遼寧 趙昌鐵
“兩招”搞定介詞考點(diǎn)
遼寧 趙昌鐵
介詞概述:介詞是虛詞的一種,是十大詞類之一,在句中不能作獨(dú)立成分,往往需要和它后面的名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞或過(guò)去分詞等構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或比較固定的搭配,在句中作狀語(yǔ)、后置定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。介詞的種類很多,含義也很豐富,需要考生掌握其要領(lǐng),得乎其法即可攻破。
兩招備考:要想在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握介詞的用法,并充分運(yùn)用于學(xué)習(xí)和考試中,就需要同學(xué)們記住以下兩招,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“高效備考”。
在這一部分中,需要考生按照以下五種分類方式記憶考試中??嫉慕樵~,理解其在具體語(yǔ)境、試題中的考查,做到“心中有數(shù),不亂陣腳”。
1. 表示“地點(diǎn)、方位”的介詞:on(在……上面,表示毗鄰或接壤);in(在……里面,范圍之內(nèi)的);under(在……下面);near(在……附近)等。
【高考鏈接】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·短文改錯(cuò))Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
【解析】把on改為in。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可知,這里表示“在商店的櫥窗里擺放著一個(gè)玩具”,故應(yīng)把on改為in。而介詞on表示“在……上面”。
2. 表示“時(shí)間”的介詞:in/at/on(在……時(shí)候);in/ after(在……之后);from/since(自從……)等。
【高考鏈接】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·書面表達(dá))If you are able to come with us,please let us know and wel’l wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.
【解析】本句為書面表達(dá)所給范文中的一句,該句中的“at the school gate”意為“在學(xué)校大門口”,“at 9”意為“在九點(diǎn)鐘”。
3. 表示“方法、手段”的介詞:by(以……方法、手段,或泛指乘坐某種交通工具);with(用……工具、手段,一般接具體的工具或手段);in(用……方式,用……語(yǔ)言、顏色、筆墨等)。
【高考鏈接】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·語(yǔ)法填空)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour way_66_car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
【解析】by。從桂林乘車到這里僅用一個(gè)小時(shí),by car意為“乘汽車”。
4. 表示“范圍、根據(jù)”等其他意義的介詞:on/ about(關(guān)于);except(除了……之外,不包括在內(nèi));besides(除了……之外,包括在內(nèi))
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016·河北省石家莊市高三復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)《二》·語(yǔ)法填空)Even if you can’t return to your sport right away,a doctor might have suggestions and advice_69_what you can do to stay fit.
【解析】on/ about。分析句意可知,這里指的是“做什么來(lái)保持健康的建議”,故應(yīng)用介詞on/about表示“關(guān)于”之意。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016·遼寧省撫順市普通高中應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生高考模擬試題·語(yǔ)法填空)_65_these,about 10% of air pollution is caused by other reasons.
【解析】Besides。由上下文語(yǔ)境可分析出,此處表示“除了這些之外,還有10%的空氣污染是由其他原因?qū)е碌摹薄?/p>
5. 表示“運(yùn)動(dòng)方向”的介詞:through(穿過(guò),從物體內(nèi)部穿過(guò));across(橫過(guò),從物體表面通過(guò))
【高考鏈接】(2015·福建卷·書面表達(dá))We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.
【解析】本句為范文中的一句,其中介詞through意為“通過(guò)”。
第二招:掌握介詞(短語(yǔ))與其他詞類構(gòu)成的搭配關(guān)系
結(jié)合近年來(lái)的高考真題和模擬題,筆者將從兩個(gè)方面闡述本部分內(nèi)容,即:從介詞(短語(yǔ))與其他詞類的搭配關(guān)系角度梳理;常用的短語(yǔ)匯總小結(jié)。這樣設(shè)置的目的是先體會(huì)高考考題,然后掌握??嫉亩陶Z(yǔ),從而達(dá)到靈活運(yùn)用的功效。
(一)注意搭配關(guān)系
1.“動(dòng)詞+介詞”
【高考鏈接】(2015·北京卷·完形填空)Over the next few days,they sent out invitations and prepared desserts __4__5_their guests.
