河南 龐先慶

分層解讀文本 專練“語法填空”

河南 龐先慶

新《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》對高中生文本閱讀能力提出了更高的要求，對該能力的考查成為各項英語測試的重要組成。就全國新課標(biāo)卷來說，第Ⅱ卷中的“語法填空”連同“短文改錯”和“書面表達(dá)”使整個試卷考查形式由“句子層次”提升到了“文本語篇層次”，考查考生詞匯、語法和語用知識在語篇中的運用能力，這從另一個側(cè)面反映了高考對考生能力要求逐步提高的趨勢，從而進(jìn)一步加大了文本閱讀理解的重要性。本文擬結(jié)合河南省教育科學(xué)“十二五”規(guī)劃〔2015〕-JKGHYB-1155課題所倡導(dǎo)的“三維文本閱讀策略”，特別是文本分層深度解讀理念，以“語法填空”型閱讀文本分層解讀、題目設(shè)計為例，探討如何通過自主學(xué)習(xí)開展英語文本深度解讀。

Passage 1

新鮮度★★★☆☆話題科技關(guān)鍵詞Wi-Fi service體裁說明文短文詞數(shù)213建議時間7分鐘正確率/10★★難度★★★

China Eastern Airlines 1 （receive）approval from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to provide in-flight Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes.

The carrier becomes China’s first airline company to provide Wi-Fi service for both domestic and international flights. Passengers 2 （leave）for New York，Los Angeles，San Francisco，Toronto，Beijing and Guangzhou will have access 3 the Wi-Fi service through a telecommunication satellite.

The flights will begin to provide the service in one month after operational 4 （prepare）. The Wi-Fi service will be free in the 21 airplanes at the beginning， 5 a charge list is now under discussion.

The company plans to put in Wi-Fi service 6 （equip）in all airplanes by 2017～2018. Other carriers in China，such as Air China and Hainan Airlines also have been following this attempt in some of 7 flights during the past few years.

Industry experts note that 8 approval for the Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes is a trial for commercial in-flight Internet service operations in China.

Aviation business staff say that China has the potential to become the world’s 9 （large）aviation market， 10 is likely to create tens of billions of yuan in profit in the aviation Internet business.

【文章出處】http：//sky.news.sina.com.cn/2015-06-01/ 121359591.html

http：//www.enread.com/news/life/100884.html

【New Words】approval n.批準(zhǔn) aviation n.航空

【文本導(dǎo)讀】中國東方航空公司（China Eastern Airlines）獲工信部批準(zhǔn)在21架航班上提供艙內(nèi)Wi-Fi服務(wù)，成為全國首家同時向國內(nèi)、國際航班旅客提供“空中上網(wǎng)”服務(wù)的航空公司。

【文題析讀】

1. has received?？疾橹^語動詞時態(tài)。根據(jù)句意“中國東方航空公司已經(jīng)獲工信部批準(zhǔn)，同意其在21架飛機(jī)上提供‘空中上網(wǎng)’服務(wù)”可知，這里應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。

2. leaving?？疾榉侵^語動詞。本句句子的主要成分完整，“passengers”是主語，“will have”是謂語，“access”是賓語。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里應(yīng)填現(xiàn)在分詞leaving作定語，修飾主語“passengers”。

3. to?？疾榻樵~。have access to sth.是常見搭配，表示“有機(jī)會或權(quán)利利用某物”。

4. preparations?？疾槊~。根據(jù)空格前面的形容詞“operational”可知，該空格處應(yīng)填名詞，prepare的名詞形式是preparation，且常使用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。

5. but?？疾檫B詞。根據(jù)句意可知，空白處前后分句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

6. equipment?？疾槊~。根據(jù)句意“到2017年至2018年，東航計劃完成全機(jī)隊硬件改裝”可知，空格處應(yīng)填名詞，equip的名詞形式是equipment，且equipment是不可數(shù)名詞。

7. their。考查代詞。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處后面的“flights”是屬于“Hainan Airlines”的，二者之間是所有關(guān)系。

8. the?？疾楣谠~。根據(jù)上下文可知，這里的“approval”是特指，故其前面應(yīng)使用定冠詞。

9. largest?？疾樾稳菰~最高級。根據(jù)句意“中國有能力成為世界上最大的航空市場” 可知，空格處應(yīng)填形容詞large的最高級形式。

10. which?？疾殛P(guān)系詞。“ 10 is likely to create tensof billions of yuan in profit in the aviation Internet business”是非限制性定語從句，先行詞為空格前的“market”。故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。

【難句解讀】

原文：The Wi-Fi service will be free in the 21 airplanes at the beginning，but a charge list is now under discussion.

