中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會器官移植醫(yī)師分會
中華醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會器官移植學(xué)組
中國肝移植注冊中心科學(xué)委員會
·專家共識·
中國移植器官保護(hù)專家共識(2016版)
中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會器官移植醫(yī)師分會
中華醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會器官移植學(xué)組
中國肝移植注冊中心科學(xué)委員會
器官移植是目前治療終末期臟器功能衰竭最為有效的手段。研究表明,供器官獲取、保存及移植后缺血再灌注損傷是影響移植預(yù)后的重要因素[1]。自20世紀(jì)中期起,各研究中心不斷研發(fā)、改進(jìn)器官保存液,如Collins液、UW(the University of Wisconsin)液、HTK(histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate)液等相繼問世,促進(jìn)了基于器官保存液的靜態(tài)冷保存(static cold storage,SCS)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,使器官保存進(jìn)一步擺脫了時(shí)間及地域限制,器官保護(hù)技術(shù)進(jìn)入嶄新的紀(jì)元,極大推動(dòng)了器官移植事業(yè)的進(jìn)步[2]。SCS仍是目前器官保存最常用的技術(shù),為全球多數(shù)器官移植中心廣泛使用。目前,公民逝世后器官捐獻(xiàn)已成為我國器官移植供器官的主要來源。然而捐獻(xiàn)器官本身以及較長的熱缺血、冷缺血時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致缺血再灌注損傷(ischemic reperfusion injury,IRI)更為嚴(yán)重,顯著影響移植預(yù)后。因此,如何改善供器官質(zhì)量尤為重要[3]。近年來,新興的機(jī)械灌注技術(shù)應(yīng)用于器官保存與修復(fù),但受壓力、灌流速度、氧合情況等參數(shù)綜合影響,其廣泛應(yīng)用還需大量多中心臨床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證[4]。
目前,國內(nèi)外各移植中心對不同器官保護(hù)的流程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一,器官保護(hù)技術(shù)方法的應(yīng)用缺乏統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范、指南,在國家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會支持下,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會器官移植醫(yī)師分會、中華醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會器官移植學(xué)組及中國肝移植注冊中心科學(xué)委員會組織專家,基于國內(nèi)外移植器官保護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)與臨床實(shí)踐,編寫《中國移植器官保護(hù)專家共識(2016版)》,重點(diǎn)介紹肝臟、腎臟、胰腺、小腸、心臟、肺臟器官保護(hù)相關(guān)技術(shù)及方法的共識,旨在更規(guī)范、有效、安全地指導(dǎo)器官移植工作。本共識依據(jù)的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)分級,主要參考2009 年牛津循證醫(yī)學(xué)中心證據(jù)分級,推薦意見強(qiáng)度主要參考“推薦分級的評估、制定與評價(jià)(Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation,GRADE)”系統(tǒng)[5-6](見表1)。
表1 循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)分級和推薦強(qiáng)度
注: RCT. 隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)
熱缺血損傷與供器官質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),而熱缺血時(shí)間是衡量熱缺血損傷最直接的指標(biāo)。熱缺血時(shí)間延長會繼發(fā)術(shù)后移植物失功和肝移植后膽道狹窄等并發(fā)癥[7],故器官獲取時(shí)須盡量減少熱缺血時(shí)間。目前熱缺血時(shí)間普遍定義為,從功能性熱缺血[收縮壓持續(xù)(至少2 min)低于50 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa,下同)或血紅蛋白氧飽和度低于70%]開始直至冷保存液開始灌洗[8-9]。各個(gè)臟器對熱缺血時(shí)間耐受程度略有不同,一般認(rèn)為供肝<30 min,供腎<60 min[10-11]。
