王緒云,席少枝,劉 佳,荊 晶,陳韻岱,尹 彤
?
冠心病患者替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的臨床分析
王緒云,席少枝,劉 佳,荊 晶,陳韻岱,尹 彤*
(解放軍總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,北京 100853)
在冠心?。–AD)患者中分析與替格瑞洛呼吸困難有關(guān)的影響因素,及該并發(fā)癥對患者的替格瑞洛依從性和預(yù)后的影響。募集2014年1月至2015年2月于解放軍總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科接受替格瑞洛治療的CAD患者。統(tǒng)計患者院內(nèi)及出院6個月替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生情況,分析該并發(fā)癥的影響因素。通過6個月隨訪觀察,在持續(xù)服用替格瑞洛的患者中,分析替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生對聯(lián)合缺血和出血終點事件的影響。共募集647例CAD患者。6個月內(nèi),發(fā)生替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難85例(13.14%),其中43例發(fā)生在1周內(nèi),35例發(fā)生在1個月內(nèi),7例發(fā)生在1個月后。因呼吸困難停用替格瑞洛者15例。多因素相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),患者合用替羅非班發(fā)生替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的風險增加(OR:2.45,95%CI:1.41~4.27,=0.001),而合用他汀類藥物(OR:0.20,95%CI:0.04~0.92,=0.04)、或質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(OR:0.56,95% CI:0.32~0.97,=0.04)發(fā)生替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的風險降低。對6個月隨訪期內(nèi)持續(xù)服用替格瑞洛的患者(353例)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合缺血和出血終點事件在替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難者與未發(fā)生者之間無顯著性差異。CAD患者中替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難多見于服藥1個月內(nèi),合并用藥可能是影響替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難發(fā)生的主要相關(guān)因素。替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生會影響患者的依從性,但可能不影響患者的預(yù)后。
替格瑞洛;替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難;影響因素;依從性;預(yù)后
雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療已成為急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)患者預(yù)防缺血事件形成的基石[1,2]。替格瑞洛(ticagrelor)是一種新型的可逆性P2Y12抑制劑,與氯吡格雷(clopidogrel)相比,可以顯著改善ACS患者的預(yù)后[3]。因此,在最新國內(nèi)及國外的美國心臟病學(xué)會(American College of Cardiology,ACC)/歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)治療指南中,替格瑞洛均被高級別推薦用于冠心?。╟oronary artery disease,CAD)患者抗血小板治療[1,2,4]。
大量的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),替格瑞洛可通過抑制紅細胞對腺苷的攝取增加血漿腺苷濃度,從而發(fā)揮腺苷介導(dǎo)的冠脈血流增加、抑制血小板聚集的作用,但同時伴隨替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生[5,6]。PALTO研究亞組分析提示,1個月隨訪期內(nèi),替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生率為22.56%,因此原因停藥率為9.15%[7],由此可見,替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難已成為臨床不可忽視的問題。替格瑞洛在國內(nèi)于2012年獲批應(yīng)用于臨床,由于應(yīng)用時間尚短,臨床普及不夠廣泛,因此,與替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難發(fā)生、影響因素和預(yù)后有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)甚少[8,9]。鑒于此,本研究旨在分析CAD患者中替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生情況、臨床環(huán)境影響因素、及該并發(fā)癥對患者依從性和預(yù)后的影響,以期為替格瑞洛的臨床應(yīng)用進一步提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。
連續(xù)募集2014年1月至2015年2月于解放軍總醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科住院,并接受替格瑞洛90mg 2次/d聯(lián)合阿司匹林(aspirin)100mg 1次/d進行抗栓治療的CAD患者。排除標準:年齡<18歲,存在替格瑞洛治療禁忌證,有心臟停搏病史,有嚴重的呼吸困難病史,血小板計數(shù)<100×109/L,合并癌癥或存在多器官功能衰竭且生存期<1個月的終末期患者,存在嚴重的肝腎功能不全。本研究符合赫爾辛基宣言,并通過了倫理委員會的批準。向所有入選患者說明情況,并簽署知情同意書。
