏡示刷狀緣排列紊亂,細(xì)胞間連接模糊。經(jīng)姜黃素治療后,上述指標(biāo)均顯著改善,其中20 μmol/L姜黃素治療組的療效最為明顯(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:姜黃素對(duì)乙醇誘導(dǎo)的腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障損傷具有保護(hù)作用。

關(guān)鍵詞姜黃素;腸黏膜屏障;緊密連接;乙醇;治療

Protective Effect of Curcumin on Intestinal Epithelial Cell Barrier DisruptionWANGGai1,WANGNa2,HAOJingxia3.1PICU,BaodingChildren’sHospital,Baoding,HebeiProvince(071000);2DepartmentofGastroenterology,theSecondHospitalofHebeiMedicalUniversity,Shijiazhuang;3PICU,Children’sHospitalofHebeiProvince,Shijiazhuang

Background: Disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junction and the followed barrier function play important roles in the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders. Curcumin could provide protection for the impaired barrier function. Aims: To investigate the protective effect of curcumin on ethanol-induced intestinal mucosal barrier disruption. Methods: Caco-2 cells were cultured to establish intestinal epithelial cell barrier modelinvitro, and then were divided into control group, ethanol group and different concentrations of curcumin groups (5, 20, 80 μmol/L curcumin). Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and flux of sodium fluorescein for Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured to examine intestinal epithelial barrier function. Expression and localization of Occludin protein were measured by Western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Cell structure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Compared with control group, TEER was significantly decreased and flux of sodium fluorescein was significantly increased (P<0.05), expression of Occludin protein was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in ethanol group. Immunofluorescence showed that Occludin protein expression was discontinuous and fluorescence intensity was low. TEM showed that brusher border was disorganized, and cell-cell junction was vague. When pretreated with curcumin, the above-mentioned indices were significantly improved, especially in 20 μmol/L curcumin group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Curcumin protects ethanol-induced intestinal epithelial cell barrier disruption.

Key wordsCurcumin;Intestinal Mucosal Barrier;Tight Junctions;Ethanol;Therapy

腸上皮屏障由腸上皮細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞間緊密連接(tight junction, TJ)構(gòu)成。Occludin蛋白是腸黏膜TJ蛋白成員之一,其通過胞膜外部分與相鄰細(xì)胞結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞旁封閉,對(duì)腸黏膜屏障功能的維持至關(guān)重要。各種病理情況均能造成腸黏膜屏障損傷,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)毒素、細(xì)菌入血進(jìn)而引發(fā)全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征、嚴(yán)重膿毒癥、敗血癥,最終導(dǎo)致多臟器功能衰竭[1]。兒童腸壁薄,通透性高,腸黏膜屏障功能差,故腸黏膜屏障在兒科疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中意義重大。本研究通過給予乙醇誘導(dǎo)的腸上皮屏障損傷模型不同濃度的姜黃素治療,旨在探討姜黃素對(duì)腸黏膜屏障的保護(hù)作用。

材料與方法

一、主要材料

Caco-2細(xì)胞株購于中科院上海細(xì)胞所;乙醇、熒光素鈉購自Sigma公司;兔抗Occludin多克隆抗體購自Invitrogen公司;HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG購自北京賽馳生物科技有限公司;Occludin單克隆抗體、Cy3標(biāo)記的山羊抗小鼠IgG(H+L)購自Santa Cruz公司;Millicell電阻儀購自Millipore公司;BX51熒光顯微鏡購自O(shè)lympus公司;6.5 mm Transwell購自Corning/Costar公司。

二、方法

1. 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):Caco-2細(xì)胞置于DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,37℃、5% CO2條件下培養(yǎng)。隔日換液,監(jiān)測(cè)跨上皮細(xì)胞電阻(TEER)。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)約21~30 d后TEER明顯升高,說明體外腸上皮屏障模型形成。

