葉樂(lè)馳,鄭春曉,金約朋,白永愉,李強(qiáng),周蒙滔
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,浙江 溫州 325000,1.腫瘤外科;2.肝膽外科)
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區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU誘導(dǎo)大鼠急性胰腺炎腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡及Caspase-3表達(dá)
葉樂(lè)馳1,鄭春曉2,金約朋2,白永愉2,李強(qiáng)2,周蒙滔2
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,浙江 溫州 325000,1.腫瘤外科;2.肝膽外科)
[摘 要]目的 探討區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注(regional arterial infusion,RAI)5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)對(duì)大鼠急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及其對(duì)急性胰腺炎的治療作用。方法 18只健康成年SD大鼠隨機(jī)分成3組:對(duì)照組(C組)、急性胰腺炎組(AP組)和5-FU治療組(5-FU組)。各組均行胃左動(dòng)脈置管,AP組和5-FU組以大劑量雨蛙素(每小時(shí)腹腔注射50 μg/kg,連續(xù)6 h)誘導(dǎo)建立大鼠急性胰腺炎模型,對(duì)照組注射同等劑量的生理鹽水。5-FU組在第一次腹腔注射雨蛙素1 h后立即區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU(40 mg/kg)治療,C組和AP組區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注等量的生理鹽水。建模成功后3 h取標(biāo)本并處死大鼠,檢測(cè)血淀粉酶濃度,RT-PCR法檢測(cè)胰腺組織內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平,胰腺標(biāo)本送病理學(xué)檢查,Western blotting法檢測(cè)胰腺組cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表達(dá),同時(shí)TUNEL法檢測(cè)大鼠胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡情況。結(jié)果 與AP組比較,5-FU組血淀粉酶濃度明顯降低(P<0.05);胰腺組織內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平下降(P<0.05);胰腺組織病理學(xué)改變減輕;胰腺組織cleaved Caspase-3的蛋白表達(dá)增加;胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡增加(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU對(duì)大鼠急性胰腺炎有改善作用,其作用機(jī)制可能與誘導(dǎo)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]急性胰腺炎;凋亡;5-氟尿嘧啶;區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注;雨蛙素;大鼠
盡管近年來(lái)針對(duì)急性胰腺炎(AP)的治療有所改進(jìn),但病死率高、并發(fā)癥多、治療費(fèi)用高昂的治療現(xiàn)狀仍未見(jiàn)明顯改觀[1]。5-FU治療AP取得了肯定的療效[2-6],但是缺乏深入的機(jī)制研究。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)建立雨蛙素誘導(dǎo)的大鼠AP模型,從胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡的角度去探討5-FU對(duì)AP的治療機(jī)制。
1.1材料和試劑
清潔級(jí)健康成年雄性SD大鼠,體重250~300 g,購(gòu)于溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心。5-FU注射液(天津金耀氨基酸有限公司);雨蛙素(美國(guó)Sigma公司);亞甲蘭染色液、HE染色劑(北京索萊寶科技有限公司);戊巴比妥鈉(上海試劑總公司);PE10導(dǎo)管(寧波安萊軟件與器械有限公司),大鼠TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6引物序列(上海生工合成)。
1.2動(dòng)物分組與建模
雄性SD大鼠18只,術(shù)前禁食12 h,不禁水。常規(guī)1.5%戊巴比妥鈉針(1 mg/kg)腹部皮下注射麻醉。三組均麻醉后開(kāi)腹,行胃左動(dòng)脈置管[7]后引出體外固定,術(shù)后5 h清醒后誘導(dǎo)胰腺炎模型。(1)對(duì)照組(C組):給予腹腔內(nèi)注射等量的生理鹽水;(2)急性胰腺炎組(AP組):依照Bhatia等[8]方法建立大鼠AP模型,大劑量雨蛙素(caerulein)50 μg/kg,每隔1 h腹腔注射,連續(xù)6 h,總計(jì)6次,誘導(dǎo)建立大鼠急性胰腺炎模型;(3)5-FU治療組(5-FU組):同上雨蛙素制模,第1次雨蛙素皮下注射后1 h,行5-FU胃左動(dòng)脈區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注。5-FU動(dòng)脈灌注劑量40 mg/kg,灌注速度6.0 mL/h。C組和AP組相同的時(shí)間給予胃左動(dòng)脈灌注等量的生理鹽水。大鼠清醒后自由飲水,禁食。
1.3標(biāo)本采集及指標(biāo)檢測(cè)
各組建模完成后3 h,分別再次麻醉大鼠,抽血、取標(biāo)本,檢測(cè)如下指標(biāo):(1)血清淀粉酶,采用日本Beckman Coulter全自動(dòng)生化儀檢測(cè);(2)RT-PCR法檢測(cè)胰腺組織內(nèi)TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平。TNF-α上游引物序列5′-ACTGAACTTCGGGGTGATTGG-3′,下游引物序列5′-GCTTGGTGGTTTGCTACGAC-3′;IL-1β
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1胰腺組織光鏡觀察
光鏡下,C組大鼠胰腺結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常。AP組胰腺腺體結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,胰腺間質(zhì)水腫,部分腺泡細(xì)胞空泡化,伴有大量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。5-FU組較AP組胰腺間質(zhì)水腫、腺泡細(xì)胞空泡化、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)均明顯減輕,圖1。
2.2胰腺組織病理學(xué)評(píng)分
AP組胰腺病理學(xué)評(píng)分最高,提示胰腺的損傷最嚴(yán)重。區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU后,胰腺病理?yè)p傷程度減輕,病理學(xué)評(píng)分減少,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。5-FU組血清淀粉酶濃度較AP組有明顯下降,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。具體見(jiàn)表1。
2.3胰腺組織TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平
