胡瑞明

細(xì)節(jié)理解題在高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重，做好這類試題是同學(xué)們獲取閱讀理解高分的保證。細(xì)節(jié)理解題常分為直接信息題和間接信息題。所謂直接信息題就是可以在原文中直接找到答案的細(xì)節(jié)題，常用who， what， when， where， why和how等疑問(wèn)句提問(wèn)，這類試題主要考查原文中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等信息。間接信息題相對(duì)于直接信息題要難些，因?yàn)榇祟愵}的正確選項(xiàng)都經(jīng)過(guò)了命題人對(duì)原文信息的語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異。同學(xué)們不能一眼就從原文中找出正確答案，而是要稍加歸納才能完全理解關(guān)鍵信息的含義。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題常見(jiàn)設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：

1. Which of the following is/isnt true？

2. Which of the following is not mentioned？

3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.

4. All of the following statements may be true/false except .

5. Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of？

6. What does the writer pay least attention to？

7. Which of the following is not the result of？

8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what ... is like？

9. The author mentions all of the following except .

10. All of the following statements are true except .

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，解答細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)首先要從問(wèn)題中找到關(guān)鍵詞句，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀和查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié)，找到后再對(duì)這部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)閱讀，分析比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的異同，將所設(shè)問(wèn)題的信息與原文中相關(guān)信息加以歸納、概括和推理，最后在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下，確定最佳答案。

直接信息題

解答細(xì)節(jié)理解的直接信息題時(shí)，由于其普遍較容易，不必通篇細(xì)讀全文，一般是先通過(guò)題干信息來(lái)選擇定位關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞主要是題干中的名詞、動(dòng)詞和數(shù)詞，即問(wèn)題的核心信息，再進(jìn)行信息定位，運(yùn)用略讀及尋讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與題干有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，找出相關(guān)的句子，得出正確答案。

例1 （2016年·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） You probably know who Marie Curie was， but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below， who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years？

Jane Addams （1860-1935）

Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community （社區(qū)） by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931， Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Rachel Carson （1907-1964）

If it werent for Rachel Carson， the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.

Sandra Day OConnor （1930-present）

When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator （參議員） and， in 1981， the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.

Rosa Parks （1913-2005）

On December 1， 1955， in Montgomery， Alabama， Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year， and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was， was tired of giving in，” said Parks.

21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history？

A. Her social work.

B. Her teaching skills.

C. Her efforts to win a prize.

D. Her community background.

23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.？

A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.

C. Sandra Day OConnor. D. Rosa Parks.

語(yǔ)篇解讀 文章介紹了四位杰出的美國(guó)女性以及她們?yōu)樯鐣?huì)進(jìn)步發(fā)揮的巨大作用。第一位是獲得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)的美國(guó)女性Jane Addams。第二位是以作品《寂靜的春天》引發(fā)了美國(guó)乃至全世界對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)的關(guān)注的Rachel Carson。第三位是美國(guó)有史以來(lái)首位出任最高法院大法官的女性Sandra Day OConnor。第四位是因?yàn)樵诠卉嚿暇芙^向一名白人讓座，最終引發(fā)了美國(guó)二十世紀(jì)五六十年代民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的黑人女性Rosa Parks。

解析 本題閱讀所設(shè)的21和23題為直接事實(shí)題，可直接根據(jù)問(wèn)題去文中尋找答案。

21. A。根據(jù)題中的關(guān)鍵詞Jane Addams可迅速定位文章中對(duì)她的介紹，由第一句Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.可知，她的主要貢獻(xiàn)是社會(huì)工作。

23. D。根據(jù)文中對(duì)Rosa Parks的介紹可知，1955年，Parks在阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市的一輛公交車上拒絕為一位白人讓座而遭到逮捕，這引發(fā)了蒙哥馬利市長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年多的巴士抵制運(yùn)動(dòng)及民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，故是Rosa Parks為美國(guó)的民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。

