王進(jìn)舉 張春燕 肖 斌 李 洪 敬健雄 馮春紅 夏先明 代榮陽(yáng)
(瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科,四川 瀘州 646000)
?
GRP78在肝癌細(xì)胞抵抗棕櫚酸誘導(dǎo)凋亡中的作用
王進(jìn)舉張春燕1肖斌1李洪1敬健雄馮春紅夏先明代榮陽(yáng)1
(瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院肝膽外科,四川瀘州646000)
〔摘要〕目的探討內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ER stress)信號(hào)調(diào)控對(duì)棕櫚酸(PA)誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及其機(jī)制。方法培養(yǎng)人肝癌細(xì)胞SMMC-7721,在采用ER stress抑制劑4-苯丁酸(PBA)和過(guò)表達(dá)葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(GRP)78的基礎(chǔ)上,利用流式細(xì)胞和免疫印跡技術(shù)分析ER stress以及GRP78對(duì)PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。 結(jié)果PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生ER stress,PBA抑制ER stress并減弱了PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡(P<0.05)。PA和ER stress誘導(dǎo)劑衣霉素(Tun)對(duì)ER stress分子標(biāo)志的誘導(dǎo)水平差異顯著(P<0.05),其中PA誘導(dǎo)的GRP78遠(yuǎn)低于Tun的誘導(dǎo)作用。過(guò)表達(dá)GRP78明顯抑制了PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論GRP78的誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)不足在PA介導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡中起重要作用。
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激;葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白78;棕櫚酸;凋亡;肝癌細(xì)胞
棕櫚酸(PA)是食物中常見(jiàn)的飽和脂肪酸之一,已有研究表明,PA過(guò)多或長(zhǎng)期作用可誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞、胰島β細(xì)胞、心肌細(xì)胞以及神經(jīng)元等多種細(xì)胞發(fā)生脂性凋亡,此現(xiàn)象稱為脂毒性〔1~4〕。細(xì)胞發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ER stress)時(shí),未折疊蛋白或錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白在ER聚集將誘導(dǎo)未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(UPR)信號(hào)系統(tǒng)活化〔5〕。UPR信號(hào)途徑包括RNA激活蛋白激酶的ER類似激酶/真核細(xì)胞翻譯起始因子2α(PERK/eIF2α)、激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 (ATF)6和需肌醇酶1/X盒結(jié)合蛋白1(IRE1/XBP1)三條信號(hào)途徑。UPR信號(hào)系統(tǒng)的活化對(duì)應(yīng)激細(xì)胞恢復(fù)正常功能起重要作用,但是當(dāng)細(xì)胞面臨過(guò)強(qiáng)或持續(xù)性ER stress刺激時(shí),UPR則會(huì)啟動(dòng)凋亡途徑誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡〔6〕。近來(lái)研究提示ER功能失調(diào)在脂毒性介導(dǎo)的肝細(xì)胞凋亡中扮演了重要角色。脂代謝異常能夠誘導(dǎo)ER stress,并激活UPR信號(hào)系統(tǒng),ER stress與脂毒性誘導(dǎo)的肝細(xì)胞死亡緊密相關(guān)〔7〕。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用Western印跡等方法對(duì)PA在人肝癌細(xì)胞株SMMC-7721 ER stress的活化及其在PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用和機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究。
1材料和方法
1.1材料PA,ER stress誘導(dǎo)劑衣霉素(Tun)和stress抑制劑4-苯丁酸(PBA)購(gòu)自Sigma公司;抗葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(GRP)78一抗,化學(xué)增強(qiáng)發(fā)光法(ECL)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司;抗PARP、phospho-eIF2α(Ser51)、myc-tag和β-actin一抗購(gòu)自美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology公司;Annexin V-FITC凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD PharMingen公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及處理SMMC-7721肝癌細(xì)胞用5% CO2,37℃孵箱內(nèi)用DMEM完全培養(yǎng)基(含10% FBS、20 mmol/L NaHCO3、20 mmol/L HEPES、100 U/ml 青霉素和100 μg/ml 鏈霉素)培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞單層貼壁生長(zhǎng),視具體情況更換培養(yǎng)基。PA用異丙醇溶解,使用濃度為200 mmol/L。加入PA刺激時(shí),細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液換為含1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的DMEM。
1.2.2細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞后,用Annexin V-FITC凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒按照說(shuō)明書(shū)方法檢測(cè)凋亡細(xì)胞。
1.2.3免疫印跡分析十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯凝膠(SDS-PAGE)電泳分離蛋白質(zhì)后,采用半干式電轉(zhuǎn)移將蛋白分子轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜,電轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)束后PVDF膜用Tris鹽酸緩沖液(TBST)洗滌3次(5 min/次),封阻緩沖液(5% BSA)在室溫下密閉輕搖動(dòng)封阻1 h。洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)后,PVDF膜與Ⅰ抗稀釋液室溫下輕搖動(dòng)孵育2 h,洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)。PVDF膜與Ⅱ抗稀釋液于室溫下輕搖動(dòng)孵育1 h,洗膜緩沖液洗滌3次(5 min/次)。加入ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑A、B液各0.5 ml,混勻,潤(rùn)透PVDF膜后室溫作用1 min。暗室中將PVDF膜迅速封入保鮮膜中,Kada X-ray film 壓片,放射自顯影5 min。X-ray film 置于顯影液中15~30 s,定影液中1.5 min,清水沖洗晾干。
