李宏俊,張晶晶,2,袁秀堂,*,張安國,柳圭澤,邵魁雙,王立俊
1國家海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測中心,大連 1160232大連海洋大學(xué),大連 1160233遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院,錦州 121001
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利用線粒體COI和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記分析文蛤7個地理群體的遺傳變異
李宏俊1,張晶晶1,2,袁秀堂1,*,張安國3,柳圭澤1,邵魁雙1,王立俊1
1國家海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測中心,大連116023
2大連海洋大學(xué),大連116023
3遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院,錦州121001
摘要:利用線粒體細(xì)胞色素氧化酶亞基I(COI)和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記分析了文蛤7個地理群體(朝鮮新義州,遼寧丹東、蛤蜊崗和盤山,山東東營,江蘇如東和啟東)的遺傳多樣性和群體分化。PCR擴(kuò)增獲得142條602 bp的COI核苷酸片段,比對到13個變異位點(diǎn),包括11個轉(zhuǎn)換和2個顛換,定義了22個單倍型,共享單倍型12個,新義州、丹東和啟東群體分別擁有特有單倍型。單倍型多樣性最高的是如東群體(h=0.900),最低的是東營群體(h=0.600);核苷酸多樣性最高的是丹東群體(π=0.00350),最低的是蛤蜊崗群體(π=0.00115)?;贑OI數(shù)據(jù)的Fu's Fs中性檢驗和核苷酸不配對分析揭示文蛤種群歷史上曾經(jīng)歷過群體擴(kuò)張事件。分子變異分析(AMOVA)表明,群體內(nèi)遺傳變異占71.64%,群體間遺傳變異占28.36%,群體間發(fā)生顯著的遺傳分化(P<0.05)。7個微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記擴(kuò)增280個個體共獲得54個等位基因,平均等位基因數(shù)為7.7個,平均觀測雜合度和期望雜合度分別為0.3878和0.7996。江蘇群體具有較高的遺傳多樣性,但7個群體間遺傳多樣性不存在顯著差異(Kruskal-Wallis檢驗,P>0.05)。Hardy-Weinberg平衡檢驗結(jié)果顯示49個群體-位點(diǎn)組合中有18個偏離平衡(P<0.05),表現(xiàn)為雜合子缺失。單倍型鄰接(NJ)樹顯示聚類未展示地域性特色,但某幾個同一或者相近地理群體的單倍型具有聚類現(xiàn)象(如東和啟東部分單倍型出現(xiàn)地理聚類)。依據(jù)群體間遺傳距離以Kimura 2-parameter為模型建立UPGMA系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,顯示丹東群體和江蘇的如東和啟東群體聚為一支,暗示江蘇苗種的異地養(yǎng)殖已經(jīng)污染丹東文蛤的遺傳背景。
關(guān)鍵詞:文蛤;群體遺傳變異;細(xì)胞色素氧化酶亞基I;微衛(wèi)星;增殖放流
李宏俊,張晶晶,袁秀堂,張安國,柳圭澤,邵魁雙,王立俊.利用線粒體COI和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記分析文蛤7個地理群體的遺傳變異.生態(tài)學(xué)報,2016,36(2): 499-507.
Li H J,Zhang J J,Yuan X T,Zhang A G,Liu G Z,Shao K S,Wang L J.Genetic diversity and differentiation of seven geographical populations of hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)assessed by COI and microsatellite markers.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(2): 499-507.
