貴州 李進(jìn)才

完形填空解題技巧之詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)

貴州 李進(jìn)才

“詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)”是一種詞匯銜接手段，它通過(guò)原詞、同根詞、同義詞/近義詞、反義詞、上下義詞、概括性詞以及其他形式等，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在文章中，表達(dá)某一概念，使整篇文章上下連貫，有機(jī)地銜接在一起。因此，在做完形填空題時(shí)，我們可以根據(jù)文章的具體語(yǔ)境，理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)義，利用文中的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象來(lái)選擇正確的答案。

一、原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指同一個(gè)單詞在上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，從而達(dá)到文章銜接的目的。筆者通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年高考英語(yǔ)試題的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是解答完形填空題時(shí)最常用到的一種解題線索。

【例1】（2016全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（裝置） on your desk.And they’ve never actually 41 you...

For years I dealt with my travel agent only by phone.Rani，my faceless agent whom I’d never met 47（in person），...

41.A.accepted B.noticed

C.heard D.met

【解析】根據(jù)文章可知，作者先總說(shuō)“很多人只是通過(guò)桌上的電話了解你，事實(shí)上他們從來(lái)都沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)你”，后舉例，由下文“Rani，my faceless agent whom I’d never met 47（in person）”中的“met”可知，答案為D項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2016江蘇卷）Years ago，a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever.I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.While we were 36（eating），Kurt asked me，“John，what is your 37 for personal growth?”

...Kurt 41（listened）patiently，but then he 42（finally）smiled and said，“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?”

37.A.suggestion B.demand

C.plan D.request

【解析】根據(jù)第42空后“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?（你沒(méi)有個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)計(jì)劃，對(duì)吧？）”中的“plan”可知，答案為C項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2016四川卷）Lainey finished third grade.She had good grades and could read 41（above_）grade level，but she did not like to read.On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter，as a surprise for her 42（niece）.But Lainey took one look at it， 43（rolled）her eyes，and said，“Boring!”

......

“How can you say it’s 48 ? Have you read it?”asked Aunt Dede.

“No，it’s too long and it doesn’t have any 49 .”complained Lainey.

48.A.amazing B.boring

C.ridiculous D.humorous

49.A.pictures B.stories

C.adventures D.conversations

【解析】48題選B。此處與43空后的“Boring” 相呼應(yīng)。49題選A。由50題后的句意可知，此處指的是下文中的“pictures”。

【例4】（2014江西卷）“I know it’s 40（hard）for you，”Mum said softly.“But I’m just worried other people might think we’re a little...strange.And then they would make fun of you.”

“No，they wouldn’t，Mum，” James protested.“We’re not 41 at all.”

翟大姐如今已經(jīng)踏入農(nóng)資行業(yè)20年了。她最大的樂(lè)趣就是聽(tīng)她的用戶去她的店里“顯擺”?！拔医衲暧衩状蛄?萬(wàn)多斤啊，我今年小麥打了4萬(wàn)多斤啊……”“那時(shí)候一看見(jiàn)他們的笑臉我就特別開(kāi)心?！钡源蠼阍谙蛴浾咧v述自己的樂(lè)趣時(shí)，自己的臉上也同樣洋溢起了幸福的微笑。

41.A.strange B.normal

C.popular D.anxious

【解析】此處與上文的“strange”相呼應(yīng)。故選A項(xiàng)。

【例5】（2007遼寧卷）What made him sad was 37（that）his piano teacher in Beijing didn’t like him．“You have no talent（天賦）．You will never be a pianist.” 38（As）a nine-year-old boy，Lang Lang was badly 39（hurt）.He decided that he didn’t want to be a 40 any more．For the next two weeks，he didn’t touch the piano.41（Wisely），his father didn’t push，but waited．

40.A.singer B.pianist

C.conductor D.player

【解析】由語(yǔ)境可知，此處指的是前文“You will never be a pianist.”中的“pianist”，故選B項(xiàng)。

二、同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指由相同詞根構(gòu)成的單詞在文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。它們的詞義、詞性、詞形都有可能不同，如：succeed，success，successful，unsuccessful。同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)主要考查動(dòng)詞的詞形變化、動(dòng)詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化。

【例1】（2016江蘇卷） But more importantly，we made a commitment to 54 together as a couple.From that day on，we learned together，traveled together，and sacrificed together.It was a 55（wise）decision.While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.

