湖北 徐鴻鳴

了解議論文特點 突破議論文閱讀理解

湖北 徐鴻鳴

議論文是高中英語閱讀理解中常見的文體之一，更由于其獨特的文章體裁，在閱讀理解的設題方面?？梢哉业揭恍┚哂泄残缘奶攸c，了解了這些特點對做好此類閱讀理解題會起到事半功倍的效果。

一、英語議論文結構模式

凡是議論文大都以“三段論”為主要模式，短者即三段，長者分為三部分：一部分為主題，一部分為論據，另一部分為結論。不同之處主要體現在三個部分的位置安排有時不一樣。議論文的組織結構大致可分為以下四種類型：

圖一

圖二

圖三

圖四

圖一的正三角形是指文章在開頭部分進行鋪墊或設置懸念，繼而逐漸推進，到了文章結尾處才點明文章主題，漢語的議論文常用此法。圖二的倒三角形是指文章在開頭部分就點明主題，即我們常說的“開門見山”，之后通過具體分析或實例對論點進行論證，在文章最后對觀點再進行歸納、總結或進行強化，這是英語議論文最為常見的一種模式。圖三的五邊形是指文章開頭部分對論點進行鋪墊或設置懸念，在中間部分點明主題，此后考慮到論據的充分性，又繼續(xù)通過事例進行進一步論證，最后進行總結或歸納。圖四是指整篇文章貌似都在說明某一事例，但全文都難以找到能夠體現文章主旨的主題句或主題段，內容顯得零散，層次也不夠清晰，這類文章不常見。

二、議論文閱讀理解的主要題型

從近幾年的高考英語閱讀理解來看，議論文類閱讀理解的命題類型主要有：

1.主旨大意題

考查考生對議論文基本觀點的理解，是主旨題設題的目標，解答這類題型要弄清作者想表達什么，即作者寫此文章的目的。常見的主旨大意題命題形式有：

①The purpose of this passage is probably to tell_____.

②The author is primarily concerned with______.

③The writer of the article mainly wants to tell us_____.

④Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage？

⑤Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passage？

⑥The main（central）idea/ The best title/ The main fact of the story suggests_____.

2.推理判斷題

這類題型的特點是以事實為依據，但其結果又不是事實本身，它主要測試考生的邏輯思維能力，側重于推理。常見設題形式有：

①Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？或It can be inferred from the passage that______.

②The author implies______.

③From the text we know/ we can learn that_____.

④The story implies that_____.

⑤From the passage，we can draw a conclusion that ______.或We can conclude from the paragraph that______.這類題型中常用的關鍵詞匯有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，conclude，learn from以及probably，most，likely，can，could，may，might等。

3.細節(jié)理解題

細節(jié)理解題是所有閱讀理解文體設題的主要形式，議論文也不例外。這類題型要求考生理解文中的具體觀點和具體事實。此類設題一般分為兩種，一種是考查原文細節(jié)本身，一種是考查某些細節(jié)在文中的意義。細節(jié)題有常見的幾種表現形式：例證題（文中舉例的作用）、是非判斷題、數字和年代以及一些細節(jié)內容的考查。命題常以五個W（which，what，who，when，why）和一個H（how）來引起提問。解答此類題型需要確定設問的角度，然后帶著問題在文章中準確定位信息，之后再通過一定的推理、分析、判斷和比較來確定答案。

4.文章結構題

文章結構題是議論文最為常見的一種設題形式之一，考查文章的寫作框架或結構模式，命題形式常以圖示的方法呈現，如2015年北京卷D篇：

70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage？

I：Introduction P：Point

Sp：Sub-point（次要點） C：Conclusion

其他的設題方式還有：

①The passage is written in the form/ order of______.

②The writer writes the article/organizes the clues/shapes the outline by______.

5.作者態(tài)度題

這類題型需要考生判斷作者在文章中表達的針對文章的中心要點或就某一具體事件的觀點或者態(tài)度。常見設題形式有：

①The writer’s attitude towards...is_____.

②What is the purpose of...？

③According to the writer/author，we can know that he/ she______.

④The writer/author wrote the passage in order to_____.

⑤What do you think the writer will continue to talk about in the next passage？

如2014年全國新課標卷Ⅰ：

30. What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

三、議論文閱讀理解技巧

1.抓論點，尋論據

閱讀議論文我們要抓住論題，即作者提出的觀點，抓住了論點，我們就把握住了中心。由于議論文最常用的模式是開篇便提出問題或是明確擺明觀點，而在最后一段對該觀點進行進一步強調或歸納，因此多數情況下認真閱讀第一段便可以了解文章的主旨（論點），再結合結尾段落更可以明確進行確認。如2015年廣東卷C篇：

Daniel Anderson，a famous psychologist，believes it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV，he says，for problems it doesn’t really cause，overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.