譯文：剛開始時，21架飛機(jī)免費提供“空中上網(wǎng)”服務(wù)，不過收費清單正在討論。

分析：這是一個由but連接的轉(zhuǎn)折并列復(fù)合句。后一個分句中的“under discussion”是固定表達(dá)，意為“正在被討論中”。

Passage 2

交往關(guān)鍵詞 naked marriage體裁議論文短文詞數(shù) 210建議時間7分鐘正確率/10新鮮度★★★☆☆難度★★★☆☆話題人際

In recent years，a new idea called a “naked marriage”has arisen 1 the cost of living goes up. It has become a new trend for many young people in China. With a small marriage certificate in hand，they get 2 （marry）. And for the couples in a naked marriage，this certifi cate also 3 （contain）other meanings.

A resident from Chengdu said，“There are many people like us born in 4 80’s. Our families cannot afford 5（buy）us new apartments，cars，let alone diamond rings. I think that’s very normal for regular families. We must rely 6 our own to make a better future for ourselves.”

A graduate student of Sichuan University，said，“The most important is love. I believe our living conditions will 7 （gradual）get better.”

Some professors say a “naked marriage” is in sharp contradiction with China’s 8 （tradition）marriage customs. 9 ，as living costs continue to rise，this phenomenon will likely become more popular in the future.

But not all people have a positive opinion of naked marriages. According to a survey conducted by sohu.com，only about 40 percent of the 3 500 people surveyed liked the idea of a naked marriage. About 80 percent of men supported naked marriages，while 70 percent of 10 （woman）did not support the idea because they thought these marriages would not be stable.

【文章出處】http：//english.cntv.cn/program/china24/ 20130104/107753.shtml

【New Words】naked adj.裸的 certificate n.證書 phenomenon n.現(xiàn)象

【文本導(dǎo)讀】由于生活壓力以及現(xiàn)代人越來越強(qiáng)調(diào)婚姻的“自由”和“獨立”，“婚禮”在年輕一代的婚姻中被重視的程度日益削弱，因而“裸婚”就成為一部分年輕人最新潮的結(jié)婚方式。

【文題析讀】

1. as?？疾檫B詞。從屬連詞as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“隨著……”。

2. married?？疾檫^去分詞。get married意為“結(jié)婚”，過去分詞作表語。

3. contains。考查謂語動詞。由上下文可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，故謂語動詞加-s。

4. the?？疾楣谠~。the 80’s相當(dāng)于“the 1980’s”，意為“二十世紀(jì)八十年代”。

5. to buy?？疾椴欢ㄊ?。afford to buy意為“能買得起”，用動詞不定式作afford的賓語。

6. on?？疾榻樵~。rely on意為“依靠”，為固定搭配。

7. gradually?？疾楦痹~?？崭裉幮揎椫^語動詞，作狀語。故應(yīng)用副詞形式gradually。

8. traditional?？疾樾稳菰~。此處應(yīng)用形容詞作定語，修飾名詞“marriage customs”。

9. However?？疾檫壿嬯P(guān)系。此處表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，句意為：“裸婚”與傳統(tǒng)相悖，然而，隨著生活成本不斷增加，這種現(xiàn)象會越來越普遍。

10. women?？疾槊~復(fù)數(shù)。這里表示“70%的女性”，故應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【難句解讀】

原文：About 80 percent of men supported naked marriages，while 70 percent of women did not support the idea because they thought these marriages would not be stable.

譯文：大約80%的男性支持裸婚，而70%的女性不支持裸婚，因為她們認(rèn)為這些婚姻會不穩(wěn)定。

分析：本句是一個由while連接的表示對比關(guān)系的并列句；第二個分句是一個由because連接的主從復(fù)合句。

Passage 3

情況關(guān)鍵詞 Xiong Chaozhong體裁記敘文短文詞數(shù) 158建議時間5分鐘正確率/10新鮮度★★★☆☆難度★★★☆☆話題個人

Xiong Chaozhong——My Favourite Star

Xiong Chaozhong，born on Oct.3，1982 in Wenshan，Yunnan， 1 a 1.55-metre-tall China’s professional boxer.

Xiong used to be a miner 2 （work）very hard for a living for many years， 3 made him very strong. He began his boxing career in 2006. Two years later he took part in a boxing competition 4 the first time.