2. 細(xì)胞分組:Caco-2細(xì)胞的腸上皮屏障模型形成后,分為:①空白對(duì)照組:不予特殊處理;②乙醇組:予終濃度為10%的乙醇共同孵育[2];③姜黃素治療組:給予終濃度為10%的乙醇30 min前予不同濃度姜黃素(5、20、80 μmol/L),共同孵育6 h[3]。每項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)均選取至少3組非同代細(xì)胞進(jìn)行。

3. TEER測(cè)定:37 ℃恒溫條件下,將Millicell電阻儀的兩電極分別插入小室頂側(cè)和基底側(cè),干預(yù)0 h、0.5 h、1 h、3 h、6 h后測(cè)量單層電阻,每個(gè)Transwell取不同方向的三個(gè)點(diǎn),重復(fù)測(cè)定3次。電阻值用Ω/cm2表示。因Transwell膜本身具有電阻,故標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TEER=(實(shí)測(cè)值-空白對(duì)照值)/0.33 cm2。

4. 熒光素鈉透過率測(cè)定:Hank平衡鹽溶液(HBSS)沖洗細(xì)胞,于Transwell小室頂端加入終濃度為67 mg/mL的熒光素鈉,基底側(cè)加入0.6 mL空白HBSS,37 ℃分別孵育1 h、6 h后收集基底側(cè)液體,應(yīng)用熒光分光光度計(jì)測(cè)定熒光強(qiáng)度(激發(fā)波長490 nm,發(fā)射波長520 nm),根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線計(jì)算熒光素鈉濃度。熒光素鈉透過率[%·(h·cm2)-1]=(基底側(cè)熒光素鈉熒光量/最初加入頂側(cè)的熒光素鈉熒光量)/(1 h×0.33 cm2)×100%[3]。

5. 蛋白質(zhì)印跡法:提取細(xì)胞全蛋白并測(cè)定蛋白含量。取80 μg蛋白行SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,與兔抗Occludin多克隆抗體(工作濃度1∶300)4 ℃孵育過夜,加入HRP標(biāo)記的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶3 000)室溫孵育2 h后發(fā)光顯色,密度掃描分析,顯影條帶經(jīng)凝膠成像分析儀采集后,用美國NIH ImageJ 1.38軟件進(jìn)行定量分析。

6. 免疫熒光法:細(xì)胞單層應(yīng)用4%多聚甲醛固定20 min,加入濃度為1∶100的鼠抗Occludin單克隆抗體,4 ℃過夜,然后加入濃度為1∶50的Cy3標(biāo)記的山羊抗小鼠lgG(H+L)抗體,室溫孵育1 h,防淬滅封片劑封片,熒光顯微鏡下觀察,照相。

7. 透射電鏡:將生長在Transwell上的Caco-2細(xì)胞單層經(jīng)4%戊二醛前固定2 h、1%四氧化鋨后固定2 h,脫水,包埋,切片,乙酸雙氧鈾和枸櫞酸鉛雙重染色,電鏡下照相。

三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

結(jié)果

一、腸上皮細(xì)胞屏障通透性

1. TEER:Caco-2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)至28 d左右時(shí),單層上皮TEER達(dá)(293.52±21.89) Ω·cm2??瞻讓?duì)照組不同干預(yù)時(shí)間點(diǎn)TEER變化不明顯,乙醇組和姜黃素治療組TEER隨時(shí)間延長均呈下降趨勢(shì)(P<0.05),但姜黃素治療下降幅度低于乙醇組,且20 μmol/L 姜黃素治療組TEER下降幅度低于5、80 μmol/L 姜黃素治療組(表1)。

2. 熒光素鈉透過率:Caco-2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)至28 d左右時(shí),空白對(duì)照組熒光素鈉透過率約(6.46±1.81) %·(h·cm2)-1。干預(yù)細(xì)胞單層6 h后,乙醇組熒光素鈉透過率顯著高于空白對(duì)照組(P<0.001)。不同濃度姜黃素治療組熒光素鈉透過率顯著低于乙醇組(P<0.05),20 μmol/L姜黃素治療組又顯著低于5、80 μmol/L姜黃素治療組(P<0.05),而后兩組無明顯差異(表2)。

