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尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化對(duì)TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者預(yù)后的影響

2016-05-18 07:22齊士勇
關(guān)鍵詞:鱗狀尿路生存期

何 振,徐 勇,齊士勇,杜 娥,沙 楠,朱 冰

(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院泌尿外科,天津市泌尿外科研究所,天津300211)

論著

尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化對(duì)TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者預(yù)后的影響

何 振,徐 勇,齊士勇,杜 娥,沙 楠,朱 冰

(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院泌尿外科,天津市泌尿外科研究所,天津300211)

目的:探討尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化對(duì)初次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)(TURBT)術(shù)后pT1期患者預(yù)后的影響。方法:回顧性分析初次經(jīng)TURBT手術(shù)、術(shù)后病理診斷為T1期的531例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的臨床病理資料。根據(jù)患者的術(shù)后病理診斷將患者分為2組:A組為尿路上皮癌(單純型)441例,B組為尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化90例,應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,運(yùn)用Kaplan-Meier法分析兩種臨床病理特點(diǎn)對(duì)無復(fù)發(fā)生存期(RFS)和無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)的影響,并用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較生存曲線;運(yùn)用COX回歸模型單因素和多因素分析膀胱尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化與初次TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系,評(píng)估影響其RFS和PFS的因素。結(jié)果:A組單純尿路上皮癌441例(83.05%),B組尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化90例(16.95%)。B組與A組比較更易具有高級(jí)別腫瘤(P<0.001),同時(shí)B組較A組有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率(P=0.018)、較短的無復(fù)發(fā)生存期(P<0.001)以及較高的進(jìn)展率(P=0.001)、較短的無進(jìn)展生存期(P<0.001)。B組與A組比較,年齡(P=0.185)、性別(P=0.135)、吸煙(P=0.728)、腫瘤大?。≒=0.436)、腫瘤數(shù)目(P=0.112)和膀胱灌注(P=0.054)等差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。COX多因素生存分析顯示:吸煙(HR 1.34, 95%CI 1.00-1.79,P=0.048)、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況(HR 1.43,95%CI 1.02-2.00,P=0.040)以及病理分級(jí)(HR 1.51,95% CI 1.13-2.01,P=0.005)等因素顯著增加TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);同時(shí),吸煙(HR 1.80,95%CI 1.17-2.76, P=0.008)、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況(HR 2.07,95%CI 1.32-3.24,P=0.001)以及病理分級(jí)(HR 1.90,95%CI 1.24-2.92,P=0.003)等因素顯著增加TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者的進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)論:尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化是TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者的預(yù)后獨(dú)立影響因素,復(fù)發(fā)率及進(jìn)展率較高,需密切隨訪。

膀胱;尿路上皮癌;鱗狀分化;TURBT;復(fù)發(fā);進(jìn)展

膀胱癌是最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,全球每年新發(fā)病例中膀胱癌位于第6位,因癌癥死亡的病例中位于第9位[1]。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,75%的膀胱癌患者診斷為非肌層浸潤性,這些患者首次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)(TURBT)術(shù)后1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展率分別為15%~70%、7%~40%[2-3]。膀胱尿路上皮癌(UCB)是膀胱腫瘤中主要的組織類型,約占90%[4],但尿路上皮癌(UC)具有明顯向不同病理類型分化的傾向,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道7%~81%的UC病例伴有變異型[5-6],最常見的組織學(xué)分化就是鱗狀分化[7-8]。最新報(bào)道,在16.8%~22.1%的UCB患者中會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗狀分化[9-11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),UCB伴鱗狀分化治療方法及預(yù)后與單純UCB有較大差異[7],因此伴有鱗狀分化是否預(yù)示著不良預(yù)后,這一問題目前仍存在爭議[5,7,12]。本研究回顧性分析531例初次經(jīng)TURBT手術(shù)、術(shù)后病理診斷為T1期的尿路上皮癌患者的臨床資料,探討UCB伴鱗狀分化對(duì)患者預(yù)后的影響。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 病例選擇 收集2006年1月—2008年12月天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院收治的初次經(jīng)TURBT術(shù)后病理分期T1期的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者531例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)患者均為首發(fā)膀胱尿路上皮癌;(2)手術(shù)方式均為TURBT;(3)病理診斷為T1期。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)病理診斷中合并腺樣分化或伴有其他尿路上皮癌分型的患者;(2)存在上尿路腫瘤或是轉(zhuǎn)移性尿路上皮癌的患者;(3)手術(shù)時(shí)已發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的患者;(4)術(shù)前和(或)圍手術(shù)期放化療的患者;(5)病歷信息不全,隨訪資料不完整的患者。其中男433例,女98例,年齡27~90歲,中位數(shù)65歲。按研究目的分為兩組:A組單純尿路上皮癌441例(83.05%),B組尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化90例(16.95%)。