間接信息題

考查間接信息題時(shí)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。常用方式是同義詞替換或釋義，即把文中語(yǔ)言（詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)）改頭換面，來(lái)表達(dá)相同的意思。因此在做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，要根據(jù)所找信息，分析選項(xiàng)，對(duì)比其中所用詞匯，避免誤選答案。

1. 同義替換

同義替換是指命題人利用同義詞或近義詞對(duì)原文的關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行解釋。解題時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該根據(jù)題意，快速跳讀全文，找到關(guān)鍵信息，然后在選項(xiàng)中尋找與原文信息最接近的同義詞或近義詞，這樣就可確定正確答案。

例2 （2016年·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） 22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm？

A. Her lack of proper training in law.

B. Her little work experience in court.

C. The discrimination against women.

D. The poor financial conditions.

解析 C。根據(jù)文中Sandra Day OConnor介紹部分中的When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School， in 1952， she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.可知，雖然她以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)從斯坦福大學(xué)法學(xué)院畢業(yè)，但是卻因?yàn)榕陨矸荻艿狡缫暎也坏铰蓭熓聞?wù)所的工作。注意本題命題人根據(jù)文中信息對(duì)C選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了同義替換，即使用discrimination against women來(lái)代替because she was a woman，雖然表達(dá)形式與原文有差異，但意思一致。

2. 歸納信息

歸納信息是指命題人用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息，這是命題人設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)經(jīng)常使用的手段之一。同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)抓住該題所涉及的重要信息去理解、提煉其中的關(guān)鍵信息，可嘗試用自己的語(yǔ)言去歸納文中的信息或事實(shí)，然后再看選項(xiàng)，挑選出和自己所歸納的信息最接近的選項(xiàng)作為正確答案。

例3 （2016年·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）

Grandparents Answer a Call

As a third-generation native of Brownsville， Texas， Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children， she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.

No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obamas mother-in-law， Marian Robinson， has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com， 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.

“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own，” says Christine Crosby， publisher of Grand， a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them， especially when youre raising children.”

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

25. Why was Garzas move a success？

A. It strengthened her family ties.

B. It improved her living conditions.

C. It enabled her to make more friends.

D. It helped her know more new places.

27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s？

A. They were unsure of themselves.

B. They were eager to raise more children.

C. They wanted to live away from their parents.

D. They had little respect for their grandparents.

語(yǔ)篇解讀 文章介紹了美國(guó)老人幫子女帶孩子的情況，舉例說(shuō)明美國(guó)老人與子孫同住將是一種趨勢(shì)，可使老人與子女間的關(guān)系更加密切。

解析 25. A。歸納分析第一段最后一句Today all three generations regard the move as a success， giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.可知答案。

27. C。歸納分析根據(jù)第三段In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own.可知在20世紀(jì)60年代，人們都認(rèn)為離家越遠(yuǎn)越好，以此來(lái)證明自己的獨(dú)立。

3. 選項(xiàng)干擾

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解在考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，在干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置上也是“煞費(fèi)苦心”，常使用諸如顛倒黑白、張冠李戴、無(wú)中生有、偷梁換柱、以偏概全等方式來(lái)造成句意的改變。其中最常見(jiàn)的干擾項(xiàng)是用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的改變。

例4 （2016年·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ） 26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinsons decision？

A. 17% expressed their support for it.

B. Few people responded sympathetically.

C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.

D. The majority thought it was a trend.

解析 D。文章第二段中有83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.這樣的表述，即83%的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為羅賓遜太太的決定將影響美國(guó)家庭中的祖父母?jìng)?。三分之二的人相信更多的家庭?huì)向奧巴馬的家庭學(xué)習(xí)。題中的C項(xiàng)雖然數(shù)字與原文一致，但卻悄悄地使用了bad，造成了句意的改變，干擾性非常大。對(duì)這種部分正確、部分錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)，我們尤其要注意。