組 別0h0.5h1h3h6h空白對(duì)照組295.73±32.68293.63±23.10288.13±14.71289.06±16.77285.70±16.01乙醇組297.50±28.63181.73±20.45166.23±17.41130.40±26.6090.23±15.495μmol/L姜黃素治療組288.76±22.08224.60±24.15188.46±10.52157.06±20.06118.40±19.1620μmol/L姜黃素治療組293.76±17.62235.20±29.69205.03±17.10177.63±8.44140.30±14.6980μmol/L姜黃素治療組291.83±24.51223.43±22.11196.96±15.30159.80±11.13120.26±10.45

二、Occludin表達(dá)和定位

乙醇組Occludin蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于空白對(duì)照組(P<0.001),不同濃度姜黃素可改善乙醇誘導(dǎo)的Occludin低表達(dá)(P<0.05),且20 μmol/L 姜黃素治療組又顯著高于5、80 μmol/L 姜黃素治療組(P<0.05),而后兩組無明顯差異(表2、圖1)。

±s)

1 Da=0.992 1 u

免疫熒光顯示空白對(duì)照組Occludin蛋白沿細(xì)胞膜表達(dá),發(fā)出綠色熒光,熒光連續(xù)完整,強(qiáng)度高,細(xì)胞呈鋪路石狀;乙醇組Occludin蛋白表達(dá)斷續(xù)不完整,熒光強(qiáng)度弱;20 μmol/L姜黃素治療組可明顯改善熒光強(qiáng)度,但較空白對(duì)照組減弱(圖2)。透射電鏡顯示空白對(duì)照組Caco-2細(xì)胞刷狀緣完整,排列整齊,細(xì)胞間連接清晰,密度高。乙醇組細(xì)胞刷狀緣排列紊亂,細(xì)胞間連接模糊,密度減低(圖3)。

圖3 空白對(duì)照組和乙醇組透射電鏡圖(×30 000)

腸黏膜屏障是機(jī)體重要的防御屏障,正常情況下可阻止腸道內(nèi)細(xì)菌及其毒素穿過腸壁侵入機(jī)體,為人體與外界環(huán)境相互接觸的首道防線,其中腸上皮細(xì)胞間完整的TJ由于封閉了細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞之間的間隙,對(duì)腸黏膜屏障功能的發(fā)揮起至關(guān)重要的作用[4-6]。各種病理狀態(tài)如嚴(yán)重膿毒癥、敗血癥、梗阻性黃疸、急性胰腺炎、急性壞死性小腸炎、輪狀病毒腸炎等均可導(dǎo)致TJ破壞和腸黏膜屏障功能受損,使細(xì)菌、毒素等有害物質(zhì)透過腸黏膜進(jìn)入組織器官和血液循環(huán),形成惡性循環(huán)[4]。

Caco-2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)后可融合形成腸單層上皮細(xì)胞,與人小腸上皮細(xì)胞具有相似的形態(tài),并具有相同的TJ和細(xì)胞極性,為公認(rèn)的研究TJ的體外模型。TEER和熒光素鈉透過率為反映細(xì)胞旁通透性的常用指標(biāo),而細(xì)胞旁轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)主要受TJ的限制。Occludin蛋白是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)、研究最多的TJ功能蛋白。有研究報(bào)道Occludin的羧基可直接與肌動(dòng)蛋白絲相連[5],且能與肌動(dòng)蛋白骨架系統(tǒng)連接, 對(duì)維持屏障功能和TJ結(jié)構(gòu)完整尤為重要[6]。因此本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取Occludin蛋白作為研究指標(biāo)。