54.A.grow B.survive

C.move D.gather

【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和下文“While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.”中的“growing”可知，此處應(yīng)填growing的同根詞grow，答案為A項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2014湖南卷）The summer before I went off to college，Mum stood me in her usual spot behind the ironing board（燙衣板）and said，“Pay attention： I’m going to teach you to iron.”

......

As for technique，Mum 43 me to begin with the flat spaces outward，always pushing the iron forward into wrinkled（有褶皺的） parts.

43.A.taught B.chose

C.forced D.sent

【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和上文“...Pay attention：I’m going to teach you to iron.”中的“teach”可知，此處應(yīng)填teach的詞形變化詞taught，答案為A項(xiàng)。

【例3】（ 2010北京卷）She trusted me to complete things，so I completed them perfectly...Her 54 in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined...

54.A.trust B.patience

C.curiosity D.interest

【解析】由“She trusted me to complete things”中的“trusted”和語(yǔ)義可知，此處凸顯的是“信任”，故選A項(xiàng)。

【例4】（2011廣東卷）It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes.The 1 has based on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual（智力的） growth by 2（learnin_g） situations that are designed for the 3（average）children.

1.A.principle B.theory

C.argument D.classification

【解析】根據(jù)句意和第一句中的“argued”可知，此空指代的信息點(diǎn)是argued的同根詞argument，故選C項(xiàng)。

【例5】（2008全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）After the birth of my second child，I got a job at a restaurant.Having worked with an experienced 36 for a few days，I was 37（allowed）to wait tables on my own.

36.A.manager B.assistant

C.cook D.waitress

【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和后文中的“I was 37（allowed）to wait tables on my own.”可知，此處考查的是wait的同根詞waitress，答案為D項(xiàng)。

三、同義詞/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

同義詞/近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指意義相同或相近的單詞在文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，以達(dá)到文章銜接的目的。在完形填空試題中，我們可以利用這種銜接方式找到要填入單詞的同義詞或近義詞，同時(shí)也就找到了試題的答案。

【例1】（2016江蘇卷） I told him about the many activities in which I was 39（involved）.And I went into a 40 about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.I must have talked for ten minutes.

40.A.lecture B.speech

C.discussion D.debate

【解析】由語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)義可知，此處與下一句中的“talked”相呼應(yīng)，兩者意義相同，故選B項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2016四川卷）Aunt Dede，a teacher，had read the book to her students，and they loved it.44（Even）the youngest children in the class were 45 by the story.

45.A.surprised B.annoyed

C.puzzled D.attracted

【解析】由語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)義可知，此處與前一句中的“l(fā)oved”意義相近，故選D項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2014北京卷） The first time I saw Suzy Khan，I knew I had to help her.She was really small for her age of 12....

All I knew was that she was an orphan（孤兒） from Africa.She had just been adopted by a family in town who 37（decided）that the best way for her to learn American ways of life was to be with American kids.I looked down at this 38 girl and promised myself that somehow I would help her.

38.A.rich B.proud

C.tiny D.popular

【解析】由上文中的“She was really small for her age of 12”可知，此處應(yīng)選“small”的同義詞，答案為C項(xiàng)。

四、反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指和文中某一詞義相反的單詞在文章中出現(xiàn)，以達(dá)到文章銜接的目的。有時(shí)，我們可以利用這一銜接手段在文章中找出試題的正確答案。

【例1】（2016江蘇卷）That night，I talked to my wife about my 49（conversation）with Kurt and what I had learned.I 50（showed）her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling...