文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)是我國重要的灘涂經(jīng)濟(jì)貝類,在我國遼寧遼河口、山東蓬萊灣、江蘇南部和廣西北部灣等地廣泛分布[1]。近年來,我國文蛤養(yǎng)殖業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,但苗種供應(yīng)制約產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展[2],大規(guī)模苗種異地養(yǎng)殖造成我國文蛤種質(zhì)遺傳背景混雜[3]。產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展初期,文蛤養(yǎng)殖苗種依賴于采捕天然苗種,尤其近年來受圍填海工程和環(huán)境污染等因素影響,我國野生文蛤資源嚴(yán)重衰退[2]。為遏制我國野生文蛤資源衰退趨勢,基于文蛤增殖放流方式的資源恢復(fù)勢在必行,但由于我國文蛤地理群體的遺傳背景模糊,放流群體對當(dāng)?shù)匾吧Y源的負(fù)面影響無法評估,因此開展文蛤不同地理種群的分子遺傳學(xué)研究,對我國文蛤種質(zhì)資源的修復(fù)和保護(hù)具有重要意義。
細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶亞基I(COI)來源于線粒體DNA,基因變異大、進(jìn)化速率快,在貝類分子系統(tǒng)發(fā)生[4-6]和種群遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)分析[7-9]等領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用廣泛。微衛(wèi)星(Microsatellite)來源于核基因組,是由1—6個堿基重復(fù)單位首尾相連組成的串聯(lián)重復(fù)序列,微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記具有數(shù)量多、分布廣、共顯性遺傳和多態(tài)信息含量高等特點(diǎn),被廣泛應(yīng)用于群體遺傳分析[10-11]、親緣關(guān)系鑒定[12]和遺傳連鎖圖譜構(gòu)建[13-15]等研究中??紤]到增殖放流文蛤苗種的可操作性,應(yīng)盡可能選擇地理距離近的群體放流,本研究聚焦于我國北方文蛤群體,以朝鮮群體作為參照,利用線粒體COI和微衛(wèi)星2種標(biāo)記分析了我國北方6個文蛤地理群體和1個朝鮮群體的遺傳多樣性和群體分化,以期為我國文蛤種質(zhì)資源保護(hù)和修復(fù)提供理論指導(dǎo)。
1.1樣品采集和DNA提取
本研究所用文蛤來源于7個地理群體,分別采自朝鮮新義州,遼寧丹東、蛤蜊崗和盤山,山東東營,江蘇如東和啟東(圖1),每個地點(diǎn)隨機(jī)采集40個樣本,活體解剖取閉殼肌,保存于80%酒精中,用于DNA提取。采用常規(guī)酚/氯仿/異戊醇法提取基因組DNA,利用1%的瓊脂糖電泳和紫外分光光度計進(jìn)行定量,無菌超純水稀釋至50 ng/μL備用。
圖1 本研究文蛤地理群體采集點(diǎn)矢量圖Fig.1 Collection locations of hard clam geographical populations in this study
1.2線粒體COI序列擴(kuò)增
文蛤線粒體COI引物來源于通用引物L(fēng)CO1490和HCO2198[16],為了提高擴(kuò)增效率,稍加改動,上游序列為MmCOIF: TTTAGTACTAATCATAAAGATATTG,下游序列為MmCOIR: TACACTTCAGGATGACCAAAAAATCA。PCR反應(yīng)體系為25.0 μL,內(nèi)含10×PCR buffer 2.5 μL(含Mg2+25 mmol/L),正、反向引物各1.0 μL(10 μmol/L),dNTP 1.5 μL(各含2.5 mmol/L),Taq酶1 U,模板1.0 μL。PCR反應(yīng)程序為94℃預(yù)變性5 min,94℃變性30 s,55℃退火30 s,72℃延伸1min,反應(yīng)35個循環(huán)后,72℃延伸10 min。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測后,切膠,送上海生工進(jìn)行PCR產(chǎn)物測序。
1.3微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記
查閱已發(fā)表文蛤微衛(wèi)星引物文獻(xiàn)[17-18],篩選多態(tài)性高、擴(kuò)增效果好的7個微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記用于群體遺傳分析,其引物序列、等位基因數(shù)、等位基因大小、重復(fù)單元和GenBank登錄號等信息見表1。PCR反應(yīng)體系為15 μL,內(nèi)含10×buffer 1.5 μL(含Mg2+25 mmol/L),正、反引物各0.5 μL(10 μmol/L),dNTP 1.0 μL(各含2.5 mol/L),Taq酶0.5 U,模板1.0 μL。PCR程序為94℃預(yù)變性5 min,94℃變性30 s,最適退火溫度復(fù)性30 s,72℃延伸30 s,反應(yīng)35個循環(huán)后,72℃延伸10 min。微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)10%非變性聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,300 V恒電壓1.5 h,紫外燈拍照。