腹部供器官獲取一般采用基于原位冷灌注的快速腹部器官獲取技術(shù),特點(diǎn)是降溫迅速可靠,主要步驟為:在器官表面冷卻的同時(shí)行主動(dòng)脈插管,后采用2~4 ℃保存液進(jìn)行器官灌洗。各器官灌洗技術(shù)具有一定差異,如肝臟獲取時(shí)需行門靜脈和主動(dòng)脈灌洗,小腸獲取保存時(shí)需行血管和腸管雙重灌洗。器官獲取后將其置入盛有冷保存液的無菌袋中,由器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)箱轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。器官獲取過程應(yīng)盡可能迅速,盡量縮短熱缺血時(shí)間,必要時(shí)保存液內(nèi)加入肝素、地塞米松以及抗生素等[12]。此外,獲取及修整器官時(shí),操作需輕柔細(xì)致避免機(jī)械損傷,供肝獲取時(shí)要注意保護(hù)膽管血供,對膽總管周圍組織不宜游離過多避免術(shù)后膽道缺血性損傷等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[13]。對于心臟死亡器官捐獻(xiàn)(donation after cardiac death,DCD)及腦死亡器官捐獻(xiàn)(donation after brain death,DBD),此類器官獲取涉及供者生命支持撤除,部分移植中心采用在體體外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持可改善移植預(yù)后[12];其后續(xù)器官獲取的方法與前述類似,但更強(qiáng)調(diào)抗凝,灌洗液需預(yù)冷,可加入肝素和纖維蛋白溶解劑如鏈激酶、重組組織型纖維蛋白酶原激活劑[14]。
2.1 肝臟保存修復(fù)
供肝質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣直接關(guān)系到受者移植手術(shù)的成功率及預(yù)后。目前一般通過供者年齡、體質(zhì)量、肝臟酶學(xué)指標(biāo)、膽紅素水平、肝臟影像學(xué)檢查、血清鈉、血清肌酐、ICU停留時(shí)間、冷/熱缺血時(shí)間及病理學(xué)檢查如脂肪變性等參數(shù)綜合評價(jià)供肝質(zhì)量[15]。
供肝的保存效果直接影響供肝質(zhì)量,目前SCS和機(jī)械灌注兩種方式均應(yīng)用于肝臟獲取后的保存及修復(fù)。SCS是目前肝臟保存應(yīng)用最廣泛的方法,UW液和HTK液是目前國際上應(yīng)用最廣泛的冷保存液,兩種溶液對于供肝短時(shí)間保存效果相當(dāng)[16]。其他保存液如IGL(Institute Georges Lopez)-1液,Leeds液、Polysol液和Celsior液等雖各有優(yōu)點(diǎn),但臨床效果有待進(jìn)一步評價(jià)[17-18]。理論上UW液可保存供肝20~24 h,但SCS過程中存在冷保存損傷,冷保存時(shí)間過長即冷缺血時(shí)間延長可以引起膽道并發(fā)癥、移植物失功甚至受者死亡。理想供肝冷保存時(shí)間不超過8 h,臨床實(shí)踐中供肝的保存時(shí)間一般不超過12~15 h[11, 19]。機(jī)械灌注是新興的供肝保存與修復(fù)技術(shù),其通過器官固有血管系統(tǒng)插管予以連續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)灌注輸送養(yǎng)分供給,同步實(shí)現(xiàn)器官保存與修復(fù)。該項(xiàng)技術(shù)對延長器官保存時(shí)限、改善器官質(zhì)量具有重要價(jià)值。根據(jù)灌注過程中維持溫度不同,可以分為低溫(4~6 ℃)機(jī)械灌注(hypothermic machine perfusion, HMP)[20]、亞低溫(20 ℃)機(jī)械灌注[21]和常溫(32~37 ℃)機(jī)械灌注(normothermic machine perfusion,NMP)[22],根據(jù)是否攜帶氧氣可分為攜氧灌注系統(tǒng)與非攜氧灌注系統(tǒng)。目前低溫非攜氧機(jī)械灌注有Lifeport肝臟修復(fù)系統(tǒng)(美國Organ Recovery Systems公司),NMP有OrganOx系統(tǒng)(英國OrganOx公司)及多功能機(jī)械灌注Liver Assist系統(tǒng)(荷蘭Organ Assist公司),多處于臨床前階段,國內(nèi)相關(guān)設(shè)備尚處于研發(fā)階段[23]。國外已有基于體外器官獲取系統(tǒng)(Extra-Corporal Organ Procurement System,ECOPS)設(shè)備(荷蘭Organ Assist公司)的低溫?cái)y氧灌注系統(tǒng)(hypothermic oxygenated perfusion,HOPE)應(yīng)用于臨床肝移植的報(bào)道,證實(shí)其對DCD供肝有保護(hù)作用[20]。