......

Several important things happened that day.First，we decided to 53 the resources.

53.A.provide B.buy

C.give D.deliver

【解析】根據(jù)上文中的“I 50（showed）her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling”和本句語(yǔ)義可知，此處應(yīng)選“selling”的反義詞，答案為B項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2016天津卷）Cathy suffered some terrible 16 in her early childhood.After years of regular treatment，she 17（finally）became healthy.

16.A.failure B.pressure

C.loss D.illness

【解析】由后一句“After years of regular treatment，she 17（finally）became healthy.” 和本句語(yǔ)義可知，答案應(yīng)為“healthy”的反義詞，故選D項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2016全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）Why had I thought she was cold? Rani was，well，so 58.

58.A.calm B.nice

C.proud D.clever

【解析】由語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)義可知，此處所填之詞，應(yīng)是前句中“cold”的反義詞，故選B項(xiàng)。

五、上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

上下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指上義詞和下義詞在文章中同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)文章銜接的目的。由于上下義詞都具有回指的功能，所以，在某種程度上，它們的出現(xiàn)也是一種復(fù)現(xiàn)。上義詞是總稱詞，下義詞是被包含的個(gè)體或種類，如：food是bread，noodle，milk，rice的上義詞； 反之，bread，noodle，milk，rice是food的下義詞。上義詞和下義詞是包含和被包含的關(guān)系。

在做完形填空題時(shí)，我們有時(shí)可以利用上下義詞在文中復(fù)現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象來(lái)判斷并得出正確的答案。

【例1】（2010湖北卷）For two weeks，Mark 39（accompanied）Susan to and from work each day.He taught her how to rely on her other 40，specifically her hearing，to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41（environment）.

40.A.feelings B.organs

C.skills D.senses

【解析】根據(jù)本句的句意和40空后的“specifically her hearing”可知，此處應(yīng)選“hearing”的上義詞，故選D項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2012天津卷）About 15 years ago I started seeing a lot of 20 ，like toilet paper，beer cans，and empty boxes，around the area.

20.A.material B.resources

C.waste D.goods

【解析】由下文中的“l(fā)ike toilet paper，beer cans，and empty boxes，around the area”可知，第20空應(yīng)為“toilet paper，beer cans，empty boxes”的上義詞，故選C項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2004北京卷）When I joined a private football league a few years ago，the sport meant everything to me.My coach（教練）said that I had lots of potential（潛力），and I became captain of my 36 .

36.A.class B.club

C.team D.board【解析】由前文中的“I joined a private football league”和“My coach（教練）said that I had lots of potential（潛力）”可知，此處應(yīng)為“football league（足球聯(lián)隊(duì)）”的下義詞，故C項(xiàng)最準(zhǔn)確。

六、概括性詞復(fù)現(xiàn)

概括性詞復(fù)現(xiàn)是指用一個(gè)概括性詞來(lái)指代上文中講述的某一事件。這種表示概括性的詞一般是名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)，且往往位于文尾。

【例1】（2016江蘇卷）Years ago，a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever.I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.While we were 36（eating），Kurt asked me，“John，what is your 37（plan）for personal growth?”

Never at a loss for words，I tried to find things in mylife that might 38（qualify）for growth.I told him about the many activities in which I was 39（involved）.And I went into a 40（speech）about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.I must have talked for ten minutes.Kurt 41（listened）patiently，but then he 42（finally）smiled and said，“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?”

“No，”I 43（admitted）.

“You know，” Kurt said simply，“growth is not a（n） 44（automatic）process.”

......

That night，I talked to my wife about my 49 with Kurt and what I had learned.