圖2 各組緊密連接Occludin蛋白表達(dá)和分布結(jié)果(免疫熒光法,×400)

目前許多研究已證實(shí)乙醇可破壞腸上皮屏障功能,導(dǎo)致通透性增加[7],終體積濃度為1%的乙醇即能引起屏障功能受損[2]。有研究表明乙醇可通過RhoA/ROCK信號(hào)通路使TJ蛋白Occludin、ZO-1重新分布[8]。TJ破壞能直接導(dǎo)致腸黏膜通透性增加[9],加速疾病進(jìn)程。本研究應(yīng)用終濃度為10%的乙醇與Caco-2細(xì)胞單層孵育6 h,結(jié)果顯示TEER明顯降低,熒光素鈉透過率升高。提示乙醇能造成Caco-2細(xì)胞單層屏障功能破壞,形成高通透性,與多項(xiàng)研究[9-10]結(jié)果相似。本研究結(jié)果顯示乙醇導(dǎo)致Occludin蛋白表達(dá)減少和重新分布,影響TJ的完整性,推測(cè)腸黏膜屏障通透性增加可能與Occludin蛋白表達(dá)減少和重新分布有關(guān)。

姜黃素是從姜科植物姜黃、莪術(shù)中提取的有效成份,具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗病毒、降血脂等多種作用[11-13]。有研究證實(shí)姜黃素對(duì)腸黏膜屏障功能具有保護(hù)作用,可誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑的產(chǎn)生[3],且對(duì)大鼠結(jié)腸炎具有一定的保護(hù)作用[14]。但關(guān)于姜黃素對(duì)腸上皮TJ保護(hù)作用的報(bào)道較少見。本研究結(jié)果顯示不同濃度的姜黃素均可增加受損腸黏膜屏障的TEER,降低熒光素鈉透過率,同時(shí)能改善Occludin蛋白低表達(dá),維護(hù)TJ的完整性,提示姜黃素對(duì)腸黏膜屏障具有一定的保護(hù)作用,且20 μmol/L姜黃素治療組的療效最佳。Wang等[3]的研究表明姜黃素可改善H2O2誘導(dǎo)的腸黏膜屏障損害,雖干預(yù)因素不一樣,但均能改善受損腸黏膜屏障功能。

綜上所述,姜黃素能有效改善乙醇誘導(dǎo)的腸黏膜屏障功能破壞,其保護(hù)作用與TJ蛋白Occludin表達(dá)和分布有關(guān),為臨床用藥提供理論依據(jù)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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7 李藝鋒, 周素芳, 徐思婭. 乙醇與腸屏障功能改變[J]. 中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合消化雜志, 2013, 21 (9): 493-495.

8 Tong J, Wang Y, Chang B, et al. Evidence for the involvement of RhoA signaling in the ethanol-induced increase in intestinal epithelial barrier permeability[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14 (2): 3946-3960.

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10Elamin EE, Masclee AA, Dekker J, et al. Short-chain fatty acids activate AMP-activated protein kinase and ameliorate ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers[J]. J Nutr, 2013, 143 (12): 1872-1881.

11Fu Y, Gao R, Cao Y, et al. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2014, 20 (1): 54-58.

12Ilieva Y, Kaloyanov K, Yosifov D, et al. Antineoplastic potential of curcumin (cooperative study in Bulgaria and Germany)[J]. Phytochemistry Reviews, 2014, 13 (2): 459-469.

13厲紅元, 車藝, 湯為學(xué). 姜黃素對(duì)人肝癌細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡的影響[J]. 中華肝臟病雜志, 2002, 10 (6): 449-451.

14Zhang M, Deng CS, Zheng JJ, et al. Curcumin regulated shift from Th1 to Th2 in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced chronic colitis[J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2006, 27 (8): 1071-1077.

(2015-07-16收稿;2015-09-06修回)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.01.006

*Email: woshiwanggai@163.com

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