A. to B. with
C. for D. from
【解析】C。“prepare...for...”為固定短語(yǔ),意為“為……準(zhǔn)備”,在這里指“他們?yōu)猷従觽儨?zhǔn)備了一些甜點(diǎn)”。故選C項(xiàng)。
【高考鏈接】(2015·江蘇卷·完形填空)It_46_ that among other things,he was an eighty-year-old writer.
A. came out
B. worked out
C. proved out
D. turned out
【解析】D。come out意為“出版,出現(xiàn)”;work out意為“鍛煉,解決”;prove out意為“證明是合適的”;turn out意為“最后結(jié)果是”。根據(jù)下文中的“he was an eighty-year-old writer”可知,“我”跟這位病友不經(jīng)意的交談,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一位八十歲的作家。D項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。
【高考鏈接】(2015·安徽卷·完形填空)The result is that we_49_useful possessions to make room for new ones.
A. pick up
B. pay for
C. hold onto
D. throw away
【解析】D。pick up意為“撿起,(接)某人”;pay for意為“償還,付款”;hold onto意為“堅(jiān)持不懈,抓住”;throw away意為“扔掉”。根據(jù)空后的“make room for new ones”可知,此處指被廣告說(shuō)服的結(jié)果就是我們會(huì)扔掉一些還有用的物品來(lái)給新物品騰出空間。D項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。
2.“介詞+名詞(短語(yǔ))”
【高考鏈接】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·短文改錯(cuò))Unfortunately,on the development of industrialization,the envi-ronment has been polluted.
【解析】把on改為with?!皐ith the development of”為固定短語(yǔ),意為“隨著……的發(fā)展”。
【高考鏈接】(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ·語(yǔ)法填空)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;__6__7_the same time,they warm up again for the night.
在女主人公的生活故事中,構(gòu)成兩性關(guān)系影響的男人有五位,他們是劍、李木、子墨、老師和“他”(抑或“金岳霖”)。這些男子分作兩組,與女主人公形成兩個(gè)“多角戀”關(guān)系。第一個(gè)多角戀即構(gòu)成了“江山嬌”敘述線。其戀情關(guān)系發(fā)生在江山嬌與劍、李木和老師之間,時(shí)間在江山嬌與李木結(jié)婚前。最終以江山嬌與李木結(jié)婚而告結(jié)。第二個(gè)多角戀構(gòu)成了“伊一”敘述線。其戀情關(guān)系在伊一與子墨、李木和“他”之間進(jìn)行。這個(gè)戀情是無(wú)解的,乃至一直到伊一絕塵而去。
【解析】at。“at the same time”為固定搭配,意為“與此同時(shí)”。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016·福建省五校高中畢業(yè)班統(tǒng)一考試·完形填空)The 19-year-old,believed to be Britain’s first selfie addict,is now under special treatment_51_.
A. at home
B. in hospital
C. at school
D.at work
【解析】B。根據(jù)該句中的“under special treatment”和下文中的“to the doctors,in hospital,at a clinic”可推出,他正在醫(yī)院接受特別的治療。故選B項(xiàng)。
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016·山西省高三下學(xué)期高考前質(zhì)量檢測(cè)·語(yǔ)法填空)Art usually appears_67_the form of diverse architecture,body decoration,clothing manufacture,and memorial sculptures.
3.“名詞+介詞”
【經(jīng)典試題】(2016·河南省六市高三第一次聯(lián)考·語(yǔ)法填空)Most schools offer different kinds_62_hobby classes.
【解析】of?!癲ifferent kinds of”為固定搭配,意為“各種不同種類的”。
4.“形容詞+介詞”
【高考鏈接】(2015·湖南卷·語(yǔ)法填空)There is a lot more material available,which means you may be overwhelmed__53_the amount of information.
