湖北 張 勛

七選五型閱讀解題技巧點(diǎn)撥

湖北 張 勛

七選五型閱讀理解可謂是常規(guī)型閱讀的升級(jí)版，難度更大，對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，如要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和大意，對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的理解和推測(cè)等。該題型是高考全國(guó)卷的必考題型之一。但是，只要我們細(xì)心觀察和推敲，就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的規(guī)律。

【題型解讀】

給出一篇缺少5個(gè)句子的文章，文體以說(shuō)明文和議論文居多，少數(shù)時(shí)候也會(huì)以對(duì)話(huà)的形式呈現(xiàn)。七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容等，選出正確的句子，填入相應(yīng)的空白處。其中有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)為多余項(xiàng)。而《考試說(shuō)明》對(duì)該題型的表述為：主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。

【選項(xiàng)分析】

由于七選五型閱讀理解是建立在一篇完整文章的基礎(chǔ)之上，所以它的選項(xiàng)一定跟文章的整體理解息息相關(guān)。歸納總結(jié)可以得出，該題型備選項(xiàng)可以分為以下三種類(lèi)型：

1.主旨概括句——考查對(duì)文章整體內(nèi)容的理解

【典例1】39 If youv’e been betrayed，you are the victim of your circumstance.But theres’ a difference between being a victim and living with a“ victim mentality”.At some point in all of our lives，wel’l have our trust tested or violated.（2015·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the possive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

【答案解析】C。考查主旨大意。該空后面講的是我們被背叛以后，是受害者，但我們不應(yīng)該有那種受害者的心態(tài)，這和C選項(xiàng)中的“我們不應(yīng)該把自己當(dāng)成受害者”是一致的，C選項(xiàng)概括了后面的內(nèi)容，所以這屬于主旨大意句。

2.過(guò)渡性句子——主要考查對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的整體把握

【典例2】Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways.71 Second，your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.Third，note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.（2008·寧夏卷）

A.Use words，not complete sentences.

B.There are three practical note-taking methods.

C.You must write your notes on separate paper.

D.Otherwise，you may not be able to read your notes later.

E.You will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.

F.That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.

G.First，the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

【答案解析】G?？疾槲恼陆Y(jié)構(gòu)。該空前后文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，前面講的是做好筆記會(huì)從多方面幫助你成長(zhǎng)為高水平的學(xué)生，后面提到了第二點(diǎn)，和選項(xiàng)G中的第一點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)，從結(jié)構(gòu)上形成先后關(guān)系，故選G項(xiàng)。

3.注釋性句子——主要考查對(duì)上下文邏輯意義的理解和把握

【典例3】Unfortunately，we’ve all been victims of betrayal.Whether we’ve been stolen from，lied to，misled，or cheated on，there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore， 37_It’s understandable，butif you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again，we have some steps you can take to get you there.（2015·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）

A.Learn to really trust yourself.

B.It is putting confidence in someone.

C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.

D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E.They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.

G.Seeing the possive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

【答案解析】E?？疾樯舷挛睦斫?。上文講的是我們會(huì)遭遇不同種類(lèi)的背叛，而這導(dǎo)致信任的丟失。有些人就是不能信任別人，后面講到這種情況是情有可原的，而E選項(xiàng)恰恰解釋了人們?yōu)槭裁床恍湃蝿e人的原因——他們受傷太深，再也受不了再一次的背叛了。根據(jù)上下文的理解可知，應(yīng)選E項(xiàng)。

【策略技巧】

1.理清句際間意義的關(guān)系

文章內(nèi)容是根據(jù)各層、各段的大意要圍繞中心有機(jī)地組合而成。從邏輯意義上來(lái)看，語(yǔ)段的句際關(guān)系可分為并列、順序、層遞、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。因此，理解閱讀材料時(shí)一定要把握語(yǔ)脈，理清句際間的關(guān)系，進(jìn)而理解語(yǔ)段或全文的內(nèi)容。一些連接詞可以幫助我們理清這些關(guān)系。

（1）表選擇關(guān)系或?qū)Φ汝P(guān)系的連接詞：either...or...，neither...nor...，or，as well as...，and，both...and...等；

（2）表因果關(guān)系的連接詞：therefore，so，as a result，as the result of...，because of，due to...，owing to，thanks to等；

（3）表時(shí)間順序的連接詞：the moment，as soon as，at first，then，later，meanwhile，at the beginning，in the end，before long，for the first（second...）time，the minute等；

（4）表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞：yet，and yet，but ，while，on the contrary，on the other hand，however，at the same time（然而）等；

（5）表解釋說(shuō)明的連接詞：that is，that is to say，in other words，such as，for instance，and so on等；

（6）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連接詞：not only...but（also）...，what’s more，what’s worse，besides，in addition，worse still，moreover，above all等；

（7）表示總結(jié)的連接詞：in a word，on the whole，in short，briefly，in brief，to sum up，in all等。

【典例4】Go to the original source.Media reports often simplify the results of medical research.Find out for yourself what a study really reported，and determine whether it was based on good science.Think about the type of study._72_（2014·北京卷）

A.Make choice that are right for you.