采用RT-PCR法檢測(cè)胰腺組織TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平。與C組比較,AP組和5-FU組胰腺組織內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平均明顯的升高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。5-FU組胰腺組上游引物序列5′-CACCTTCTTTTCCTTCATCTTTG-3′,下游引物序列5′-GTCGTTGCTTGTCTCTCCTTGTA-3′;IL-6上游引物序列5′-TGATGGATGCTTCCAAACTGGA-3′,下游引物序列5′-GAGCATTGGAAGTTGGGGTA-3′;內(nèi)參為大鼠GAPDH。(3)取部分胰腺置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定用于HE染色。HE染色法觀察胰腺組織改變;(4)采用末端脫氧核苷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶介導(dǎo)dUTP缺口末端標(biāo)記(TUNEL)法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡。凋亡指數(shù)(apoptotic index,AI)計(jì)算方法:取4個(gè)高倍鏡視野,每個(gè)視野中計(jì)算250個(gè)腺泡中凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù),AI=(凋亡細(xì)胞總數(shù)/1 000)×100%;(5)Western blotting法檢測(cè)胰腺組織cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)水平;(6)按照Schmidt標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]對(duì)胰腺進(jìn)行病理評(píng)分,由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的病理科醫(yī)師雙盲進(jìn)行評(píng)分,根據(jù)胰腺間質(zhì)水腫、腺泡細(xì)胞壞死、出血和脂肪壞死、炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,每項(xiàng)按照嚴(yán)重程度分別評(píng)分為0~4分??桾NF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平較AP組明顯下降,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
圖1 大鼠胰腺組織光鏡觀察(HE,×200)
表1 各組胰腺病理學(xué)評(píng)分和血淀粉酶濃度
表2 各組胰腺組織TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA的表達(dá)水平
2.4胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡的改變
TUNEL法檢測(cè)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的凋亡,細(xì)胞核中深褐色的胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞為凋亡的細(xì)胞。各組的胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)(%)分別如下:C組(0.37±0.082)較少發(fā)生凋亡,凋亡指數(shù)低;AP組(1.12±0.26)凋亡指數(shù)較C組明顯增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05);5-FU組(2.5±0.39)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡較AP組明顯增加,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.5胰腺組織Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)的變化
采用Western blotting法檢測(cè)胰腺組織cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果如圖3所示。AP組中Caspase-3水平明顯高于C組,而5-FU組中Caspase-3水平較AP組明顯升高。該結(jié)果提示胃左動(dòng)脈區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU后Caspase-3表達(dá)增加。
圖2 大鼠胰腺TUNEL法顯示胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的凋亡(TUNEL,×100)
圖3 胰腺組織Cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表達(dá)情況
胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞病理?yè)p害的結(jié)果主要有凋亡和壞死兩種[10]。發(fā)生AP后,若胰腺腺泡壞死,細(xì)胞內(nèi)多種胰酶成分被釋放,可導(dǎo)致胰腺局部強(qiáng)烈的炎癥反應(yīng)進(jìn)而激活全身炎癥系統(tǒng),從而誘發(fā)全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome,SIRS)。若胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡,由于細(xì)胞膜的完整性,使得腺泡細(xì)胞內(nèi)的胰酶成分不外泄,則不伴有或僅有輕微的炎癥反應(yīng),引起的胰腺炎病變亦較輕,也不致發(fā)生SIRS。胰腺腺泡的損害方式(凋亡或壞死)決定了炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的程度。壞死可促進(jìn)炎癥細(xì)胞的聚集和激活,釋放炎癥介質(zhì),誘發(fā)“瀑布樣”的炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),加重胰腺炎;凋亡有利于限制炎癥的過(guò)度激活[10]。因此,如果我們能夠誘導(dǎo)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,減少壞死,則有可能抑制炎癥反應(yīng)的的啟動(dòng)及其引發(fā)的SIRS。
自上世紀(jì)70年代5-FU就被用于治療AP[11-12],療效肯定[2-6,13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),5-FU以線粒體依賴和非依賴途徑誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡均伴隨Caspase-3活化[14],進(jìn)而激活下游的酶和蛋白,引起細(xì)胞凋亡。與本實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果與此相一致,區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU伴隨胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞Caspase-3的激活和胰腺腺泡的凋亡。