【解析】with?!癰e overwhelmed with”為固定短語(yǔ),意為“對(duì)……不知所措”。
(二)常用的搭配組合
1.介詞to的搭配
短 語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)意思與名詞常見搭配the solution to the problem問(wèn)題的解決方法the key to the door門的鑰匙the answer to the question問(wèn)題的答案to the point切中要害,中肯to one’s taste合某人胃口to one’s surprise/ joy/ delight令人吃驚/高興的是approach to sth.通往……的路,學(xué)習(xí)……的方法attitude to/towards對(duì)待……的態(tài)度dance to music伴著音樂(lè)跳舞the entrance to……的入口have/gain access to有……的機(jī)會(huì)介詞t o與動(dòng)詞常見搭配devote...to...為……做貢獻(xiàn)adjust...to...調(diào)節(jié)……以適應(yīng)adapt...to...適應(yīng)……attach...to...把……粘貼到……上owe...to...把……歸功于……object to反對(duì)look forward to盼望pay attention to注意get down to開始認(rèn)真做某事see to照料,注意owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物,把……歸功于/歸因于make contributions to為……做出貢獻(xiàn)be(get)used to習(xí)慣于prefer...to...寧愿……而不belong to屬于lead to通向,導(dǎo)致put an end to結(jié)束point to指著stick to堅(jiān)持hold on to緊緊抓住,堅(jiān)持look up to尊敬,尊重compared to與……相比be admitted to被錄取,獲準(zhǔn)做某事live up to依照……行事,做到,不辜負(fù)apply to適用于,應(yīng)用于attend to注意,照料,致力于appeal to有吸引力,呼吁,上訴respond to應(yīng)答與形容詞常見搭配be related to與……有關(guān)be sensitive to對(duì)……感到敏感be similar to與……相似be linked to與……有關(guān)be relevant to和……相關(guān)be important to對(duì)……很重要be beneficial to對(duì)……有益be superior to比……優(yōu)越be equal to相等,等于……be familiar to對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)是熟悉的be blind to對(duì)……視而不見be addicted to沉溺于
2.介詞in構(gòu)成的常見短語(yǔ)
in common with與……有共同之處in face of面對(duì)……in time of在……的時(shí)候in danger of處于……危險(xiǎn)中in defence of保衛(wèi),保護(hù)in need/want of需要……in short of缺……in favor of贊成,有利于in exchange for作為……的交換in memory of紀(jì)念……in honor of向……致敬in praise of歌頌,為頌揚(yáng)……in charge of負(fù)責(zé)……in the charge of由……負(fù)責(zé)in possession of擁有……in the possession of為……所有,被某人占有in search of尋找,搜尋in touch with和……保持聯(lián)系in preparation for為……做準(zhǔn)備in place of代替,取代in the hope of懷著……的希望in the course of在……的過(guò)程中in the habit of有……的習(xí)慣in front of在……的前面in the form of以……的形式in the front of在……的前部in the name of以……的名義in relation to關(guān)于,涉及in regard to關(guān)于/至于……in return for作為……回報(bào)in terms of就……而言in harmony with與……協(xié)調(diào)
3.常用介詞與形容詞的搭配
be conscious of 意識(shí)到……be fond of喜愛be aware of意識(shí)到,知道be strict with sb. in sth.對(duì)某人某方面嚴(yán)格be worthy of值得,配得上be different from與……不同be absent from缺席be popular with受到……的歡迎be present at出席be tired of厭倦……be busy with忙于……be lost in迷失在……中be anxious about為……而憂慮be buried in沉思,專心于be ashamed of因……感到羞恥be absorbed in全神貫注于be familiar with熟悉
【小試牛刀】
一、單句語(yǔ)法填空,在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~1. To our disappointment,most companies are_______ favor of tradable pollution permits.
2. Famously known for his brief and short sentences,Hemingway created an interesting and unique style of writing that still appeals________readers today.
3. Usually,people often go_______four distinct phases: the honeymoon phase,the negotiation phase,the adjustment phase and the mastery phase.
4. When you are talking to someone by texting or messaging them,physical touch does not exist at all,which can limit the connection_______the people in the communication.
5. What most people are less aware of,however,are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have_______the environment.
二、單句改錯(cuò)6. I need a cell to keep in touch my friends and my family. 7. It was on Sunday so I didn’t have to go to school as usual.
8. She said that she had asked for a day off from work to look for me.
9. In the course of the conversation we mentioned to the teachers who had taught us at school.
10. After school,F(xiàn)rank was about to enter into his apartment when he saw a little dirty dog lying beside the dustbin.
【參考答案】1. in 2. to 3. through 4. between 5. on 6. 在touch和my之間加with 7. 去掉on 8.第二個(gè)for改為after 9. 去掉to 10. 去掉into
(作者單位:遼寧省鐵嶺市張莊學(xué)校)
“Siri, delete Mom from my contacts.”Siri,把媽媽從通訊錄里刪除吧。(母親逝世)