記錄所有入選患者的基線資料。對所有患者自服用替格瑞洛起隨訪觀察6個月,記錄替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難及聯(lián)合心血管缺血和出血終點事件的發(fā)生情況。替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的判斷依據(jù)前期文獻報道的標準判斷流程[10],包括:呼吸困難發(fā)生在患者服用替格瑞洛后,且多發(fā)生在安靜時,與活動無關(guān),患者的運動耐量不受其影響;既往無類似癥狀發(fā)生,且不伴有貧血、哮喘、端坐呼吸、夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難、胸痛及胸部緊縮感等特點;心肺查體及心電圖、超聲心動圖、胸部X線、呼吸功能、血漿N末端B型腦鈉肽前體(N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)等客觀檢查指標無明顯異常;除外心肺疾病所引起的呼吸困難;停用替格瑞洛后,即可明顯好轉(zhuǎn)的呼吸困難。聯(lián)合心血管缺血終點事件包括主要缺血(心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死和缺血性腦卒中)和次要缺血(明確或可能的支架內(nèi)血栓、冠狀動脈血管重建)終點事件。心源性死亡定義為由明確的心血管因素或除外任何非心血管因素導(dǎo)致的死亡。非致死性心肌梗死定義依據(jù)最新的ACC/ESC指南診斷標準,包括非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,N-STEMI)和ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI)[1,2]。缺血性腦卒中定義為由于缺血事件導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能病灶性缺失,且癥狀持續(xù)≥24h或?qū)е滤劳?。明確的支架內(nèi)血栓定義為PCI手術(shù)后發(fā)生的和靶血管相關(guān)的心肌梗死或死亡,經(jīng)過造影證實有完全或部分性冠狀動脈血栓性閉塞??赡艿闹Ъ軆?nèi)血栓定義為PCI術(shù)后1個月內(nèi)死亡或者心肌梗死,但沒有經(jīng)過造影證實。冠狀動脈血管重建定義為患者再次因ACS入院后,因病情需要行PCI或冠狀動脈搭橋手術(shù)。聯(lián)合出血終點事件包括最新定義的心肌梗死溶栓治療臨床試驗(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)主要出血和次要出血事件[11,12],其中TIMI主要出血事件包括:顱內(nèi)出血,血紅蛋白下降>5g/dl的臨床顯著性出血,7d內(nèi)死亡的致死性出血;TIMI次要出血事件包括:臨床顯著性出血(包括影像表現(xiàn)),血紅蛋白下降3~5g/dl,需要就醫(yī)的以及未滿足上述條件的顯著性出血。出血終點事件中不包括冠狀動脈搭橋或外科手術(shù)引起的出血。上述隨訪均由專門經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的醫(yī)師在門診或經(jīng)電話完成,所有住院和隨訪期間替格瑞洛相關(guān)的呼吸困難及聯(lián)合缺血和出血終點事件的發(fā)生均由≥2位副主任醫(yī)師專家確診。
647例患者中,男性446例(68.93%),年齡32~88(61.18±10.31)歲。納入研究的冠心病患者中,穩(wěn)定型冠心病患者69例(10.66%),不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者461例(71.25%),N-STEMI患者32例(4.95%),STEMI患者86例(13.29%),共有454例(70.17%)患者接受藥物洗脫支架置入治療(表1)。
6個月隨訪期內(nèi)依據(jù)診斷標準判定且經(jīng)過臨床專家確診后,共有85例(13.14%)患者發(fā)生替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難,其中43例(50.59%)發(fā)生在用藥1周內(nèi),35例(41.18%)發(fā)生在用藥1個月內(nèi),7例(8.24%)發(fā)生在用藥1個月后。因替格瑞洛呼吸困難而停藥的患者15例(2.32%)。STEMI(24.71%11.57%,=0.002)及合并應(yīng)用替羅非班(60.00%38.97%,<0.001)的患者在替格瑞洛呼吸困難組的比例明顯高于無替格瑞洛呼吸困難組,而不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛患者的比例在無替格瑞洛呼吸困難組明顯高于替格瑞洛呼吸困難組(73.13%58.82%,=0.007)。余臨床資料,兩組之間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均>0.05;表1)。
對可能影響替格瑞洛呼吸困難的因素進行多元回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),合并應(yīng)用替羅非班使替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生風險增高(OR:2.45,95%CI:1.41~4.27,=0.001),而合并使用他汀類藥物(OR:0.20,95%CI:0.04~0.92,=0.04)及質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(OR:0.56,95%CI:0.32~0.97,=0.04)均使替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生風險降低(表2)。
647例患者中,完成6個月隨訪且隨訪期內(nèi)持續(xù)服用替格瑞洛的患者共353例(54.56%),其中替格瑞洛呼吸困難患者52例(14.73%),無替格瑞洛呼吸困難患者301例(85.27%)。兩組患者在6個月隨訪期內(nèi)聯(lián)合缺血(3.85%2.66%,=0.98)和出血(19.23%16.94%,=0.69)終點事件的發(fā)生率差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表3)。