49.A.contract B.conversation

C.negotiation D.argument

【解析】由前文可知，作者和Kurt就個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行了一次交談，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，此處是對(duì)上文的概括，“談話”最準(zhǔn)確，故選B項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2016四川卷）Lainey finished third grade.She had good grades and could read 41（above）grade level，but she did not like to read.On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter，as a surprise for her 42（niece）.But Lainey took one look at it， 43（rolled）her eyes，and said，“Boring!”

......

Lainey is an example of an 58 reader.As shown here，Lainey can become 59（excited） about reading when 60（presented） with literature on topics that interest her，and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process.

58.A.unpleasant B.innocent

C.unwilling D.independent

【解析】根據(jù)上文可知“Lainey不愿看書(shū)，當(dāng)然是一個(gè)不情愿（讀書(shū)）的讀者”，此處用C項(xiàng)進(jìn)行概括最準(zhǔn)確，故選C項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2015全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）My daughter plays on a recreational soccer team.They did very well this season and so 45（entered）a tournament，which normally was only for more skilled club teams.This led to some 46（painful）experiences on Saturday...

......

I think it is a general principle.59 is the best teacher.

59.A.Experience B.Independence

C.Curiosity D.Interest

【解析】上文講作者女兒所在的娛樂(lè)性足球隊(duì)表現(xiàn)不錯(cuò)，進(jìn)入了錦標(biāo)賽；接下來(lái)作者觀看了整個(gè)比賽過(guò)程，在比賽過(guò)程中，女兒所在的球隊(duì)善于向?qū)κ謱W(xué)習(xí)，居然進(jìn)了一球；最后，作者由此感慨：實(shí)踐出真知，經(jīng)驗(yàn)是最好的老師。此處作者用一個(gè)詞（經(jīng)驗(yàn)）對(duì)上文進(jìn)行了精確的概括，故選A項(xiàng)。

【例4】（2015全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ ） My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend.On the way ，we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said，“41（Lost）my job.Family to Feed.”

......

This has been a wonderful 55 for our family.For days the kids have been looking for others we can 56（help）!

55.A.experience B.example

C.message D.adventure

【解析】前文講述了作者在帶孩子們?nèi)コ匈?gòu)物的過(guò)程中，一家人主動(dòng)幫助一個(gè)乞討的失業(yè)者的經(jīng)歷。第55空作者顯然是在對(duì)上文進(jìn)行概括，故選A項(xiàng)。

七、注釋性復(fù)現(xiàn)

注釋是指一種表達(dá)方式對(duì)另一種表達(dá)方法進(jìn)行解釋或說(shuō)明。注釋性復(fù)現(xiàn)就是指這兩種方式同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在文章中。有時(shí)，這種解釋或說(shuō)明關(guān)系可通過(guò)某些動(dòng)詞（be，mean，suggest等）或符號(hào)（破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)和括號(hào)等）來(lái)體現(xiàn)。

【例1】（2016北京卷）41（By）January 26，Billy and three other children had died.Twenty more were 42（sick_）.Nome’s town officials came up with a（n） 43.They would have the medicine sent by 44（rail）from Anchorage to Nenana.From there，dogsled（狗拉雪橇）drivers—known as “mushers”—would 45（carry_） it to Nome in a relay（接力）.

43.A.plan B.excuse

C.message D.topic

【解析】由語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)義可知，43空后面的句子是對(duì)43空的解釋或說(shuō)明，即對(duì)諾姆當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T想到的一個(gè)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行解釋或說(shuō)明，故選A項(xiàng)。

【例2】（2016全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（裝置）on your desk.And they’ve never actually 41（met）you.Everything they know about you 42（came）throughthis device，sometimes from hundreds of miles away.43（Yet）they feel they can know you 44（just）from the sound of your voice.That’s how powerful the 45 is.