Ⅰ期臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)NMP能有效改善肝移植術(shù)后7 d肝功能[22]。機(jī)械灌注為供肝保存修復(fù)提供了新思路,且保存及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過程中可實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測肝功能、膽汁分泌等指標(biāo),動(dòng)態(tài)評價(jià)供肝質(zhì)量。隨著研發(fā)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與完善,機(jī)械灌注將具有重要的臨床應(yīng)用前景[20]。腹部器官獲取及肝臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表2。
表2 腹部器官獲取及肝臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
2.2 腎臟保存修復(fù)
目前,臨床常用的供腎保存方式有:SCS和HMP,兩種保存方式各有利弊,在器官保存效果方面也有爭論[24-25]。最先嘗試使用HMP是在20世紀(jì)60年代[26],之后由于UW液的出現(xiàn),加之對HMP優(yōu)勢存在爭議,HMP在腎移植中的應(yīng)用研究陷入低谷。然而,隨著器官短缺成為移植醫(yī)學(xué)亟待解決的首要問題,邊緣供腎包括DCD與擴(kuò)大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)供者供腎逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床,與DBD供腎比較,其術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增高,功能恢復(fù)較差,移植腎長期生存率較低[27]。因此,常規(guī)冷保存已不能滿足邊緣供腎質(zhì)量修復(fù)的需求,供腎機(jī)械灌注再次成為研究熱點(diǎn)。目前,HMP在邊緣供腎中應(yīng)用的有效性已得到初步證實(shí)[28-29]。近年來,NMP的出現(xiàn)可能為邊緣供腎的修復(fù)和保存提供新的途徑,與SCS比較,術(shù)后受者移植腎功能延遲恢復(fù)(delayed graft function,DGF)發(fā)生率明顯降低,提示其在改善熱缺血損傷和抗氧化反應(yīng)方面有一定價(jià)值[30]。
應(yīng)用專用器官保存液,在2~4 ℃的容器中進(jìn)行SCS是目前供腎保存的主要方法[31-32]。理論上,UW液可保存腎臟72 h,但由于DGF發(fā)生率與冷缺血時(shí)間直接相關(guān),在準(zhǔn)備充分的條件下,盡量減少冷缺血時(shí)間可提高移植效果[12, 33]。
目前,移植腎冷保存液主要包括UW液、HTK液和高滲枸櫞酸鹽嘌呤(hypertonic citrate adenine,HCA)液。對于長時(shí)間的供腎保存,UW液與HTK液的保存效果存在爭議,有研究認(rèn)為UW液優(yōu)于HTK液,也有文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為二者保存效果相近[34-36]。HCA液具有配置簡單、價(jià)格便宜等特點(diǎn),可安全保存腎臟24 h,而其更新?lián)Q代產(chǎn)品HCA-2保存液可保存腎臟48 h[37]。
腎臟HMP主要包括Lifeport腎臟修復(fù)系統(tǒng)(美國Organ Recovery Systems公司)、脈沖式灌注泵RM3系統(tǒng)(美國Waters Medical Systems公司)和Kidney Assist設(shè)備(荷蘭Organ Assist公司)。自HMP問世以來,腎臟保存方式的選擇一直是爭論的焦點(diǎn)[38-40]。理論上,HMP具有保持血管通暢、提供部分能量和氧氣、清除代謝廢物等優(yōu)勢[26]。大量基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究證實(shí),HMP可顯著降低腎移植術(shù)后DGF的發(fā)生率,減少受者住院費(fèi)用并減輕醫(yī)療痛苦與負(fù)擔(dān),然而DGF的發(fā)生與受者長期生存時(shí)間無直接相關(guān)。目前,尚無腎臟攜氧HMP的臨床報(bào)道。