本研究分析了我院心內(nèi)科經(jīng)替格瑞洛抗栓治療的CAD患者在住院和出院6個月期間,替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生率、影響因素、以及該并發(fā)癥對替格瑞洛依從性和患者預(yù)后的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難在CAD患者中的發(fā)生率為13.14%,其中停藥發(fā)生率為2.32%;合并應(yīng)用替羅非班、他汀類藥物和質(zhì)子泵抑制劑可能影響替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生風險;替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難并不影響患者的預(yù)后。
前期研究報道,替格瑞洛引發(fā)的呼吸困難發(fā)生率在10%~38%,其中停藥發(fā)生率介于0.1%~9%之間[3,13,14]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生率為13.14%,與PLATO研究結(jié)果相似(13.8%);但因替格瑞洛呼吸困難停藥發(fā)生率(2.32%)高于PLATO研究(0.9%)[3]。與前期國內(nèi)研究相比,本研究中替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難發(fā)生率及因此停藥率均較高[8]。以上差異考慮與納入研究的人群、樣本量及隨訪時間的不同有關(guān)。隨著替格瑞洛在臨床的廣泛應(yīng)用,其相關(guān)呼吸困難的發(fā)生應(yīng)得到重視,因為該并發(fā)癥可能是導(dǎo)致替格瑞洛依從性差的主要原因之一。替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難多為一過性的輕到中度發(fā)作,患者多可耐受[15],因此,除了少數(shù)患者發(fā)生不能耐受的呼吸困難需要考慮停用替格瑞洛外,其他患者應(yīng)避免因停用替格瑞洛造成的抗血小板療效降低、繼而增加引發(fā)冠狀動脈血栓形成的風險。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),合并應(yīng)用替羅非班與替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生具有獨立相關(guān)性。替羅非班是可逆的強效血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體拮抗劑[16],研究提示,替格瑞洛與替羅非班合用并未增加患者出血風險[17],這可能與二者均是可逆性的血小板抑制劑有關(guān),當二者合用時,總體的血小板抑制水平并未在二者的基礎(chǔ)上成倍增加。另外,近期1項研究提示腺苷與替羅非班合用與單用替羅非班相比,用藥后48h患者的血小板聚集率并無差異,但是冠狀動脈血流得到改善[18]。由此我們推斷,腺苷作用的發(fā)揮可能受替羅非班影響。因此,當替格瑞洛與替羅非班合用時,由腺苷引發(fā)的呼吸困難可能也會受替羅非班合并用藥的影響。我們的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),合并使用他汀類藥物及質(zhì)子泵抑制劑均與替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生具有獨立相關(guān)性。前期研究證實,替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生率呈劑量依賴性,這表明替格瑞洛或其代謝物的血漿濃度可能會影響替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生[13,15]。體外實驗表明,替格瑞洛既是CYP3A4的底物,又是CYP3A4較弱的抑制劑[19],而他汀類藥物與質(zhì)子泵抑制劑均是CYP3A4的反應(yīng)底物[20,21],這表明替格瑞洛與其他CYP3A4底物之間具有潛在的藥物相互作用。因此,他汀類藥物及質(zhì)子泵抑制劑與替格瑞洛之間可能存在藥物相互作用,替格瑞洛的血漿水平因此降低,從而使替格瑞洛呼吸困難的發(fā)生風險降低。
表1 服用替格瑞洛冠心病患者的基線信息
CAD: coronary artery disease; MI: myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SCAD: stable coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction
表2 與替格瑞洛呼吸困難相關(guān)的影響因素分析
表3 隨訪6個月期間持續(xù)服用替格瑞洛患者缺血和出血終點事件的比較
CAD: coronary artery disease
呼吸困難往往提示患者臨床預(yù)后不佳[22],盡管如此,本研究并未發(fā)現(xiàn)替格瑞洛呼吸困難與未發(fā)生者在缺血和出血終點事件上的差異,該結(jié)果與前期一項基于穩(wěn)定型冠心病患者的研究結(jié)果相一致[23],但前期一項基于ACS患者的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)替格瑞洛呼吸困難會影響患者的預(yù)后[15]。以上臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的差異考慮與納入人群的CAD嚴重程度、樣本量、終點事件的定義及隨訪時間的不同有關(guān)。由于本研究入選患者來自單中心,病例數(shù)較少,隨訪時間短,因此,與替格瑞洛呼吸困難相關(guān)的臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸有待進一步多中心、大規(guī)模的臨床研究證實。
[1] Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG,. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[J]. Circulation, 2014, 130(25): 2354?2394.