45.A.telephone B.voice

C.connection D.impression

【解析】根據(jù)45空前的文字描述（很多人只是通過(guò)桌上的那個(gè)小裝置了解你，他們從來(lái)都沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)你。他們對(duì)你的了解來(lái)自于這個(gè)小裝置，有時(shí)雖然你們相隔千里，但是，他們只要通過(guò)你的聲音，就可以了解你）可知，此處指代的是電話，故選A項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2016北京卷）On January 31，a musher named Seppala had to 47（cross）a frozen body of water called Norton Sound.It was the most 48 part of the journey.Norton Sound was covered with ice，which could sometimes break up without warning.If that happened，Seppala might fall into the icy water below.

48.A.shameful B.boring

C.dangerous D.foolish

【解析】根據(jù)48空后面的句子“Norton Sound was covered with ice，which could sometimes break up without warning.If that happened，Seppala might fall into the icy water below.”的描述可知，這是旅途中最危險(xiǎn)的一部分，故選C項(xiàng)。

【例4】（2016江蘇卷）And that’s when it 45（hit）me.I wasn’t doing anything 46（on purpose）to make myself better.And at that moment，I made the 47：I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my 48（life）.

47.A.comment B.announcement

C.decision D.arrangement

【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和冒號(hào)后的句意（我將制定并執(zhí)行一個(gè)個(gè)人的人生成長(zhǎng)計(jì)劃）可知，此處應(yīng)為“我做出了一個(gè)決定”，故選C項(xiàng)。

八、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)

結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)是指結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相近的句子在文章中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。在做完形填空題時(shí)，我們不僅要關(guān)注某個(gè)信息點(diǎn)的重復(fù)，也要重視句子結(jié)構(gòu)的相似性。句子結(jié)構(gòu)相似往往暗示句子意義相近，這會(huì)大大提高我們的解題能力。

【例1】（2012廣東卷）We all know that some things are obviously right.For example，it is right to be 1 to other people.It is also right to look after the environment.Some things are 2 wrong，too.

1.A .kind B.sensitive

C.fair D.generous

2.A .equally B.slightly

C.clearly D.increasingly

【解析】1.從并列信號(hào)詞“also”和句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，本句與后一句“It is also right to look after the environment.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)相似，屬于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)原則，此處所填之詞與空前動(dòng)詞“be”構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)該和下一句中的“l(fā)ook after”意義相近，故選A項(xiàng)。2.同理，從并列信號(hào)詞“too” 和句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，本句與第一句中的“some things are obviously right”相對(duì)應(yīng)，所以此處應(yīng)選擇obviously的近義詞clearly，故C項(xiàng)正確。

【例2】（2009廣東卷）Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining，construction，and warfare as the inventor of dynamite（炸藥）...“Dr.Alfred Nobel，who became 23 by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before，died yesterday.”

23.A.famous B.sick

C.rich D.popular

【解析】who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句“who became 23 by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before”與文章首句中的“Alfred Nobel became a millionaire”在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上非常相似，屬于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)，且who指代的就是Alfred Nobel，兩者在意義上也非常接近，故選C項(xiàng)。

【例3】（2016年啟學(xué)沖刺卷一）Accidents do happen sometimes.

......

There the staff told me not to worry about the jug again.“38 do happen sometimes.Just try to deal with them，”...

38.A.Accidents B.Wishes

C.Activities D.Changes

【解析】38空所在的句子和文章第一句話“Accidents do happen sometimes.”完全相同，屬于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)，故選A項(xiàng)。

綜上所述，詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)題是完形填空中的常見(jiàn)題型，且難度較低。解題時(shí)，一定要注意三點(diǎn)：一是詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)的兩性——顯性（如原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）和隱性（如概括性詞復(fù)現(xiàn)）；二是詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)的距離感，即考試詞匯和復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯之間存在一定的距離；三是詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)的方向性，即考試詞匯和復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯的位置均可前可后，換句話說(shuō)，有時(shí)是考試詞匯在前，復(fù)現(xiàn)詞匯在后，這是典型的線索后示，有時(shí)卻正好相反，這叫線索前示。

（作者單位：貴州省六盤(pán)水市第四中學(xué)）