腎臟低溫機(jī)械灌注液主要為KPS-1(kidney preservation solution-1,即UW-G)液和HTK液。KPS-1為國際公認(rèn)、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的腎臟機(jī)械灌注液,在國內(nèi)也得到廣泛使用[41]。灌注壓、流量、阻力系數(shù)和溫度是腎臟HMP系統(tǒng)的主要參數(shù),可作為評價(jià)供腎質(zhì)量的部分依據(jù)。Lifeport腎臟修復(fù)系統(tǒng)中,高阻力系數(shù)為腎臟質(zhì)量低的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,單腎灌注壓為30~50 mmHg的情況下,灌注流量應(yīng)大于40 mL/min;高灌注壓較低灌注壓更有可能對腎臟產(chǎn)生灌注損傷。研究表明,腎臟平均流量大于1.56 mL/min,阻力系數(shù)低于0.27 mmHg·mL-1·min-1時(shí)(按100 g腎臟質(zhì)量計(jì)算),可能提示移植腎術(shù)后無DGF的發(fā)生。但是,不能單純依據(jù)這些參數(shù)決定供腎的使用或廢棄,應(yīng)結(jié)合臨床綜合考慮[42-43]。盡管HMP修復(fù)移植腎機(jī)制未完全明晰,但諸多研究證實(shí),在灌注充分的情況下(流量、阻力系數(shù)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn),灌注參數(shù)穩(wěn)定),盡量減少冷缺血時(shí)間及灌注壓力對移植腎術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)有積極作用[44-45]。腎臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表3。
表3 腎臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
注: 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
2.3 胰腺保存修復(fù)
目前胰腺移植和胰島移植手術(shù)主要應(yīng)用于Ⅰ型及部分Ⅱ型糖尿病患者[46-47]。胰腺對熱缺血極為敏感,熱缺血時(shí)間與移植后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān),當(dāng)熱缺血時(shí)間超過30 min,胰腺功能顯著降低[48]。故器官獲取時(shí)應(yīng)盡量減少胰腺熱缺血時(shí)間[49],做到迅速、細(xì)致游離[50],控制近、遠(yuǎn)端腹主動(dòng)脈和腎動(dòng)脈后行插管進(jìn)行在體低溫、低壓原位灌注[44-45]。胰腺獲取后主要采用4℃左右SCS[51-52],其冷缺血時(shí)間應(yīng)<12 h以保證胰腺功能[53-54]。器官保存液的選擇種類較多[55-56],目前應(yīng)用較多的是UW液和HTK液[57-59]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HTK液可能導(dǎo)致胰腺細(xì)胞水腫[60],且與移植后早期胰腺失功和移植后胰腺炎相關(guān)[61]。保存液目前首選UW液,經(jīng)UW液保存的胰腺在移植術(shù)后具有較好的胰島素分泌功能[62]。有學(xué)者采用雙層法[63]或吹入法[64]提高保存液攜氧能力,研究表明其可部分改善離體胰腺功能。
體外胰腺機(jī)械灌注保存與修復(fù)仍處于臨床前階段。與肝臟、腎臟相比,胰腺更易受到灌注液的壓力損傷[65]。隨著胰腺機(jī)械灌注技術(shù)的研發(fā)改進(jìn),其灌注效果將逐步改善。研究表明,采用低溫、低流量與壓力(灌注流量保持20~30 mL/min)進(jìn)行灌注可取得較好的效果[66]。NMP能更好地保持體外器官的活力,但是其代謝與耗氧大大高于HMP,對灌注液的壓力與攜氧能力要求較高,仍有待進(jìn)一步研究[67]。在胰腺體外灌注過程中,應(yīng)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測血管阻力和相關(guān)生化指標(biāo)來評價(jià)離體胰腺功能[68]。HMP胰腺最長保存時(shí)間可延長至24 h以上[68-69]。胰腺機(jī)械灌注的灌注液選擇目前尚缺乏相應(yīng)的對比研究報(bào)道,研究多采用通用的靜態(tài)冷保存液或者血液制品進(jìn)行灌注,專用機(jī)械灌注液有待于進(jìn)一步的研發(fā)[68]。
胰島移植研究表明,胰島應(yīng)在4 ℃ UW液中低溫保存[70]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,采用雙層法保存胰腺或在分離胰島時(shí)使用含氧的全氟化碳都可顯著增加胰島獲取量[65],獲得更好的組織功能,但依然存在爭議[51],有待更多研究驗(yàn)證。胰腺保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表4。
表4 胰腺保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
2.4 小腸保存修復(fù)
小腸移植在歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家已經(jīng)成為治療腸功能衰竭最有效的方法[71]。小腸對缺血損傷尤為敏感[72]。缺血損傷可致腸黏膜受損,腸道細(xì)菌移位至肝臟、脾臟等腸外器官導(dǎo)致全身感染[73],且作為一種非特異性損傷會提高移植物免疫原性,加重急、慢性排斥反應(yīng)[74]。供器官保護(hù)在小腸移植中尤其重要。