表1 本研究中所用7個微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記引物序列、等位基因數(shù)、有效等位基因數(shù)、等位基因大小、近交系數(shù)、重復(fù)單元和GenBank登錄號Table 1 Primer sequence,allele number,effective allele number,allele size,F(xiàn)IS,repeat motif and GenBank accession number of seven microsatellite markers used in this study
1.4數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計與分析
利用Mega 4.0[19]對COI序列進(jìn)行對位排列,結(jié)合人工核查,利用DNASP[20]統(tǒng)計單倍型,計算每個群體的單倍型多樣性(h)和核苷酸多樣性(π)。利用Arlequin 3.5[21]計算群體分化指數(shù)(Fst),分析群體內(nèi)和群體間的分子方差(Analysis of Molecular Variance,AMOVA),并進(jìn)行Fu`s Fs檢驗和核苷酸不配對分布分析。利用TCS 1.21[22]構(gòu)建單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖,以Kimura 2-parameter模型分別建立單倍型Neighbor-Joining(NJ)進(jìn)化樹以及7個群體的Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean(UPGMA)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹,利用Geodis 2.6[23]檢測單倍型與地理學(xué)特征的相關(guān)性。
借助Gel-Pro(Media Cybernetics,USA)統(tǒng)計微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記基因型,利用FSTAT[24]統(tǒng)計微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)的等位基因數(shù)、有效等位基因數(shù)、近交系數(shù)(FIS)、觀測雜合度(Ho)和期望雜合度(He),利用非參數(shù)分析(Kruskal-Wallis test)檢驗群體間差異顯著性。利用Arlequin計算群體分化指數(shù)(FST),用Bonferroni[25]法對多重比較的顯著水平進(jìn)行校正。利用MICRO-CHECKER[26]檢測無效等位基因概率。采用馬爾科夫鏈(Markov Chain)方法進(jìn)行Hardy-Weinberg平衡檢驗。
2.1群體內(nèi)遺傳變異
對7個文蛤地理群體的總DNA進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,獲得特異性的COI基因片段,經(jīng)Mega同源排序,去除部分端部序列,獲得142條602bp的COI基因片段,經(jīng)BLAST比對分析,確認(rèn)所得片段為COI序列。序列組成顯示平均A、T、G、C堿基含量分別為21.2%、45.3%、19.4%、14.1%,A+T含量大于G+C的含量,具有明顯的堿基組成偏倚性。602bp的片段共鑒定出13個變異位點(diǎn)(占位點(diǎn)總數(shù)的2.16%),包括11個轉(zhuǎn)換和2個顛換,沒有插入和缺失突變,共檢測出22個單倍型(GenBank登錄號: KJ657746-KJ657749,KJ657752-KJ657769),共享單倍型12個,占總數(shù)的54.5%,Hap01被3個群體共享(朝鮮蛤蜊崗、和盤山),Hap02被6個群體共享(朝鮮、丹東、蛤蜊崗、盤山、如東和啟東),Hap03被5個群體共享(蛤蜊崗、盤山、東營、如東和啟東),Hap04被5個群體共享(朝鮮、東營、盤山、蛤蜊崗和如東),Hap05被2個群體共享(朝鮮和盤山),Hap06被3個群體共享(丹東、如東和啟東),Hap08被4個群體共享(朝鮮、丹東、如東和啟東),Hap13被3個群體共享(朝鮮、盤山和東營),Hap14、Hap15、Hap16和Hap17分別都被2個群體共享(啟東和如東)。Hap07和Hap12是新義州特有單倍型,Hap09、Hap10和Hap11是丹東特有單倍型,Hap18、Hap19、Hap20、Hap21和Hap22是啟東特有單倍型。文蛤7個地理群體的遺傳學(xué)參數(shù)見表2,平均單倍型及核苷酸多樣性處于中等水平(h=0.886,π=0.00314)。單倍型多樣性最高的是如東群體(h = 0.900),最低的是東營群體(h = 0.600);核苷酸多樣性最高的是丹東群體(π=0.00350),最低的是蛤蜊崗群體(π=0.00115)??傮w來說,來自江蘇的兩個群體顯示出較高的遺傳多樣性。
表2 基于COI和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記的文蛤7個群體的遺傳學(xué)參數(shù)Table 2 Genetic diversity indices for cytochrome c oxidase subunit(COI)gene and microsatellite markers for seven populations of the hard clam,Meretrix meretrix