我們采用區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU的方法作為誘導(dǎo)胰腺局部腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡的手段,除上述5-FU能誘導(dǎo)凋亡的原因之外,主要考慮區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注途徑能大幅提高胰腺組織局部藥物濃度而不相應(yīng)增加其全身毒副作用的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[3]。Cao Y等[14]證實(shí)誘導(dǎo)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡有利于減輕AP的嚴(yán)重程度。Orabi等[15]在大鼠胰腺炎模型中發(fā)現(xiàn):腺泡細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡時(shí)胰腺炎相對(duì)較輕,認(rèn)為凋亡可使胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞免除壞死,減低AP的嚴(yán)重性。由此看來(lái),胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的凋亡對(duì)AP病程進(jìn)展是一種有益的反應(yīng)。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU可降低AP大鼠血淀粉酶濃度和胰腺組織TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 mRNA表達(dá)水平,減輕胰腺病理?yè)p傷,說(shuō)明通過(guò)區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU對(duì)雨蛙素誘導(dǎo)的AP起到治療作用。區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU使得胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞Caspase-3表達(dá)增加。區(qū)域動(dòng)脈灌注5-FU使得胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞的凋亡增加。凋亡是細(xì)胞主動(dòng)的死亡,是有基因控制的細(xì)胞程序性死亡。Caspase家族成員在凋亡的過(guò)程中起到了關(guān)鍵作用,其中Caspase-3是細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中最主要的終末剪切酶,它在凋亡信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的許多途徑中發(fā)揮功能[16-17]。結(jié)合我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,推測(cè)5-FU可能通過(guò)增加Caspase-3表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)胰腺腺泡細(xì)胞凋亡增加,進(jìn)而對(duì)AP起到治療作用。
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(本文編輯:張和,魯翠濤)
·論著 基礎(chǔ)研究·
Effect of 5-fluorouracil administered with regional arterial infusion on pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis and expression of Caspase-3 in rats with acute pancreatitis
YE Le-chi1, ZHENG Chunxiao2, JIN Yue-peng2, BAI Yong-yu2, LI qiang2, ZHOU Meng-tao2.1Department of Oncological Surgery;2Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
AbstractObjective To assess the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered with regional arterial infusion (RAI) on pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) and its effect on AP in rats. Methods Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (C group), acute pancreatitis group (AP group), and the 5-FU treatment group (5-FU group). A catheter was inserted through the left gastric artery in all the three groups. AP model was induced by hourly intraperitoneal injections of saline containing a supramaximally stimulating dose of caerulein (50 μg/kg) for 6 h. 5-FU (40 mg/kg) was administered with RAI to the 5-FU group following 1 h after the first intraperitoneal injection of caerulein. Saline was administered with the same doses to the other two groups. Serum amylase activity and mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β,IL-6 in pancreatic tissues were measured with RT-PCR at 3 h following the induction of AP. The pathological changes in the pancreas tissues were observed and scored. Protein expression of cleaved Caspase-3 in pancreatic tissues was measured with Western blotting analysis. Apoptosis was quantified by TUNEL assay. Results Compared with the AP group, the serum amylase activity, the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in pancreatic tissues and the pathological scores of pancreas in the 5-FU group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Expression of cleaved Caspase-3 in pancreatic tissues and pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis in the 5-FU group increased sig-book=206,ebook=35nificantly than that in the AP group (P<0.05). Conclusion RAI with 5-FU has beneficial effects on AP rats, the underlying mechanism is possibly related to indue pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis.
Key wordsacute pancreatitis; apoptosis; 5-fluorouracil; regional arterial infusion; caerulein; rats
[通訊作者簡(jiǎn)介]周蒙滔,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail:zmt0417@hotmail.com。
[第一作者簡(jiǎn)介]葉樂(lè)馳(1979-),男,浙江溫州人,主治醫(yī)師,博士。
[基金項(xiàng)目]浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LY12H03007);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81370563);浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生重大科技計(jì)劃(WKJ2012-2-033);浙江省科技廳公益性應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目(2012C23108));溫州市科技局項(xiàng)目(H20110016)。
[收稿日期]2015-12-24
[中圖分類號(hào)]R576
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
DOI:10.11952/j.issn.1007-1954.2016.03.008