1.2 術(shù)后治療方法 病理分期為T1期患者術(shù)后膀胱內(nèi)灌注表柔比星50 mg(參考2014版《中國泌尿外科疾病診斷治療指南》:每周1次,連續(xù)8次,后改為每2周1次,連續(xù)8次,最后改為每月1次,連續(xù)8次)。

1.3 術(shù)后隨訪 患者均在術(shù)后1年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月行泌尿系B超、尿脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查及膀胱鏡檢查1次,術(shù)后第2年每6個(gè)月行膀胱鏡檢查1次,隨后每年行膀胱鏡檢查1次。

1.4 納入項(xiàng)目 本研究中分析的因素包括性別、年齡、吸煙、腫瘤數(shù)量和大小(術(shù)中確定腫瘤大小及數(shù)量,腫瘤數(shù)量為1個(gè)者定義為單發(fā)腫瘤,2個(gè)及以上者定義為多發(fā)腫瘤;直徑小于或等于3 cm者定義為較小腫瘤,大于3 cm者為較大腫瘤)、病理分級(jí)(WHO,2004)、膀胱灌注。本研究觀察終點(diǎn)是復(fù)發(fā)和進(jìn)展。研究結(jié)果是無復(fù)發(fā)生存期(RFS)和無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS),其中RFS定義為首次診斷為pT1期UCB術(shù)后到首次復(fù)發(fā)的時(shí)間,未復(fù)發(fā)者截止到末次隨訪的日期;PFS被定義為首次診斷為pT1期UCB到首次腫瘤進(jìn)展(腫瘤分級(jí)、分期的提高)的時(shí)間,未進(jìn)展者截止到末次隨訪的日期。

1.5 病理診斷 病理切片由我院兩位泌尿外科病理學(xué)專家進(jìn)行診斷。尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化定義為腫瘤組織中存在角質(zhì)化或細(xì)胞間橋等鱗狀細(xì)胞成分,同時(shí)免疫組化染色指標(biāo)p40表現(xiàn)為陽性。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。獨(dú)立樣本采用t檢驗(yàn),組間各因素的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),運(yùn)用Kaplan-Meier法分析兩種臨床病理特點(diǎn)對(duì)無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期的影響,并用Logrank檢驗(yàn)比較生存曲線。采用COX回歸模型單因素和多因素分析預(yù)測(cè)影響無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期的危險(xiǎn)因素,同時(shí)計(jì)算出95%置信區(qū)間(CI)內(nèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率(HR),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 臨床和病理特征 表1顯示了531例患者的臨床、病理特征。性別、年齡、吸煙、腫瘤數(shù)量及大小、膀胱灌注等組間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P≥0.05),然而B組較A組在病理分級(jí)上更易伴有高級(jí)別(64.44%/37.41%,P<0.001)?;颊唠S訪中位數(shù)87.0個(gè)月,在隨訪期間內(nèi),A組患者復(fù)發(fā)比例占37.41%(165/441),B組患者復(fù)發(fā)比例占51.11%(46/ 90)。同樣,A組患者進(jìn)展比例占15.65%(69/441),B組患者進(jìn)展比例占32.22%(29/90)。B組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率和進(jìn)展率均高于A組患者,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.018,P=0.001)。

2.2 生存分析

2.2.1 累積生存分析 Kaplan-Meier法繪圖分析A組與B組在無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期的差異見圖1、2,同時(shí),表1結(jié)果顯示B組與A組比較有較短的無復(fù)發(fā)生存期(P<0.001)以及較短的無進(jìn)展生存期(P<0.001)。

圖1 兩組患者RFS曲線(P<0.001)Fig 1 Kaplan-Meier curve of the recurrence-free survival rates for the two groups(P<0.001)

圖2 兩組患者PFS曲線(P<0.001)Fig 2 Kaplan-Meier curve of the progression-free survival rates for the two groups(P<0.001)

表1 單純尿路上皮癌組和尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化臨床特點(diǎn)的比較 [n(%)]Tab 1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between pure UCB and UCB with squamous differentiation [n(%)]

2.2.2 COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型分析單因素、多因素(臨床特征)對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)和進(jìn)展的影響 表2顯示了臨床特征對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)的影響,其中單因素結(jié)果表明吸煙、腫瘤數(shù)量、腫瘤大小、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況以及病理分級(jí)等影響因素與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)。然而,多因素結(jié)果顯示僅有吸煙、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況以及病理分級(jí)證明是復(fù)發(fā)的重要獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。