目前低溫灌洗及SCS是小腸獲取及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)中減少小腸損傷的最重要手段[75]。與其他實(shí)質(zhì)性器官不同,由于腸腔內(nèi)含有大量消化酶、細(xì)菌及毒素,小腸保存時(shí)需行血管和腸管雙重灌洗。小腸獲取時(shí)第1次血管灌洗是有益的,不推薦保存結(jié)束前第2次血管灌洗[76]。在供腸獲取時(shí)應(yīng)盡量縮短熱缺血時(shí)間,最長一般不超過60 min[77]。
在血管灌洗液及保存液的選擇上,目前UW液應(yīng)用最廣泛[78],近年來HTK液的使用日益增多[79]。HTK液與UW液相比,移植術(shù)后早期生存率、腸道功能、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率無明顯差異[80]。HTK液價(jià)格較UW液低,并且粘度低,更利于微血管的灌洗[81]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以HTK液、Celsior液和Polysol液保存的小腸,在能量代謝及病理上與UW液相比具有一定的優(yōu)勢[82]。但目前何種保存液更利于小腸保存仍無定論。冷保存時(shí)間是影響小腸移植預(yù)后的重要因素,目前小腸移植冷保存時(shí)間盡量控制在9 h以內(nèi)[83]。臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),多數(shù)小腸保存液可有效保存小腸6~8 h[84]。
體外機(jī)械灌注在小腸移植領(lǐng)域目前仍處于臨床前階段。1979年,Toledo等[85]首次報(bào)道了離體搏動(dòng)血管灌注應(yīng)用于小腸保存。2003年,Zhu等[86]開展了首例低溫氧合腸腔機(jī)械灌注,發(fā)現(xiàn)與SCS相比能更好地保存小腸。2015年,耶魯大學(xué)報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)新型的小腸保存裝置,首次采用了血管與腸腔雙腔灌注,使供腸病理學(xué)表現(xiàn)得到進(jìn)一步改善[87]。小腸保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表5。
表5 小腸保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
3.1 心臟保存修復(fù)
目前心臟移植供者主要選擇DBD供者和腦-心雙死亡器官捐獻(xiàn)(donation after brain death awaiting cardiac death,DBCD)(中國Ⅲ類)供者,單純的DCD供心多局限于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)階段和個(gè)別臨床報(bào)道。供心獲取過程與供心質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),供者在確認(rèn)為腦死亡或腦-心雙死亡后,選擇正中切口,劈開胸骨,剪開心包,阻斷升主動(dòng)脈后主動(dòng)脈根部加壓灌注4~8 ℃心肌保存液1 000 mL,表面置冰屑使心臟快速降溫,同時(shí)迅速剪開右上肺靜脈和下腔靜脈,心臟減容減壓,然后依次切斷肺靜脈、上下腔靜脈、主肺動(dòng)脈和主動(dòng)脈,灌注壓維持于50~70 mmHg水平。如心肺聯(lián)合獲取,則建議心肺胸內(nèi)整體獲取,不離斷肺靜脈,獲取后根據(jù)需要整體移植或在體外行心肺分離后分別使用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)供心質(zhì)量與冷缺血時(shí)間相關(guān),冷缺血時(shí)間一般不超過6 h[88]。循環(huán)穩(wěn)定的DBD或DBCD供心熱缺血時(shí)間相對可控,理論上熱缺血時(shí)間可忽略;DCD供心熱缺血時(shí)限尚無定論。
離體供心保存與修復(fù)技術(shù)有SCS、HMP和不停跳NMP保存3種。SCS在供心保存中應(yīng)用廣泛,離體心臟浸泡于含4 ℃保存液的容器中,在低溫條件下保存并轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[88]。HMP應(yīng)用機(jī)械將心肌保護(hù)液以微流量灌注冠脈系統(tǒng),為心肌組織供應(yīng)代謝所需營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),帶走代謝產(chǎn)物,給心肌提供充足的氧供,有效地保護(hù)冠狀血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,并使心臟均勻降溫。但是Brant等[89]研究表明,無論經(jīng)主動(dòng)脈順行還是經(jīng)冠狀靜脈竇口逆行機(jī)械灌注,對供心的保存效果與Celsior液0~4 ℃ SCS類似。此外,長時(shí)間低溫灌注引起的心肌組織水腫問題限制了該方法在臨床中的應(yīng)用。不停跳NMP是一種接近生理狀態(tài)的保存方法,可使離體供心保存時(shí)間達(dá)到12 h[90]。目前,進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)的不停跳NMP系統(tǒng)有美國的Organ Care System和LifeCradle? Heart Perfusion System。但最新的一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)比較了不停跳NMP和傳統(tǒng)低溫保存技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)在術(shù)后30 d兩組受者存活和移植物功能上并無顯著差別[91]。因此,不停跳NMP系統(tǒng)還需要進(jìn)一步的研究和評估。