After his 6-years’ training，the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition 5 （hold）at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012，becoming China’s first international boxing champion. As a result he is regarded as “Little Tyson” in China.

As is said， 6 success was a good start to him. Now，inspired by the achievement，Xiong makes up his 7 to win more titles in the future.

Xiong has set an excellent example to 8 of us. His story tells us that we should try 9 best to overcome any 10 （difficult）in life.

【文章出處】http：//www.ynci.cn/html/2012/headline_ 1202/7475.html

【New Words】professional adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的gymnasium n.健身房，體育館

【文本導(dǎo)讀】熊朝忠，一個礦洞坑里成長起來的窮孩子，為了生活和夢想而走上職業(yè)拳擊之路，被稱為 “中國小泰森”“中國男子職業(yè)拳擊第一人”。

【文題析讀】

1. is?？疾橹^語動詞。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里應(yīng)填系動詞，構(gòu)成主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

2. working。考查非謂語動詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞working 作定語，修飾“miner”。

3. which?？疾殛P(guān)系詞?！?3 made him very strong”是非限制性定語從句，先行詞為前面的整個句子。故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。

4. for?？疾榻樵~。for the first time是固定詞組，意為“第一次”。

5. held。考查非謂語動詞。過去分詞held作定語，修飾“competition”，表示完成和被動。

6. the。考查冠詞。根據(jù)上下文，空格后的“success”是特指，故其前面應(yīng)使用定冠詞。

7. mind?？疾槊~。make up one’s mind是固定詞組，意為“決心”。

8. all?？疾榇~。all of us意為“我們大家”。

9. our?？疾榇~。try one’s best意為“盡力”。根據(jù)上文中的“us”和“we”可知，one’s的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)和us和we保持一致。

10. difficulty?？疾槊~。difficult的名詞形式是difficulty。

【難句解讀】

原文：After his 6-years’ training，the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition held at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012，becoming China’s first international boxing champion.

譯文：經(jīng)過六年訓(xùn)練，熊朝忠贏得了2012年11月24日在昆明體育館舉辦的世界拳擊理事會（WBC）的輕量級的比賽，成為中國第一名國際拳擊冠軍。

分析：這是一個簡單句，“the boxer won the World Boxing Council（WBC）minimum-weight competition”是句子的主干，“held at the Kunming Gymnasium on November 24，2012”和“becoming China’s first international boxing champion”是非謂語動詞短語，分別作定語和結(jié)果狀語。

Passage 4

職業(yè)關(guān)鍵詞 application體裁說明文短文詞數(shù) 220建議時間7分鐘正確率/10新鮮度★★★★☆難度★★★★☆話題工作與

Interviewer：Hello!

Interviewee：Hello! Glad to meet you.

Interviewer：Tell me something about 1 ，please.

Interviewee：My name is Wan Mei and I’m a college student， 2 （major）in Public Administration. I like travelling and enjoy sports.

Interviewer：Your application form 3 （say）you were out of school for half a year during high school. What was the reason？Were you ill？

Interviewee：Oh，no. My father’s job 4 （take）him to America for six months then，and he decided to take the family along.

Interviewer：So during that time you went to high school in the United States？

Interviewee：Yes，it was just for 5 few months. I attended Johnson High School in Chicago.

Interviewer：Tell me 6 you are interested in working for this company， 7 you？

Interviewee：I think working in this company would give me the best opportunity to use 8 I’ve learned at college. I think this company has a great future. So for a long time I’ve been thinking I’d like 9 （work）for this company.

Interviewer：Have you ever worked during your university days？

Interviewee：Yes. I worked 10 a teacher to teach a middle school student English.

Interviewer：There’s a good chance for you to come to work for this company. Thank you for coming. Goodbye!

Interviewee：Goodbye!

【文章出處】http：//www.gzu521.com/campus/article/ english/200608/83692_3.htm

http：//www.hbrc.com/rczx/news-1132541.html

【New Words】administration n.管理，經(jīng)營，行政部門 application n.請求，申請 major vi.主修

【文本導(dǎo)讀】大學(xué)生就業(yè)時，面試是一個非常重要的過程。在求職過程中注意一些基本技巧，能夠事半功倍，增強(qiáng)面試的有效性。

【文題析讀】

1. yourself?？疾榇~。根據(jù)下文內(nèi)容可知，此處是要求面試者進(jìn)行自我介紹，所以填yourself。

2. majoring?？疾榉侵^語動詞。現(xiàn)在分詞majoring作定語，修飾“student”，與“student”之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系。