表2 單因素和多因素分析各臨床特征對(duì)TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者RFS的影響Tab 2 Univariableandmultivariableanalysesaccordingtorecurrence

同樣,表3分析了臨床特征對(duì)進(jìn)展的影響。其中單因素結(jié)果表明年齡、吸煙、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況以及病理分級(jí)等影響因素與腫瘤的進(jìn)展相關(guān)。多因素結(jié)果顯示僅有吸煙、鱗狀分化的伴發(fā)情況以及病理分級(jí)證明是進(jìn)展的重要獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)。

表3 單因素和多因素分析各臨床特征對(duì)TURBT術(shù)后pT1期患者PFS的影響Tab 3 Univariableandmultivariableanalysesaccordingtoprogression

3 討論

膀胱癌具有廣泛的組織學(xué)類型,其中膀胱癌患者中超過90%的病理結(jié)果是來源于尿路上皮的UC[13]。尿路上皮具有多向分化的能力,可以向多種分化形式及變異亞型變化。2004年WHO將尿路上皮腫瘤伴異向分化分為13種[13],約占UC的15%。其中UC伴鱗狀分化,在臨床上也常見,但由于目前仍沒有統(tǒng)一的診療標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所以其臨床意義仍不確定[7,14-16]。

UCB伴鱗狀分化在患者的癥狀及影像學(xué)檢查上表現(xiàn)并無特異性,其診斷仍需進(jìn)一步的組織學(xué)檢查,鏡下往往表現(xiàn)為:腫瘤組織中除了伴有尿路上皮成分外,局部還伴有鱗狀上皮的成分,在鱗狀上皮的區(qū)域可以看到細(xì)胞角化或伴有細(xì)胞間橋,必要時(shí)仍需免疫組化進(jìn)行鑒別。p40作為鱗狀細(xì)胞癌敏感性指標(biāo),當(dāng)鱗狀分化區(qū)域較大時(shí)可以依靠p40加以明確診斷;但當(dāng)鱗狀分化的區(qū)域較小時(shí),單純依靠組織染色無法辨別時(shí),則需依靠鱗狀分化的特異性指標(biāo)CK1、L1抗原加以甄別[17-18]。此外,有報(bào)道橋粒膠蛋白2也是鱗狀分化區(qū)域的特異性指標(biāo)[19]。由于治療方法的不同,需與膀胱鱗狀細(xì)胞癌進(jìn)行鑒別。但有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,UCB伴鱗狀分化與膀胱鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的預(yù)后差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[20]。

目前由于缺乏隨機(jī)的前瞻性對(duì)照研究,鱗狀分化能否作為UCB預(yù)后不良特點(diǎn)仍存在爭議。既往的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為單純UCB和UCB伴鱗狀分化在預(yù)后方面沒有差異[7,21-22]。Mitra等[23]回顧性分析了2 444例行根治性膀胱切除術(shù)的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)單純UCB與伴鱗狀分化的患者預(yù)后無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但結(jié)果顯示伴鱗狀分化可能是預(yù)后不良的指標(biāo)。Kim等[7]也回顧性分析了1 013例根治性膀胱切除術(shù)的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)伴有鱗狀分化或(和)腺樣化生的患者更可能有膀胱外腫瘤和淋巴結(jié)陽性,但多因素分析臨床病理在膀胱癌死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上沒有差異。然而,也有報(bào)道否定上述發(fā)現(xiàn),由于UCB伴鱗狀分化往往表現(xiàn)為高級(jí)別腫瘤,可以作為不良預(yù)后的因素[24],本研究符合該觀點(diǎn)。Antunes等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)伴鱗狀分化在患者根治性膀胱切除術(shù)后可作為腫瘤特異性生存的獨(dú)立的預(yù)測(cè)因素。另外,有研究證實(shí)組織中鱗狀細(xì)胞腫瘤成分的存在對(duì)根治性膀胱切除術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)起到重要作用[15]。

對(duì)UCB伴鱗狀分化仍沒有統(tǒng)一的治療標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。以往的報(bào)道認(rèn)為UCB伴變異型對(duì)放化療不敏感[25-27],尤其是Martin等[28]認(rèn)為UCB伴鱗狀分化對(duì)放療缺乏敏感性。但是,Scosyrev等[21]報(bào)道UCB伴鱗狀分化或腺樣分化的患者對(duì)新輔助化療反應(yīng)較好。仍需要大量研究評(píng)價(jià)放化療對(duì)UCB伴變異型的療效。