雖然國內(nèi)外的供心保存液層出不窮,但應(yīng)用最普遍的還是UW液、HTK液以及Celsior液。UW液鉀濃度高,目前臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,組織水腫發(fā)生率在機(jī)械灌注中較Celsior液低[92],但可導(dǎo)致心臟血管收縮;HTK液的特點(diǎn)是低鈉、低鈣、微高鉀,富含的組氨酸具有較強(qiáng)大的緩沖能力,當(dāng)長時(shí)間保存供心時(shí),HTK液防止心肌細(xì)胞水腫效果更好;Celsior液兼具UW液的滲透功效和HTK液的緩沖能力,長時(shí)間保存供心易導(dǎo)致心肌水腫。目前尚無一種心肌保存液有絕對的優(yōu)勢[93-96]。近來出現(xiàn)的心肌保存液或改良保存液,如細(xì)胞外液型保存液Somah、在Celsior液基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的CRMB(Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine)液以及HTK液基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來的Custodiol-N液,雖然從理論上有著更多的優(yōu)勢和心肌保護(hù)效果,但目前仍處于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究階段,需進(jìn)一步得到臨床驗(yàn)證[3, 97-98]。心臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表6。
表6 心臟保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
注: DBD. 腦死亡器官捐獻(xiàn); DBCD. 腦-心雙死亡器官捐獻(xiàn)
3.2 肺保存修復(fù)
肺移植作為治療終末期肺部疾病的唯一有效手段,其技術(shù)已趨于成熟,但相比其他實(shí)體器官移植,臨床療效仍不理想。供肺的獲取和保存直接影響供肺的質(zhì)量,關(guān)系著移植成敗,多種因素導(dǎo)致供肺利用率僅為供腎的20%[99]。近年來,隨著肺移植需求日益增加和保存修復(fù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來越多的邊緣供肺應(yīng)用于臨床,并取得與理想供肺相似的效果[100-102]。
嚴(yán)格的供肺質(zhì)量評估有助于提高移植成功率,須判定供肺是否符合移植要求以及是否行供肺離體修復(fù)。供者評估主要包括:年齡、胸部影像、動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治?、支氣管鏡病原學(xué)檢查,以及供肺切取后的直視檢查和同時(shí)予以供者各系統(tǒng)的支持措施[103]。此外,供者死亡原因直接影響移植預(yù)后,其中以心臟外傷死亡供者供肺預(yù)后最差[102]。
供肺獲取直接影響供肺質(zhì)量。在供肺獲取過程中盡量縮短熱缺血時(shí)間,目前認(rèn)為安全時(shí)間在35 min內(nèi)[100]。如果為DCD供肺,在供者心跳完全停止后的10~20 min應(yīng)開始灌注[104]。合理的流程和熟練的技術(shù)尤其重要,在判定供者死亡后,可快速實(shí)施機(jī)械通氣、胸外按壓、胸腔內(nèi)灌注降溫等措施,幫助縮短熱缺血時(shí)間[100, 104],可同時(shí)進(jìn)行支氣管鏡檢查進(jìn)一步評估供者。
充分的保存液灌注可最大限度地保護(hù)供肺。肺動(dòng)脈順行灌注加肺靜脈逆行灌注方便可行,肺動(dòng)脈的灌注壓力10~15 mmHg,灌注量60 mL/kg;肺靜脈逆行灌注每根肺靜脈灌注量250 mL,灌注液溫度4~8 ℃,6 h后予以再次灌注[103]。灌注時(shí)予以呼吸機(jī)維持通氣,吸入氧濃度50%,呼氣末正壓通氣 5 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa,下同),壓力<20 cmH2O,潮氣量10 mL/kg,供肺離體保存時(shí)需維持約50%的肺充氣膨脹狀態(tài)[103, 105]。
供肺冷缺血時(shí)間影響預(yù)后,目前認(rèn)為相對安全的冷缺血時(shí)間為<10 h,個(gè)別情況可以延長至12 h,甚至更久[106-107]。供肺離體時(shí)推薦保存溫度4~8 ℃。