3. says。考查謂語動詞。說話人看到申請表上“寫著”，是現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，因此用一般現(xiàn)在時。

4. took?？疾橹^語動詞。根據(jù)上下文提示，這里是在談?wù)摗爱?dāng)初”的事情，因此要用一般過去時。

5. a?？疾楣谠~。a few months意為“幾個月”。

6. why?？疾橘e語從句。下文的回答解釋了求職者想在這家公司工作的原因，故應(yīng)填why進(jìn)行提問。

7. will?？疾榍閼B(tài)動詞。祈使句的反義疑問部分，一般用will you。

8. what?？疾檫B接詞。what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，同時在從句中作“l(fā)earned”的賓語。

9. to work?？疾榉侵^語動詞。考查“would like to do”的固定用法。

10. as?？疾榻樵~。work as...意為“職業(yè)是……”。

【難句解讀】

原文：There’s a good chance for you to come to work for this company.

譯文：有一個你來這家公司工作的好機(jī)會。

分析：這是一個there be句型的簡單句，“for you to come to work for this company”是不定式作定語，修飾句子主語“chance”。

Passage 5

新鮮度★★★☆☆難度★★★☆☆話題學(xué)校生活關(guān)鍵詞test體裁說明文短文詞數(shù) 230建議時間6分鐘正確率/10

Tracy：Mum，that smells good. But Alice，I thought you don’t like coffee.

Alice：I don’t 1 （especial）like it，but I have to stay up late tonight. I think having some coffee will keep me awake. Would you like some？

Tracy：OK! And where are Catherine and Sherry？

Alice：I don’t think they’ll come back tonight. They 2 （have）a final review for tomorrow’s test.

Tracy：Will it last all night？

Alice：Probably not，but our dorm 3 at 11：00. If they don’t come back now，they will have to stay out overnight. But don’t worry about them；they know how 4（take）care of themselves.

Tracy：If they don’t get enough sleep tonight， 5 can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow？

Alice：I heard that one of their classmates 6 （get）a copy of last year’s test. Everyone thinks that the same questions 7 （ask）again on this year’s test. So，working out the answers is much more 8 （importance）than sleeping.

Tracy：I hope they are right about that. Otherwise，they’ll be in trouble.

Alice：You seem to have good 9 （prepare）for all your tests. And I still have to go over these two chapters. Otherwise，I won’t be able to sleep well tonight. I’m sorry that I have to keep my light 10 .

Tracy：Don’t worry about it. I can put on my eye-covers. Good night!

【文章出處】http：//www.etweb.fju.edu.tw/tracy/speaking/

【New Words】chapter n.（書籍）章

【文本導(dǎo)讀】你可能是一個一聽到“考試”兩個字，就會手心冒汗的人。這里的對話提供了一些辦法幫你應(yīng)對如何準(zhǔn)備考試。

【文題析讀】

1. especially。考查副詞?？崭裉幰畹脑~用來修飾動詞like，所以此處要填其副詞形式especially。

2. are having。考查謂語動詞。句意為：我認(rèn)為他們今晚不會來了，他們正在為明天的考試復(fù)習(xí)。所以此處要用are having表示動作正在進(jìn)行。

3. closes?？疾橹^語動詞。該句表示動作經(jīng)常發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，根據(jù)主謂一致原則及空格處的句意可知，此處應(yīng)填closes。注意此處dorm不表示動作的發(fā)出者，所以不用被動語態(tài)。

4. to take?？疾椴欢ㄊ?。此處用疑問副詞加動詞不定式“to take”作動詞know的賓語。

5. how?？疾橐蓡柧?。句意為：如果他們今晚沒有充足的睡眠，他們?nèi)绾卧诿魈斓目荚囍杏凶銐虻木δ?？前一分句提出假設(shè)，后一分句用how表示反問。

6. got。考查謂語動詞。由“heard”可判斷動作發(fā)生在過去，所以此處要用一般過去時態(tài)的got。

7. will be asked?？疾橹^語動詞。此處用將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)will be asked表示“大家都認(rèn)為今年試卷上的考題將會與去年的一樣”。

8. important。考查形容詞。此處考查比較級用法“more+形容詞原級+than”，故應(yīng)填important。

9. preparations?？疾槊~。本句中的“good”修飾限定名詞，故此處用prepare的名詞形式preparation。good preparations表示“充分準(zhǔn)備”。