1.2.4實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR分析提取細(xì)胞總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,利用SYBR Premix Ex Taq進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR分析。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS17.0軟件進(jìn)行方差分析、t檢驗(yàn)。
2結(jié)果
2.1PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞ER stress反應(yīng)通過(guò)分析UPR活化的分子標(biāo)志XBP1、CHOP和GRP78檢測(cè)PA對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞UPR的活化情況,采用Tun作為陽(yáng)性對(duì)照。結(jié)果顯示PA刺激不僅誘導(dǎo)了XBP1 mRNA的活化剪切,也誘導(dǎo)了CHOP和GRP78轉(zhuǎn)錄水平增加(圖1A)。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR結(jié)果進(jìn)一步確證了PA對(duì)UPR活化分子標(biāo)志XBP1(圖1B)、CHOP(圖1C)和GRP78(圖1D)mRNA水平的誘導(dǎo)。提示PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌ER stress反應(yīng)。見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞ER stress反應(yīng)
2.2PBA抑制PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡光學(xué)顯微鏡下發(fā)現(xiàn)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞經(jīng)PA處理24 h后發(fā)生明顯死亡(圖2A)。由于PA介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞死亡包括凋亡和壞死,實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)了PA對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡的影響,PA 0 h,細(xì)胞凋亡(5.1±0.29)%,PA 12 h為(21.4±1.23)%,PA 24 h為(86.7±4.99)%;Western印跡結(jié)果表明PA誘導(dǎo)了SMMC-7721細(xì)胞PARP的活化剪切,PARP活化剪切呈時(shí)間依賴性(圖2B)。
為了分析ER stress是否調(diào)控了PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡,實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)了ER stress抑制劑PBA對(duì)PA誘導(dǎo)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。Western印跡結(jié)果(圖2C)表明PBA處理顯著抑制PA對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中PARP活化剪切的誘導(dǎo)。Annexin V-FITC流式細(xì)胞檢測(cè)結(jié)果也表明PBA處理顯著抑制了PA誘導(dǎo)的SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡(表1)。Western印跡進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)ER stress誘導(dǎo)劑Tun對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞SMMC-7721凋亡的誘導(dǎo)情況,結(jié)果表明Tun處理SMMC-7721細(xì)胞沒(méi)有引起明顯的PARP活化剪切(圖3);Annexin V-FITC流式細(xì)胞檢測(cè)結(jié)果也表明Tun幾乎沒(méi)有誘導(dǎo)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,其中0 h凋亡(5.10±0.29)%,12 h(4.83±0.63)%,24 h(5.72±0.67)%,36 h(9.09±0.68)%(F=56.229,P<0.001)。
圖2 PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡
時(shí)間點(diǎn)PAPBA+PAt值P值0h4.08±0.235.05±0.384.8780.00112h25.5±1.4710.10±0.7520.856<0.00124h90.78±5.2330.30±2.2623.738<0.001
圖3 Tun誘導(dǎo)的凋亡
2.3PA和Tun差異性誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞UPR信號(hào)系統(tǒng)通過(guò)檢測(cè)UPR活化的分子標(biāo)志XBP1、CHOP和GRP78的表達(dá)變化比較PA和Tun對(duì)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞UPR的誘導(dǎo)。RT-PCR結(jié)果(圖4)顯示SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中PA和Tun對(duì)UPR的誘導(dǎo)具有差異性,具體表現(xiàn)在XBP1的活化剪切和GRP78的誘導(dǎo)具有差異性。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR結(jié)果(圖5)也表明了SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中PA和Tun對(duì)XBP1和GRP78的活化誘導(dǎo)有顯著差異,而對(duì)CHOP的誘導(dǎo)無(wú)明顯差異。與Tun誘導(dǎo)相比,PA誘導(dǎo)的XBP1活化出現(xiàn)晚但誘導(dǎo)活化的高水平維持時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。PA誘導(dǎo)的GRP78轉(zhuǎn)錄水平明顯低于Tun的誘導(dǎo)作用。Tun處理3 h可以檢測(cè)到XBP1顯著活化,而PA處理8 h才能檢測(cè)到XBP1顯著活化。Tun處理12 h后XBP1的活化誘導(dǎo)出現(xiàn)顯著下降,而
PA處理24 h后XBP1的活化誘導(dǎo)仍然處于上升狀態(tài)。Western印跡結(jié)果(圖6)表明PA誘導(dǎo)的GRP78蛋白水平遠(yuǎn)低于Tun的誘導(dǎo)作用。
圖4 RT-PCR檢測(cè)PA和Tun對(duì)UPR的誘導(dǎo)差異
圖5 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中PA和Tun對(duì)XBP1、GRP78、CHOP的誘導(dǎo)差異
圖6 PA和Tun差異性誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞ER Stress
