山東 王振良

揭開間隔式定語從句的面紗

山東 王振良

通常情況下，定語從句緊跟在所修飾的先行詞之后，但有時在定語從句和先行詞之間插入謂語、狀語或其他成分，將定語從句與先行詞間隔開來，這種定語從句稱為間隔式定語從句。英語句子中出現(xiàn)這種間隔現(xiàn)象的原因是主語或賓語帶了過長的修飾成分，為了句意表達(dá)的需要或照顧主句結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡，就常常將主語或賓語與其修飾成分間隔開。識別間隔式定語從句不僅有助于分清句子類型，還有助于分析長句和理解句意，提高閱讀能力。

間隔式定語從句在高考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，如2016年新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ第65題：But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.其實(shí)該句子結(jié)構(gòu)非常簡單：My connection with pandas goes back to my days。when引導(dǎo)的不是時間狀語從句，而是定語從句，修飾先行詞days。在這個句子中，先行詞 days和定語從句被“on a TV show in the mid-1980s”間隔開了，這樣的句子理解起來有一定的難度。

按間隔部分所作的句子成分來劃分，間隔形式可以分為以下幾種：

1.謂語型：先行詞與定語從句被主句謂語間隔開。如：

（1）The days will certainly come when China Dream will be realized in our country.我們國家實(shí)現(xiàn)中國夢的日子一定會到來。（先行詞“the days”和定語從句被主句謂語“will certainly come”間隔開了）

（2）Many forms of apparatus have been devised by which a more accurate knowledge of blood pressure can be obtained.人們已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出許多醫(yī)療器械，通過這些醫(yī)療器械，可以對血壓有一個更為精確的了解。（句中謂語“have been devised”間隔開了先行詞“apparatus”和by which引導(dǎo)的定語從句）

以上兩句中的先行詞充當(dāng)句子的主語，如果把修飾主語的定語從句置于其后，則主語太長，造成頭重腳輕，因此謂語型間隔式定語從句主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.表語型：先行詞與定語從句被表語間隔開。表語型間隔式定語從句也是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。如：

（1）Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with the kids.我有時間和我的孩子們度過一天的機(jī)會是很少的。（該句的先行詞為“occasions”，其與定語從句被表語“quite rare”間隔開，為了避免句子頭重腳輕，所以把定語從句放在了后面）

（2）He is a wise man who speaks little.智者言少。（先行詞“he”和定語從句被表語“a wise man”間隔開）

3.定語型：先行詞與定語從句被用作定語的介詞短語或副詞短語間隔開。如：

（1）I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是辦公室里唯一被邀請的人。（句中由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾它的先行詞“person”，中間被定語“in my office”間隔開）

（2）Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours? 10年前的一個下午，我到你家借過一條項(xiàng)鏈，你還記得嗎？（句中由關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞“one afternoon”。“ten years ago”是定語，也修飾“one afternoon”）

4.狀語型：先行詞與定語從句被用作狀語的短語間隔開。如：

（1）Never say anything behind a person’s back that you wouldn’t say to his face.當(dāng)面不愿意說的話，千萬不要在背后說。（句中先行詞“anything”和定語從句被用作狀語的“behind a person’s back”間隔開）

（2）Henry Ford started the Ford Motor Company in 1903，which later became the largest car company in the world. Henry Ford在1903年創(chuàng)辦了Ford汽車公司，后來成了世界上最大的汽車公司。（which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾它的先行詞“Ford Motor Company”，中間被時間狀語“in 1903”間隔開）

5.同位語型：先行詞與定語從句被同位語間隔開。如：

One was a volent thunderstorm，the worst I had ever seen，which obscured my objective.有一次是暴風(fēng)驟雨，我曾經(jīng)歷過的最猛烈的一次，這場暴風(fēng)雨遮住了我的目標(biāo)。（先行詞“thunderstorm” 與which引導(dǎo)的定語從句被同位語“the worst I had ever seen”間隔開）

6.插入型：先行詞與定語從句被插入語間隔開。如：

Is there anyone you can think of who may know which hospital he was sent to? 你能不能想到有誰可能知道他被送往哪家醫(yī)院了？（該句的先行詞為“anyone”，與who引導(dǎo)的定語從句被插入語“you can think of ”間隔開）

【跟蹤練習(xí)】用合適的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空。

1.This is the article written by him_______I spoke to you about.

2.The film brought the hours back to me_______I was taken good care of in that faraway village.

3.They still remember one afternoon in the first year _______the professor took the students to the chemistry lab.

4.There are thousands of stars in the sky_______are like our sun.

5.In 1898，a law was passed_______meant all people above a certain age were paid a weekly “old age pension”.

6.Cave paintings have been found_______are at least 20 000 years old and are perhaps the oldest form of art yet discovered on the earth.

7.A better method is to take the waste far out to sea in ships________the wind and waves break it down.

8.First，areas of land must be found_______this rubbish can be put.

9.Finally another material is painted on to the stones ________will protect them from water for ever.

10.The days are gone_______we suffered so much.

【參考答案】1.that 2.when 3.when 4.that 5.which 6.which 7.where 8.where 9.which 10.when

（作者單位：山東省濱州市沾化區(qū)第一中學(xué)）