中性檢驗結(jié)果顯示,平均Fu`s Fs值為-11.97063(P<0.05)(表3),F(xiàn)u`s Fs值達(dá)到顯著水平,表明文蛤偏離中性選擇,曾經(jīng)歷群體擴(kuò)張事件。核苷酸不配對分布分析的結(jié)果表明,文蛤觀測到的核苷酸不配對分布呈單峰類型,符合群體擴(kuò)張模型下的預(yù)期分布(圖2)。基于觀測值和模擬值間的擬合優(yōu)度檢驗結(jié)果顯示,平方離差之和(Sum of squared deviations,SSD)較小,且統(tǒng)計檢驗不顯著(P>0.05),表明觀測值與模擬值擬合程度較好,符合群體擴(kuò)張模型,與中性檢驗結(jié)果一致。
表3 基于COI序列的文蛤7個群體的選擇中性檢驗和核苷酸不配對分析Table 3 Selective neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis of 7 populations of hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)based on COI sequences
圖2 文蛤線粒體細(xì)胞色素氧化酶亞基I(COI)單倍型的核苷酸不配對分布Fig.2 Mismatch distributions of Meretrix meretrix COI haplotypes
分單倍型之間只保留1步變異,僅少數(shù)單倍型之間(Hap06→Hap12、Hap06→Hap16、Hap12→Hap10和Hap21→Hap11)保留2步變異。啟東擁有13種單倍型,如東擁有9種單倍型,新義州擁有8種單倍型,盤山擁有6種單倍型,丹東擁有6種單倍型,蛤蜊崗擁有4種單倍型,東營擁有3種單倍型。如東群體的單倍型大部分和啟東相同,僅Hap04是如東特有單倍型,推測如東和啟東的遺傳背景相似。基于Kimura雙參數(shù)模型建立的NJ(圖3)聚類圖顯示單倍型聚類并未完全展示地域性特色,但是對于某幾個同一或者相近地理群體的單倍型具有聚類現(xiàn)象(如Hap09、Hap10、Hap14)。
7個微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記共檢測到54個等位基因,每個位點(diǎn)的等位基因數(shù)從5—10個不等,平均等位基因數(shù)為7.7個。在所有微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)中,MM12736的等位基因數(shù)最多(10個),Mm38的等位基因數(shù)最少(5個)(表1);朝鮮新義州和江蘇如東、啟東群體的平均等位基因數(shù)最多(Na= 7.7),盤山群體的平均等位基因數(shù)最少(Na= 7.1);丹東群體的平均觀測雜合度最高(Ho= 0.4750),盤山群體的平均觀測雜合度最低(Ho= 0.2964)??傮w上,7個群體均具有較高的微衛(wèi)星遺傳多樣性,7個群體平均等位基因數(shù)(Kruskal-Wallis test,P = 0.951)和觀測雜合度(P=0.592)不存在顯著差異。在49組群體位點(diǎn)組合中(7群體×7位點(diǎn)),有18個組合由于雜合子缺失偏離HWE平衡(P<0.05)。利用MICRO-CHECKER檢驗微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)的無效等位基因概率,結(jié)果表明偏離HWE平衡的位點(diǎn)在不同群體中均存在無效等位基因,表現(xiàn)為雜合子缺失,但未檢測到微衛(wèi)星PCR擴(kuò)增過程中易出現(xiàn)的“影子帶”和大片段等位基因丟失現(xiàn)象。
2.2群體間遺傳變異
文蛤7個群體COI序列的分子變異分析(AMOVA)結(jié)果見表4,群體間的遺傳分化系數(shù)FST為0.28360(P<0.05),表明在整個遺傳變異中群體間遺傳變異占28.36%,群體內(nèi)遺傳變異占71.64%,群體內(nèi)的遺傳變異大于群體間,群體間發(fā)生顯著的遺傳分化(P<0.05)。文蛤COI群體間FST的顯著性檢驗結(jié)果見表5,兩兩群體間FST介于0.00714—0.45390之間,只有丹東和如東(FST=-0.00714)、新義州和盤山(FST= 0.01018)、啟東和如東(FST=0.02529)、如東和丹東(FST=0.03713)的P值大于0.05,說明啟東、丹東和如東之間,新義州、蛤蜊崗
文蛤線粒體COI單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖(圖3)顯示絕大部和盤山之間,東營和盤山之間未發(fā)生顯著遺傳分化。微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記各群體間FST范圍為0.01139—0.03935(表5),經(jīng)Bonferroni校正,各群體間均處于顯著分化(P<0.0083)。