...

For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However，by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed，Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without considering other influences.

40. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To advise on the educational use of TV.

B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.

C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.

D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.

【解析】D。主旨大意題。文章第一段中，作者便提到“it’s important to distinguish television’s influences on children from those of the family”，意即電視對于孩子們的影響相對于過去的觀點應該重新定義，最后一段進一步提到“television cannot be condemned without considering other influences”，即不應該按照常規(guī)，不考慮電視的其他影響而去譴責電視，故推斷出這篇文章的目的是呈現Anderson打破常規(guī)的想法。

2.注重文章結構，理清文章脈絡

把握文章結構，有利于對文章大意的理解，從論證方面來講，常見的議論文結構有以下兩類：

（1）put forward a question→analyze the question→solve the question即“提出問題→分析問題→解決問題”的過程。

（2）argument/idea→evidence→conclusion/restating the idea即“由論點到論據到結構或者強調論點”的過程。

如2015年北京卷D篇：

Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better. However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

An example at hand is...

Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

文章開篇第一段提出論點：技術的發(fā)展影響人們生活的方方面面，主要是好的影響，但有時人們一些工作方式的改變會被人們誤以為是態(tài)度的變化，接著作者以父母對孩子的管教為例，論證了父母借助現代技術對孩子教育的參與度和溝通較之以往更多、更好，以此來論證自己的觀點，最后一段又對這一觀點進行強化，屬于典型的第二種模式“argument/idea→evidence→conclusion/restating the idea”。

3.體會文章語言特點，把握作者寫作態(tài)度，準確進行推理判斷

能否把握作者的觀點和態(tài)度是體現閱讀能力的重要方面，一般來說，對作者的總的態(tài)度和傾向，必須在通讀全文，掌握了論點和論據后，方能做出判斷。在判斷作者觀點態(tài)度時，我們應注意，有時候作者的觀點和態(tài)度并不是明確地表達出來的，需要我們認真感悟，做推理判斷時，一定要遵循邏輯規(guī)律，以事實為依據進行合理的推斷。

四、真題演練

以2015年天津卷閱讀理解D篇為例：

Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk，I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment，and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty（強大的）forces will come to your aid.

Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water，forced by courage or circumstance，I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.

Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize.

Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college classmate of mine，Tim，was an excellent football player，even though he weighed much less than the average player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player，who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，”said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet—and stopped him cold.”

Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight. But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely，there will be setbacks（挫折）and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.

So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.

51. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past？

A. He faced huge risks.

B. He lacked mighty forces.

C. Fear prevented him from trying.

D. Failure blocked his way to success.

52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part？

A. Swallow more than you can digest.

B. Act slightly above your abilities.

C. Develop more mysterious powers.

D. Learn to make creative decisions.

53. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game？

A. His physical strength.

B. His basic skill.

C. His real fear.

D. His spiritual force.

54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5？

A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.

B. Trying without success is meaningless.

C. Repeated failure creates a better life.

D. Boldness can be gained little by little.

55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？

A. To encourage people to be courageous.

B. To advise people to build up physical power.

C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.

D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.

【解析】本文是一篇議論文。作者聯系自己的經歷說明了大膽的重要性及其養(yǎng)成，并鼓勵人們要有勇氣和膽量，敢于面對挫折，積累力量和智慧，努力實現自己的夢想。

51. C。細節(jié)理解題。根據第二段“It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all”可知，作者過去沒能達成目標是因為他害怕失敗。

52. B。句意理解題。根據下文“And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces”可以推測出這里的含義為“行為略高于你的能力”。故選B項。

53. D。細節(jié)理解題。根據第四段首句“Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones.”可知，Tim在足球比賽中能夠成功的防守在于他的強大的精神力量。

54. D。主旨大意題。根據第五段首句“Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.”可知，大膽是一點點獲得的而并非一夜之間就能得到。故選D項。

55. A。作者意圖題。根據全文可知，作者聯系自己的親身經歷說明了大膽的重要性，并鼓勵人們要有勇氣和膽量，因此他寫這篇文章的目的也就是要鼓勵人們要有勇氣，A選項的意思與文章主旨完全吻合。

（作者單位：湖北省巴東縣第一中學）