10. on?？疾榻樵~。從前面的“I still have to go over these two chapters. Otherwise，I won’t be able to sleep well tonight”可知，Alice要復(fù)習(xí)功課，因此她要開著燈，此處應(yīng)用“l(fā)eave my ligh on”結(jié)構(gòu)。

【難句解讀】

原文：If they don’t get enough sleep tonight，how can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow？

譯文：如果他們今天晚上得不到充足的睡眠，那他們在明天的考試期間怎么會有足夠的精力呢？

分析：本句是一個主從復(fù)合句；“how can they have enough energy during the test tomorrow”是主句，“If they don’t get enough sleep tonight”是一個由if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。

Passage 6

The Lantern Festival體裁說明文短文詞數(shù)180建議時間5分鐘正確率/10新鮮度★★★☆☆難度★★☆☆☆話題節(jié)假日活動關(guān)鍵詞

The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month. As early as the Western Han Dynasty，it had become a festival with great 1 （important）. It marks the end of the Chinese New Year 2 （celebrate）.

This day’s main activity is watching lanterns. Throughout the Han Dynasty，one emperor heard that Buddhist monks would light lanterns to respect Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month， 3 he ordered the imperial palace and temples to do so on this day. Later，the ceremony developed into a grand festival among common people and 4 influence spread 5 the Central Plains to the whole of China.

Till today，the lantern festival 6 （hold）each year around the country. Lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets， 7 （attract）countless visitors.

“Guessing lantern riddles” is 8 necessary part of the Festival. If visitors have right answers to the 9 ，they will get a little gift. As riddle guessing is 10 （interest）and full of wisdom，it has become popular among all people.

【文章出處】http：//www.china.org.cn/english/features/ Festivals/78320.htm

【New Words】The Lantern Festival元宵節(jié) Buddhist adj.佛教的 imperial adj.皇帝的

【文本導(dǎo)讀】中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日形式多樣，內(nèi)容豐富，是我們中華民族悠久的歷史文化的一個組成部分。每年農(nóng)歷的正月十五，春節(jié)剛過，迎來的就是漢族傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——元宵節(jié)。元宵節(jié)作為一個傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，人們有著各種各樣的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣去慶祝?，F(xiàn)在，讓我們一起走進(jìn)元宵節(jié)。

【文題析讀】

1. importance?？疾槊~。根據(jù)前面的介詞“with”和形容詞“great”可知，這里應(yīng)該填important的名詞形式importance。

2. celebrations?？疾槊~。the Chinese New Year celebrations意為“新年慶祝活動”。

3. so?？疾檫B詞。根據(jù)句子前后之間的關(guān)系可知，這是一個因果關(guān)系的并列復(fù)合句，故應(yīng)填并列連詞so。

4. its/the?？疾楣谠~或代詞。 這里的inf l uence實際上是指“the ceremony”的影響，故此處應(yīng)填定冠詞the或its。

5. from?？疾榻樵~。from與to連用，表示“從……到……”。

6. is held?？疾橹^語動詞。本句缺少謂語，且“the lantern festival”與“hold”之間是被動關(guān)系，根據(jù)“each year”可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。

7. attracting?？疾榉侵^語動詞。attracting作結(jié)果狀語。

8. a?？疾楣谠~。這里表示泛指，“necessary”是輔音開頭的詞語，所以應(yīng)用不定冠詞a修飾。

9. riddles。考查邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)上文可知，這里應(yīng)填riddles。

10. interesting/of interest。考查形容詞。interesting作表語，相當(dāng)于“of interest”。

【難句解讀】

原文：Throughout the Han Dynasty，one emperor heard that Buddhist monks would light lanterns to respect Buddha on the 15th day of the 1st lunar month，so he ordered the imperial palace and temples to do so on this day.

譯文：在漢代，一位皇帝聽說僧侶在正月十五常常燃燈敬佛，于是他下令宮廷和寺院在正月十五這天都要掛燈。

分析：整體上，本句是一個由so連接的有因果關(guān)系的并列復(fù)合句。其中，第一個分句含有一個that引導(dǎo)的從句，作heard的賓語。

（此文系河南省教育科學(xué)“十二五”規(guī)劃2015年度立項課題《新課標(biāo)下高中英語文本三維教學(xué)策略的研究與實踐》<課題編號：〔2015〕-JKGHYB-1155，主持人：龐先慶>的終期運用性研究成果）

（作者單位：河南省鎮(zhèn)平縣雪楓中學(xué)）