圖3 文蛤COI基因單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖(A)和NJ系統(tǒng)樹(B),外群毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)Genbank登錄號AB729113Fig.3 The COI haplotype network and NJ tree for Meretrix meretrix,the GenBank accession number of outgroup Scapharca subcrenata is AB729113單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖反映的是單倍型之間的關(guān)系,每個圓圈代表一個單倍型,中間缺失的單倍型用黑圈表示,圓圈大小代表單倍型的出現(xiàn)頻率,圓圈里的不同顏色代表不同的地理群體
表4 文蛤7個群體的COI序列遺傳差異的分子方差分析(AMOVA)Table 4 Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit(COI)gene among seven populations of hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)
利用Mega構(gòu)建7個群體遺傳距離UPGMA樹(圖4),7個群體聚類為兩大分支,其中蛤蜊崗、盤山、新義州和東營聚為一大支,啟東和如東相聚再與丹東群體聚為另一支。利用Geodis檢測,未發(fā)現(xiàn)7個群體遺傳距離與地理距離間的顯著相關(guān)(r=0.4035,P=0.0600),但去掉丹東群體后,檢測到遺傳距離與地理群體間的顯著相關(guān)(r=0.7129,P=0.0280)。
表5 基于線粒體COI序列(成對FST,對角線下)和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記(成對FST,對角線上)的文蛤群體遺傳分化Table 5 E stimates of population genetic differentiation based on microsatellite markers(pairwise FST,above diagonal)and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit(COI)gene(pairwise FST,below diagonal)for the hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)
圖4 文蛤7個地理群體的UMPGA系統(tǒng)樹Fig.4 UMPGA tree constructed from genetic distance among 7 populations of hard clam,Meretrix meretrix
近年來,過度捕撈和環(huán)境惡化使我國近岸海域漁業(yè)資源量銳減,單純依靠漁業(yè)資源自身補(bǔ)給已經(jīng)不能修復(fù)受損的資源,增殖放流作為一種有效的資源修復(fù)手段,已經(jīng)在世界各地得到推廣和應(yīng)用。放流苗種往往來源于養(yǎng)殖群體,隨著放流數(shù)量的增加,人們越來越關(guān)注放流苗種的遺傳多樣性,以降低養(yǎng)殖群體污染野生種質(zhì)資源的風(fēng)險,對親本和放流群體的遺傳監(jiān)測與管理已經(jīng)成為評價增殖放流效果的指標(biāo)之一[27]。已有研究表明,群體內(nèi)遺傳多樣性降低會導(dǎo)致適應(yīng)能力和生存能力降低[28],對于經(jīng)濟(jì)物種,遺傳多樣性的降低會導(dǎo)致隱形有害基因表達(dá)增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀衰退,導(dǎo)致品種退化[29]。因此,利用DNA分子標(biāo)記對放流群體進(jìn)行遺傳監(jiān)測,研究放流群體與野生群體的遺傳差異,對評估增殖放流效果具有重要意義。本研究利用線粒體COI和微衛(wèi)星標(biāo)記檢測了文蛤7個地理群體的遺傳多樣性,兩種分子標(biāo)記的結(jié)果均顯示江蘇的如東和啟東群體存在高的遺傳多樣性,這與文蛤地理種群的ISSR研究結(jié)果吻合,江蘇文蛤ISSR的位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性(80.7%)高于遼寧文蛤的位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性(68.4%)[30],說明江蘇文蛤具有較強(qiáng)的遺傳適應(yīng)能力和選擇育種潛力。
線粒體COI來源于通用引物擴(kuò)增,可以用于物種間遺傳多樣性的橫向比較。本研究檢測到文蛤線粒體COI序列的單倍型多樣性為0.763,核苷酸多樣性為0.00239,與我國其他海水貝類同源序列[7,31-32]相比,具有較低的遺傳多樣性。本研究樣品來源于我國主要的文蛤養(yǎng)殖海域,各群體的養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模大,但大群體不代表高遺傳多樣性,可能是由于貝類COI序列多樣性具有種屬特異性決定的。此外,對各群體Hardy-Weinberg檢驗結(jié)果表明,各群體均表現(xiàn)一定的雜合子缺失,可能是有效群體小、近交和群體親本性別比例失衡等因素[33]造成,從而導(dǎo)致文蛤群體COI遺傳多樣性偏低。由于早期的文蛤養(yǎng)殖缺乏科學(xué)性指導(dǎo),采取“野捕家養(yǎng)”供苗系統(tǒng),沒有充分考慮有效群體數(shù)量和利用雜種優(yōu)勢進(jìn)行人工育種,稀有等位基因很可能在大規(guī)模人工育苗情況下丟失而導(dǎo)致Hardy-Weinberg失衡。