[2] Authors/Task Force Members, Roffi M, Patrono C,. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)[J]. Eur Heart J, 2015, DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320. [Epub ahead of print]
[3] Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A,. Ticagrelorclopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes[J]. N Engl J Med, 2009, 361(11): 1045?1057.
[4] Society of Cardiology, Chinese Medical Association. The consensus of antiplatelet therapy in China[J]. Chin J Cardiol, 2013, 41(3): 183?194. [中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病分會. 抗血小板治療中國專家共識[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 2013, 41(3): 183?194.]
[5] Wittfeldt A, Emanuelsson H, Brandrup-Wognsen G,. Ticagrelor enhances adenosine-induced coronary vasodilatory responses in humans[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2013, 61(7): 723?727.
[6] Nylander S, Femia EA, Scavone M,. Ticagrelor inhibits human platelet aggregationadenosine in addition to P2Y12 antagonism[J]. J Thromb Haemost, 2013, 11(10): 1867?1876.
[7] Storey RF, Becker RC, Harrington RA,. Pulmonary function in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel (from the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes [PLATO] pulmonary function substudy)[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2011, 108(11): 1542?1546.
[8] Shao CL, Yan HB, Qiao SB,. Investigation on ticagrelor-related dyspnea[J]. Chin J Intervent Cardiol, 2015, 23(2): 85?88. [邵春麗, 顏紅兵, 喬樹賓, 等. 替格瑞洛相關(guān)呼吸困難的調(diào)查分析[J]. 中國介入心臟病學(xué)雜志, 2015, 23(2): 85?88.]
[9] Li W, Zhang Y, Du DY,. Ticagrelor induced dyspnea: thirty-eight cases report[J]. Clin Pharm, 2015, 9(2): 40?41. [李 巍, 張 瑩, 杜大勇, 等. 替格瑞洛致呼吸困難38例分析[J]. 臨床藥學(xué), 2015, 9(2): 40?41.]
[10] Parodi G, Storey RF. Dyspnea management in acute coronary syndrome patients treated with ticagrelor[J]. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care, 2015, 4(6): 555?560.
[11] Mega JL, Braunwald E, Mohanavelu S,. Rivaroxabanplacebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46): a randomised, double-blind, phase Ⅱ trial[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9683): 29?38.
[12] Sabatine MS, Antman EM, Widimsky P,. Otamixaban for the treatment of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (SEPIA-ACS1 TIMI 42): a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet, 2009, 374(9692): 787?795.
[13] Cannon CP, Husted S, Harrington RA,. Safety, tolerability, and initial efficacy of AZD6140, the first reversible oral adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel, in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: primary results of the DISPERSE-2 trial[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007, 50(19): 1844?1851.
[14] Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K,. Response to ticagrelor in clopidogrel nonresponders and responders and effect of switching therapies: the RESPOND study[J]. Circulation, 2010, 121(10): 1188?1199.
[15] Storey RF, Becker RC, Harrington RA,. Characterization of dyspnea in PLATO study patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel and its association with clinical outcomes[J]. Eur Heart J, 2011, 32(23): 2945?2953.
[16] Ostrowska M, Adamski P, Kozinski M,. Off-target effects of glycoprotein Ⅱb/Ⅲa receptor inhibitors[J]. Cardiol J, 2014, 21(5): 458?464.