B.The goal of an ad is to sell you something.

C.Be sure to work through the critical questions.

D.And examine the findings of the original research.

E.Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.

F.Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view.

G.The suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.

【答案解析】D。該段建議大家去尋找最初的資源，因?yàn)槊襟w把很多醫(yī)療報(bào)道都簡(jiǎn)化了。設(shè)空處提醒大家要考慮研究類(lèi)型和調(diào)查結(jié)果。這里有一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞“and”，表示前后兩者之間是并列關(guān)系，故選D項(xiàng)。

2.心平氣和按圖索驥

七選五型閱讀是閱讀理解中難度較大的，因?yàn)閷?duì)文章的理解加上對(duì)選項(xiàng)的選定排除本身就是一項(xiàng)大的工程。如果選項(xiàng)極其相近，就需要冷靜仔細(xì)地分析，按部就班地完成。在此過(guò)程中，關(guān)鍵是要頭腦清醒，心平氣和。

①通讀全文，找準(zhǔn)主題句。各段落會(huì)根據(jù)整體文章的寫(xiě)作主題展開(kāi)，對(duì)文章主體進(jìn)行不同方面的描述，找準(zhǔn)主題句，就會(huì)對(duì)文章有準(zhǔn)確的定位。

【典例5】We all love an inside trip，but some of the classic tips for travelers no longer hold true._36_

1.Book a plane ticket far in advance to save money...

2.The best hotel prices are on travel websites...

3.Avoid street food...

4.Carry your money in a special pocket or pouch...（2015·銀川一中三模）

A.When in Rome，do what the Romans do.

B.And make sure to put your wallet in a front pocket.

C.This is only true if you are buying products that are heavily taxed.

D.Let yourself relax in a warm room for one or two people in single beds.

E.Check the updates on these tall tales to save cash and add experience to your trip.

F.These days，many alternatives for the most popular routes mean that demand stays steady.

G.The best hotel prices are on travel websites.

【答案解析】E。通過(guò)觀察可知，該空設(shè)在第一段第二句，很有可能是主旨句。通過(guò)閱讀后面的小標(biāo)題可知，該文章主要講的是在外旅行時(shí)應(yīng)該注意的一些常識(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，通過(guò)比對(duì)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)，可以知道文中的4個(gè)小點(diǎn)都是作者總結(jié)出的可以獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)的建議，故選E項(xiàng)，是文章的總起句。

②詳讀段落，找出各段關(guān)鍵詞。要特別注意各段空格上下段的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義。

【典例6】 39 This may surprise you，but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try，the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.（2014·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ）

A.Try new things.

B.Ability is easily improved.

C.Make three or four instead.

D.Understand your food better.

E.Cooking is a burden for many people.

F.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

G.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

【答案解析】A。根據(jù)該段后面的內(nèi)容，講的是要不斷地去學(xué)習(xí)和嘗試更多更好的新的東西，與A選項(xiàng)相符，即A選項(xiàng)中的“Try new things”就是該段的關(guān)鍵詞。

③分析和定位選項(xiàng)。注意銜接手段及標(biāo)志詞，上下文構(gòu)成及邏輯上的直接關(guān)系，尤其要注意文章的寫(xiě)作線索。文章寫(xiě)作思路的連貫使文章的每個(gè)段落、句子甚至短語(yǔ)均融為一體。如果帶入選項(xiàng)后，發(fā)現(xiàn)文章寫(xiě)作線索中斷或是前后矛盾，則應(yīng)更換其他選項(xiàng)。

【典例7】4.Self Expression

40 There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music，acting，drawing，building，photography.You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.（2014·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ）

A.Encourage kids to cook with you.

B.And we can’t forget science education.

C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don’t yet exist?

E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

【答案解析】G。在這個(gè)小段中，作者主要講述的是應(yīng)該要找到合適的方式來(lái)表達(dá)自己，只要想表達(dá)自己，音樂(lè)、畫(huà)畫(huà)、建筑等都是可以的。為了符合這一內(nèi)容，使選項(xiàng)與該段完美融合，即應(yīng)該選擇G項(xiàng)，因?yàn)槠渖婕暗囊彩且媒涣鞯募记伞?/p>

④帶入文中，復(fù)核檢查。在完成選項(xiàng)定位后，應(yīng)通讀全文，檢查文章內(nèi)容是否完整，語(yǔ)義是否連貫、合理，各段落內(nèi)容是否緊扣主題，語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順連貫、具有一致性、合乎邏輯，寫(xiě)作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用語(yǔ)是否恰當(dāng)貼切，從而判斷選擇的答案是否正確。

七選五型閱讀理解是對(duì)常規(guī)閱讀理解的一種延伸，對(duì)考生的理解能力和捕捉關(guān)鍵信息、排除干擾的能力提出了更高的要求，但也并不是無(wú)跡可循的。只要我們仔細(xì)一些，按照步驟，按部就班，不急不躁，就可以突破這一難點(diǎn)。

（作者單位：湖北省巴東縣第一高級(jí)中學(xué)）