俞江濤
狀語從句在英語中應(yīng)用非常廣泛,同時也是高考英語考查的重點內(nèi)容。同學(xué)們在復(fù)習(xí)時應(yīng)側(cè)重where,before,unless,when,whatever(no matter what),however(no matter how)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,以及其它慣用狀語從句結(jié)構(gòu),如as,be just about to ... when; it wont be long before ... 等的用法。
[時間狀語從句]
引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句常用的連詞有when,while,as,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,once,the moment,whenever,by the time,hardly ... when,no sooner ... than等的用法。
1. when,while和as
(1)when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的謂語既可以表示持續(xù)性動作或狀態(tài)的動詞,也可以表示短暫性動作的動詞。從句的動作既可以和主句的動作同時發(fā)生,也可以先于主句的動作發(fā)生。當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,可與while互換。
注意:①在when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,如果主語與主句的主語相同,且動詞又是be動詞時,主語與be動詞常常被省略。
②在when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,若要表示有關(guān)將來的事情,通常用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。
③when還可以用作并列連詞,意為“正在這時(=at that/this time);然后(=and then)”,此時通常與be about to do,be doing或be on the point of doing連用。
(2)while引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的謂語動詞必須是表示持續(xù)性動作或狀態(tài)的動詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動作和從句動作的同時發(fā)生。while還可作并列連詞,側(cè)重主句動作和從句動作的對比。
(3)as強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動作的相并發(fā)生,意為“一邊……一邊……”,也可以用來說明兩種正在發(fā)展和變化的情況,此時常意為“隨著”。
例1 (2015福建卷) the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.
A. While B. Unless
C. Since D. Until
解釋 A。本題考查狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞用法。句意為:雖然這些學(xué)生來自不同的國家,但他們在夏令營相處得很融洽。while常見含意有“雖然;然而,而;在……期間,當(dāng)……時;趁著”等,此處為“雖然”之意。
2. before和since
(1)before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,通常用現(xiàn)在時表示將來的動作,用現(xiàn)在完成時表示未來完成的動作。如果before引導(dǎo)的從句是過去時,主句可為過去時或過去完成時。before還可用于句型“It will be+段時間+before從句”表示“過多久才……”。
(2)在since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般過去式,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(主句表示時間時可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時)。如:
It has been ten years since I came to know him.
It is ten years since I came to know him.
例2 (2015重慶卷)If you miss this chance, it may be years you get another one.
A. as B. before
C. since D. after
解釋 B。before用于句型“It will/may be+段時間+before從句”表示“過多久才……”。
例3 (2013陜西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you I came back from abroad.
A. since B. until
C. before D. when
解釋 A。在since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般過去式,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時。
3. until和till
until和till意義相同,通??蓳Q用,但在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句或句首時,一般用until。在肯定句中,當(dāng)主句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞時,通常意思為“直到……為止”,表示主句動作一直延續(xù)到until/till從句表示的時間才終止;在否定句中,當(dāng)主句謂語動詞為短暫性動詞時,通常意思為“直到……才(做……)”,表示主句動作到until/till從句表示的時間才開始。
4. 表示“一……就……”
如the moment/the instant/the minute,each time/every time, the first/the last/the next time等和某些時間副詞如immediately/instantly/directly等,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when
no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意為“一…… 就……”。主句的謂語動詞通常要用過去完成時,從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時。注意其倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例4 (2012全國卷Ⅱ)I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.
A. when B. than
C. until D. after
解釋 A。只要辨認(rèn)出固定句型hardly ... when ... 問題即刻解決。句意:我剛到辦公室,我妻子就給我打電話讓我立刻回家。
[原因狀語從句]
1. because, since和as
(1)because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句通常表示直接的原因,語氣最強(qiáng)。在回答why問句時,只能用because而不能用since或as來回答。在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,如強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句,要用because來引導(dǎo)從句。
(2)since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句通常表示已知的原因,意為“既然”,語氣較because弱,且常置于句首。
(3)as引導(dǎo)愿因狀語從句表示的原因較明顯,且為雙方所知,通常置于句首。
注意:并列連詞for可引導(dǎo)表示原因的并列句,強(qiáng)調(diào)對前句內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。它通常不置于句首,并須用逗號與前句隔開。
例5 (2012重慶卷)—Coach, can I continue with the training?
—Sorry, you cant, you havent recovered from the knee injury.
A. until B. because
C. to consider D. unless
解釋 C。短語語境表示“抱歉,你不能繼續(xù)訓(xùn)練因為你膝蓋受的傷還沒有恢復(fù)”。由此可知,空白處后面為原因狀語從句,C選項符合題意。
2. now that(其中that可省略)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,意為“既然”。
例6 youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.