微衛(wèi)星的雜合度和等位基因數(shù)是反映群體遺傳多樣性的重要參數(shù)。本研究中文蛤群體平均觀測和期望雜合度分別為0.2964—0.4750和0.7413—0.8228,但7個群體之間的差異不顯著。各群體不同位點(diǎn)的雜合度也沒有明顯差異,說明各群體遺傳多樣性的差別不大。從等位基因數(shù)來看,每個位點(diǎn)的等位基因數(shù)為5—10個,而各群體平均等位基因數(shù)從7.1到7.7個不等,差異亦不顯著,這與雜合度的檢測結(jié)果基本一致。而從COI單倍型網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖來看,各群體單倍型數(shù)量從3到13個不等,群體間差異明顯,與等位基因數(shù)和雜合度結(jié)果不一致,這可能是因為線粒體DNA屬于母系遺傳和單倍體的特性,與核遺傳DNA相比擁有更小的有效群體,更容易受瓶頸效應(yīng)影響[9]。
群體遺傳分化指數(shù)FST是反映群體間遺傳分化程度的重要指數(shù)。赫崇波等[3]研究遼寧和山東沿海5個文蛤群體遺傳多樣性,AFLP的分析得到的FST值為0.0596,結(jié)果表明群體間相似性較大,本研究中7個文蛤群體的FST值為0.28360,群體間發(fā)生顯著的遺傳分化,與本研究中文蛤取樣地理范圍廣有關(guān),這正好和Geodis的結(jié)果遺傳距離和地理距離顯著相關(guān)(丹東群體除外)相符。從系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化樹來看,丹東群體與江蘇的2個群體聚為一類,暗示江蘇苗種的異地養(yǎng)殖已經(jīng)污染丹東文蛤的遺傳背景。從分子遺傳學(xué)角度來看,文蛤遠(yuǎn)距離異地養(yǎng)殖或者增殖放流可能對當(dāng)?shù)匾吧后w的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)造成影響,因此,文蛤增殖放流應(yīng)盡量“就地取材,避免異地文蛤種質(zhì)資源污染當(dāng)?shù)匚母?。在選用優(yōu)良苗種的同時,應(yīng)適當(dāng)提高放流親本數(shù)量,提高有效群體數(shù)量,避免放流群體遺傳多樣性降低和遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)改變,并制定科學(xué)合理的遺傳多樣性監(jiān)測方案,以確保增殖放流科學(xué)合理開展。
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Genetic diversity and differentiation of seven geographical populations of hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)assessed by COI and microsatellite markers
LI Hongjun1,ZHANG Jingjing1,2,YUAN Xiutang1,*,ZHANG Anguo3,LIU Guize1,SHAO Kuishuang1,WANG Lijun1
1 National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center,Dalian 116023,China
2 Dalian Ocean University,Dalian 116023,China
3 Liaoning Medical University,Jinzhou 121001,China
Abstract:The hard clam(Meretrix meretrix)is a commercially important shellfish in China.With the rapid development of the aquaculture industry of M.meretrix,the demand for seed cultures has led to the over-exploitation of natural populations,which makes stock enhancement a high priority.Stock enhancement programs that use a small number of breeders for the production of hatchery-reared juveniles to be released to the environment may have negative effects on the genetic diversitybook=575,ebook=303of wild populations due to a reduction in the genetic variability of the released stock.In this study,the genetic diversity of seven geographical populations(Sinuiju in North Korea; Dandong,Geligang,and Panshan in Liaoning Province; Dongying in Shandong Province; and Rudong and Qidong in Jiangsu Province)of M.meretrix was assessed