目前對(duì)TURBT術(shù)后UCB伴鱗狀分化的預(yù)后影響依舊不明確。Billis等[29]總結(jié)了165例TURBT的臨床病理特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤伴有鱗狀或(和)腺樣分化在臨床分級(jí)上有明顯的統(tǒng)計(jì)相關(guān)性,并表現(xiàn)為更有侵襲性腫瘤。Erdemir等[12]認(rèn)為UCB伴變異型與單純UCB比較在TURBT術(shù)后具有更高的復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和較低的生存率。目前仍沒有更多的研究pT1期UCB伴鱗狀分化對(duì)腫瘤預(yù)后的影響。我們的研究重點(diǎn)就放在pT1期UCB患者首次TURBT術(shù)后伴鱗狀分化對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)和進(jìn)展的影響。入組病例均為首次TURBT,術(shù)后病理診斷為T1期UCB。結(jié)果分析顯示伴鱗狀分化的患者比單純UCB的患者有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率和較短的無復(fù)發(fā)生存期,同時(shí)有較高的進(jìn)展率和較短的無進(jìn)展生存期。COX多因素回歸分析吸煙、伴鱗狀分化以及病理分級(jí)證明為無復(fù)發(fā)生存期和無進(jìn)展生存期的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素,尤其是腫瘤變異與病理分級(jí)的分布,可以明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)UCB伴鱗狀分化更可能伴有高級(jí)別腫瘤,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)暗示鱗狀分化的存在與腫瘤的侵襲性息息相關(guān),術(shù)后患者需密切隨訪,以防復(fù)發(fā)和進(jìn)展。但我們的研究仍存在缺陷,本研究僅將我院pT1期病例納入,仍需多中心、多樣本研究來證實(shí)。

總之,膀胱尿路上皮癌伴鱗狀分化,發(fā)病率高,惡性程度高,復(fù)發(fā)、進(jìn)展率高,可能為預(yù)后不良的指標(biāo),術(shù)后需密切隨訪并采取積極的治療方式,對(duì)改善預(yù)后起到重要作用。

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(2015-10-27收稿)

Influence of squamous differentiation on the prognosis of patients with pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder after TURBT

HE Zhen,XU Yong,QI Shi-yong,DU E,SHA Nan,ZHU Bing
(Department of Urology,The Second Hospital,Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin Institute of Urology,Tianjin 300211,China)

Objective:To evaluate squamous differentiation on prognosis in patients with pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder(UCB)after first transurethral resection(TURBT).Methods:The retrospective study based on clinicopathologic data was applied to 531 patients of pTl UCB after first TURBT.The patients were divided into two groups:group A included 441 patients with pure UCB,and group B included 90 patients with squamous differentiation.All the data were calculated by using SPSS 20.0 statistical software(IBM Company,version20.0).Recurrence-free survival(RFS)and progression-free survival(PFS)curves were estimated to study clinicopathologic features of two groups using the Kaplan-Meier method,and the difference was determined by the log-rank test.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to study patient prognosis between patients with squamous differentiation and patients with pT1 UCB through using a Cox proportional hazards regression model,and the factors influencing its RFS and PFS were evaluated.Results:In this study,group A included 441 patients with pure UCB,and group B included 90 patients with squamous differentiation.High grade tumors were more common in patients with squamous differentiation than those with pure UCB (P<0.001).Meanwhile,compared with group A,group B had a higher recurrence rate(P=0.018),shorter RFS (P<0.001),and the progress of the higher rate(P=0.001),shorter PFS(P<0.001).Correlations among the age(P=0.185),gender(P=0.135),smoking(P=0.728),tumor size(P=0.436),and tumor count(P=0.112)were not statistically significant.Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis,smoking (HR 1.34,95%CI 1.00-1.79,P=0.048),comorbid conditions of squamous differentiation(HR 1.43,95%CI 1.02-2.00,P=0.040)and pathology classification (HR 1.51,95%CI 1.13-2.01,P=0.005)in patients with pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder after first TURBT had a higher risk of recurrence;smoking(HR 1.80,95%CI 1.17-2.76, P=0.008),comorbid conditions of squamous differentiation(HR 2.07,95%CI 1.32-3.24,P=0.001)and pathology classification(HR 1.90, 95%CI 1.24-2.92,P=0.003)in patients with pT1 urothelial carcinoma of bladder after first TURBT had a higher risk of progress.Conclusion:UCB with squamous differentiation is an independent prognostic predictor,and the presence of squamous differentiation couldbe associated with higher recurrence/progress rate,and patients with this variant should be followed up closely.

bladder;urothelial carcinoma;squamous differentiation;TURBT;recurrence;progression

R737.14

A

1006-8147(2016)03-0213-05

何振(1989-),男,碩士在讀,研究方向:泌尿系腫瘤;通信作者:徐勇,E-mail:Drxuyong@126.com。

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