A. Now that B. After
C. Although D. As soon as
解釋 A。由句意“既然現(xiàn)在你有個機(jī)會,你就應(yīng)該充分利用它”可知,此處用now that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,意思為“既然”。
[地點狀語從句]
1. 地點狀語從句由where,wherever引導(dǎo)。
2. 地點狀語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。
where引導(dǎo)的定語從句:從句前應(yīng)有一個表示地點的名詞作先行詞;先行詞在從句中必須充當(dāng)狀語。地點狀語從句則沒有表示地點的名詞充當(dāng)狀語。如:
Go back to the village where you came from. (定語從句)
Go back where you came from. (狀語從句)
例7 (2015安徽卷) he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.
A. Where B. As
C. In case D. Now that
解釋 A。此處是where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句,表示“在……地方”。句意:在他曾經(jīng)想要放棄的地方,他有了繼續(xù)前行、深入的目的。
[讓步狀語從句]
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞常用的有though, although,even if,even though,as(既然),whether ... or,no matter who/what/which/where/how等。
1. no matter who/what/which/where引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,可與whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever互換,但whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,此時不可用no matter who/what/which/where替換。however/no matter how修飾形容詞或副詞時,該形容詞或副詞必須放在however/no matter how之后。
例8 (2013江蘇卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A. whatever B. whoever
C. wherever D. whichever
解釋 C。句意:在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中,一種治療癌癥的新藥,無論它是在哪兒被發(fā)現(xiàn),都將在全球產(chǎn)生很多經(jīng)濟(jì)上的可能性。在狀語從句“ it is discovered”中,不缺少任何主要成分,引導(dǎo)詞只能在從句中作狀語,而只有wherever是副詞性的。
例9 (2013江蘇卷)One can always manage to do more things, no matter full ones schedule is in life.
A. how B. what
C. when D. where
解釋 A。句意:不論一個人的日程有多么滿,他總是能設(shè)法做更多的事情。no matter how=however。根據(jù)how+adj./adv.的原則,full是形容詞,所以選A。
2. though,although和as
(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,須用倒裝語序,意為“盡管”。
(2)although和though均可作從屬連詞,意為“雖然;盡管”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時,??苫Q,但although引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句首。
例10 (2012陜西卷)Hot the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
A. although B. as
C. while D. however
解釋 B。hot是做從句的表語,提前說明從句時倒裝,即as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,要將從句中的表語,狀語,或動詞原形提到as之前。
3. even if和even though
even if和even though均可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。意為“即使”。但even if引導(dǎo)的從句含有強(qiáng)烈的假定性,而even though則多以從句的內(nèi)容為前提。
例11 (2014北京卷) the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.
A. As B. When
C. Even though D. In case
解釋 C 。as意為“盡管”時需用倒裝語序,when意為“當(dāng)……時”,even though意為“即使”,In case意為“以防”。由題意可知,“盡管森林公園很遠(yuǎn),每年仍然有很多游客”。
[條件狀語從句]
引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句常見的從屬連詞有if,unless, so/as long as(只要),on condition that (a),in case,suppose/supposing/providing等。
例12 (2015北京卷)You wont find paper cutting difficult you keep practicing it.
A. even if B. as long as
C. as if D. ever since
解釋 B。其中A項意思為“即使”;B項意思為“只要”;C項意思為“好像”;D項意思為“自從”。句意:只要你堅持練習(xí),你會發(fā)現(xiàn)剪紙不難。
例13 (2015江蘇卷)It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.
A. if B. unless
C. once D. when
解釋 B。句意:天氣如此冷以至于除非全身穿著厚衣服你才能到外面去。A項意思為“如果”,B項意思為“除非”,C項意思為“一旦”,D項意思為“當(dāng)……時”。
[目的和結(jié)果狀語從句]
引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that,in order that,lest等。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有so,so that,so/such...that等。
注意:so that既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,區(qū)別在于:引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時,常與情態(tài)動詞連用;引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時,一般不與情態(tài)動詞連用,且so that前常用逗號與主句隔開。試比較:
I got up early so that I might be in time for the early train. (目的狀語從句)
I got up early, so that I was in time for the early train. (結(jié)果狀語從句)
例14 (2014浙江卷)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family.
A. now that B. as if
C. only if D. so that
解釋 D。句意為:當(dāng)她的兒子出生時,凱西已經(jīng)辭去了她的工作以便能呆在家里照顧家人。