using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI)gene and microsatellite markers.We obtained a total of 142 COI sequences.Each COI sequence was 602 bp in length.These sequences contained 14 variant sites,including 12 transitions and 2 transversions.Twenty-two haplotypes were identified,with 12 haplotypes shared among populations.Population-specific haplotypes were identified in the Sinuiju,Dandong,and Qidong population,respectively.The haplotype diversity was highest in Rudong(h=0.900)and lowest in Dongying(h=0.600).The nucleotide diversity was highest in Dandong(π= 0.00350)and lowest in Geligang(π= 0.00115).Neutral test(Fu's Fs)and mismatch distribution analysis revealed that the hard clam experienced a population expansion event.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)indicated that 71.64% of the genetic variance was within populations and 28.36% of the variance was among populations,demonstrating significant genetic differentiation among populations(P<0.05).A total of 54 alleles were amplified from 280 individuals by using 7 microsatellite markers,with an average of 7.7 alleles per locus.The mean observed heterozygosity(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)was 0.387 and 0.7996,respectively.Compared with other populations,genetic diversity in the Jiangsu population was highest,but the difference was not significant(Kruskal-Wallis test,P>0.05).Among the 49 populationlocus combinations(7 populations×7 loci),18 cases deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium(P<0.05),indicating heterozygote deficiencies.The neighbor-joining tree showed that the haplotypes were not clustered according to geographical location,but some haplotypes from the same or neighboring locations grouped together(e.g.Rudong and Qidong showing geographical clustering).The unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean(UPGMA)phylogenetic tree showed that the Dandong population was grouped with the Jiangsu population,suggesting that the introduced Jiangsu clam seed has contaminated the genetic background of the Dandong population.These results highlight the need to monitor the genetic effects of releasing large numbers of juveniles.
Key Words:Meretrix meretrix; population genetic variation; COI; microsatellite; stock enhancement
*通訊作者
Corresponding author.E-mail: xtyuan@ nmemc.org.cn
收稿日期:2014-09-15;
修訂日期:2015-07-27
基金項目:國家海洋公益項目(201305043,201305027);國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(31101899)
DOI:10.5846/stxb201409151822