[17] Liu Y, Liu H, Hao Z,. Efficacy and safety of different doses of tirofiban combined with ticagrelor on diabetic patients with AMI receiving in emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)[J]. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015, 8(7): 11360?11369.
[18] Zhao DH, Fan Q, Liu JH,. Safety and efficacy of tirofiban combined with adenosine during interventional therapy in patients with acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction[J]. J Xinxiang Med Coll, 2015, 32(4): 332?335. [趙東暉, 范 謙, 柳景華, 等. 替羅非班聯(lián)合腺苷應(yīng)用在急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者介入治療中的有效性和安全性[J]. 新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2015, 32(4): 332?335.]
[19] Zhou D, Andersson TB, Grimm SW.evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions with ticagrelor: cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping, inhibition, induction, and differential kinetics[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2011, 39(4): 703?710.
[20] Goodman SG, Clare R, Pieper KS,. Association of proton pump inhibitor use on cardiovascular outcomes with clopidogrel and ticagrelor: insights from the platelet inhibition and patient outcomes trial[J]. Circulation, 2012, 125(8): 978?986.
[21] Tantry US, Jeong YH, Gurbel PA. The clopidogrel-statin interaction[J]. Circ J, 2014, 78(3): 592?594.
[22] Pelter MM, Riegel B, McKinley S,. Are there symptom differences in patients with coronary artery disease presenting to the ED ultimately diagnosed with or without ACS[J]. Am J Emerg Med, 2012, 30(9): 1822?1828.
[23] Storey RF, Bliden KP, Patil SB,. Incidence of dyspnea and assessment of cardiac and pulmonary function in patients with stable coronary artery disease receiving ticagrelor, clopidogrel, or placebo in the ONSET/OFFSET study[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010, 56(3): 185?193.
(編輯: 周宇紅)
Clinical analysis of ticagrelor-related dyspnea in coronary artery disease patients
WANG Xu-Yun, XI Shao-Zhi, LIU Jia, JING Jing, CHEN Yun-Dai, YIN Tong*
(Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
To determine the influencing factors associated with ticagrelor-related dyspnea in the patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD), and investigate the impact of the side effect on compliance and clinical outcomes of ticagrelor treatment.Consecutive CAD patients treated by ticagrelor in our department from January 2014 to February 2015 were recruited in this study. The in- and out-hospital incidence of ticagrelor-related dyspnea was recorded in 6-month follow-up, and the influencing factors for the side effect were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis. The influence of ticagrelor-related dyspnea on the occurrence of ischemic and bleeding events was observed during the 6 months’ follow-up.There were 647 CAD patients recruited in this study, and ticagrelor-related dyspnea was found in 85 patients (13.14%). The side effect was observed in 43 patients within 1 week after ticagrelor treatment, 35 patients within 1 month, and 7 patients after 1 month. Cessation of its administration was in 15 patients due to ticagrelor-related dyspnea. Concomitant therapy with tirofiban was associated with higher risk of ticagrelor-related dyspnea (OR=2.45, 95%CI: 1.41?4.27,=0.001), while concomitant therapy with statins (OR=0.20, 95%CI: 0.04?0.92,=0.04) and proton pump inhibitors (PPI; OR=0.56, 95%CI: 0.32?0.97,=0.04) were with lower risk of the effect. For the patients (=353) continuously taking ticagrelor in the follow-up period, no significant difference was seen in the occurrences of ischemic and bleeding events between those with ticagrelor-related dyspnea and those without.The side effect of ticagrelor-related dyspnea usually occurs within 1 month after ticagrelor treatment in CAD patients. Co-medication may be the main relevant factor influencing the occurrence. Ticagrelor-related dyspnea impacts the compliance of ticagrelor, but may have no effect on the clinical prognosis.
ticagrelor; ticagrelor-related dyspnea; influencing factor; compliance; prognosis
(7152129)(2012FC-TSYS-3043).
R541.1; R595.3; R972.9
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.02.027
2015?12?04;
2015?12?21
北京市自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(7152129);解放軍總醫(yī)院臨床扶持基金(2012FC-TSYS-3043)
尹 彤, E-mail: yintong2000@yahoo.com