SCS技術(shù)作為目前廣泛應(yīng)用的離體肺保存技術(shù),多種保存液已經(jīng)取得較滿意的效果,可分為細(xì)胞內(nèi)液型(如Collins液、UW液)和細(xì)胞外液型(棉籽糖低鉀右旋糖酐液、Perfadex液、Celsior液、EP-TU液等)保存液[107-109]。相比細(xì)胞內(nèi)液型保存液,細(xì)胞外液型保存液中鉀濃度低,避免了肺動(dòng)脈收縮,可延長冷缺血時(shí)間,有更佳的氧合指數(shù)、更短的機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間及術(shù)后ICU入住時(shí)間,故目前首選細(xì)胞外液型供肺保存液,其中最常用的為Perfadex液[103, 106, 109]。
供肺離體機(jī)械灌注已開始應(yīng)用于臨床,該技術(shù)能修復(fù)、改善供肺質(zhì)量、擴(kuò)大邊緣供者的應(yīng)用,已顯示出其廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。目前主要為離體常溫、不含紅細(xì)胞的肺灌注保存修復(fù)技術(shù),較有代表性的有EVLP(exvivolung perfusion)、OCSTMLung(Organ Care System Lung)、NRP(normothermic regional perfusion)技術(shù)。有研究表明,上述技術(shù)可以使高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的供肺取得與理想供肺同樣的效果[110-113],但仍需多中心、大樣本的臨床數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。此外,低溫、含紅細(xì)胞等其他的肺保存修復(fù)技術(shù)亦有待進(jìn)一步的基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究驗(yàn)證。肺保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見見表7。
表7 肺保存修復(fù)共識推薦意見
注: 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa; 1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa; DCD. 心臟死亡器官捐獻(xiàn); PEEP. 呼氣末正壓通氣; R-LPD. 棉籽糖低鉀右旋糖酐
《中國移植器官保護(hù)專家共識(2016版)》
編審委員會成員名單
組 長: 鄭樹森
副組長: 葉啟發(fā)
成 員(按姓氏漢語拼音排序):陳 實(shí) 陳靜瑜 陳孝平 丁義濤 杜國盛 范曉禮
傅志仁 郭 華 耿 磊 高 峰 韓威力 何曉順
霍 楓 賀 強(qiáng) 景鴻恩 李建輝 李啟勇 李幼生
李玉民 李 寧 盧實(shí)春 呂國悅 呂 毅 劉永鋒
劉振文 門同義 彭承宏 彭貴主 秦運(yùn)升 齊海智
沈 巖 沈中陽 石炳毅 時(shí) 軍 宋朋紅 孫軍輝
孫玉嶺 屠振華 王偉林 王彥峰 王正昕 溫 浩
吳 健 吳建永 吳李鳴 吳應(yīng)盛 吳忠均 夏 強(qiáng)
夏偉良 謝海洋 徐 驍 薛武軍 嚴(yán) 盛 嚴(yán)律南
楊 揚(yáng) 楊富春 楊廣順 楊家印 葉啟發(fā) 葉少軍
俞 軍 張 峰 張 珉 張水軍 張 毅 章茫里
臧運(yùn)金 趙海格 趙聞?dòng)?鄭樹森 周 琳 周 儉
朱繼業(yè) 朱有華 朱志軍 曾憲鵬
執(zhí) 筆: 李建輝 徐 驍 謝海洋 王彥峰 范曉禮 賈俊君
曾憲鵬 趙海格 泮 輝 徐鴻飛 彭一帆 俞 浩
周燕飛 屠振華 陳俊杰
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(本文編輯:鮑夏茜)
中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會器官移植醫(yī)師分會, 中華醫(yī)學(xué)會外科學(xué)分會器官移植學(xué)組, 中國肝移植注冊中心科學(xué)委員會. 中國移植器官保護(hù)專家共識(2016版)[J/CD]. 中華移植雜志:電子版, 2016,10(3):98-106.
10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-3903.2016.03.002
國家863青年科學(xué)家項(xiàng)目(2015AA020923);國家自然科學(xué)基金(815704025, 81470891)
鄭樹森, 310003 杭州,浙江大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院肝膽胰外科;衛(wèi)生部多器官聯(lián)合移植研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;浙江省器官移植重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 (Email: zyzss@zju.edu.cn)
2016-03-24)