2.4GRP78過(guò)表達(dá)抑制PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞在PA處理前24 h轉(zhuǎn)染GRP78表達(dá)載體,對(duì)照組則轉(zhuǎn)染GFP表達(dá)載體。Western印跡結(jié)果表明GRP78的瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染顯著抑制了PA誘導(dǎo)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞PARP的活化剪切。Annexin V-FITC流式細(xì)胞檢測(cè)結(jié)果也表明GRP78轉(zhuǎn)染顯著抑制了PA誘導(dǎo)的SMMC-7721細(xì)胞凋亡。見(jiàn)表2,見(jiàn)圖7。
圖7 GRP78表達(dá)載體抑制PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡
時(shí)間點(diǎn)GFP+PAGRP78+PAt值P值0h2.04±0.123.03±0.238.676<0.00112h29.58±1.7012.12±0.9120.236<0.00124h86.70±4.9937.37±2.7919.281<0.001
3討論
機(jī)體發(fā)生肥胖和胰島素抵抗時(shí),血清中出現(xiàn)游離脂肪酸(FFA)堆積,血清中過(guò)多的FFA經(jīng)過(guò)脂肪酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)入肝細(xì)胞,并在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)經(jīng)過(guò)酯化作用生成對(duì)肝細(xì)胞具有毒性的甘油三酯。飽和脂肪酸通過(guò)上述過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的毒性作用能夠誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞發(fā)生脂性凋亡。肝細(xì)胞的脂性凋亡與非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪肝(NASH)以及肝癌(HCC)有著密切的聯(lián)系〔8~11〕。
肝細(xì)胞ER豐富,這與肝細(xì)胞旺盛的蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪代謝密切相關(guān)。對(duì)NAFLD的研究表明,細(xì)胞內(nèi)FFA的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和酯化均發(fā)生在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)FFA過(guò)多會(huì)導(dǎo)致ER功能障礙并出現(xiàn)ER stress和未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)。由此可見(jiàn)脂代謝紊亂與ER stress密切相關(guān),但ER stress在肝細(xì)胞和肝癌細(xì)胞脂性凋亡中的作用及其分子機(jī)制目前還不是很清楚。本研究利用肝癌細(xì)胞分析了PA對(duì)ER stress的誘導(dǎo)及其對(duì)脂性凋亡的調(diào)控。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示ER stress可能參與了調(diào)控PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡。鑒于ER stress抑制劑預(yù)處理能夠顯著抑制PA介導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡,可以推斷ER stress在PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞脂性凋亡中起重要作用。由于ER stress誘導(dǎo)劑Tun未能引起肝癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生明顯的凋亡,而PA可以通過(guò)ER stress誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡,這暗示了PA和Tun誘導(dǎo)的ER stress可能是有差異的。該實(shí)驗(yàn)通過(guò)比較PA和Tun介導(dǎo)的未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)關(guān)鍵信號(hào)調(diào)控分子的活化情況證實(shí)了上述推測(cè)。GRP78是ER stress過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵保護(hù)分子,其在細(xì)胞抵抗ER stress誘導(dǎo)凋亡中起重要作用〔12〕。鑒于PA對(duì)GRP78的誘導(dǎo)處于低水平,推測(cè)GRP78的誘導(dǎo)不足在PA誘導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡中有重要作用。利用GRP78瞬時(shí)過(guò)表達(dá)達(dá)到了抑制PA介導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡的結(jié)果證實(shí)了GRP78在肝癌細(xì)胞抵抗PA誘導(dǎo)凋亡中起重要作用。在后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,將探討PA對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞GRP78誘導(dǎo)不足的分子機(jī)制以及XBP1活化剪切體差異性誘導(dǎo)在PA誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及其機(jī)制;在小鼠原代肝細(xì)胞中是否存在類似的脂性凋亡調(diào)控機(jī)制。
4參考文獻(xiàn)
1Igoillo-Esteve M,Marselli L,Cunha DA,etal.Palmitate induces a pro-inflammatory response in human pancreatic islets that mimics CCL2 expression by beta cells in type 2 diabetes〔J〕.Diabetologia,2010;53(7):1395-405.
2Leroy C,Tricot S,Lacour B,etal.Protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on palmitate-induced apoptosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,2008;1781(11-12):685-93.
3Jiang H,Liang C,Liu X,etal.Palmitic acid promotes endothelial progenitor cells apoptosis via p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways〔J〕.Atherosclerosis,2010;210(1):71-7.
4Mayer CM,Belsham DD.Palmitate attenuates insulin signaling and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hypothalamic neurons:rescue of resistance and apoptosis through adenosine 5' monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation〔J〕.Endocrinology,2010;151(2):576-85.
5Harding,HP,Calfon M,Urano F,etal.Transcriptional and translational control in the mammalian unfolded protein response〔J〕.Ann Rev Cell Dev Biol,2002;18(7):575-99.
6Ron D,Walter P.Signal integration in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response〔J〕.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007;8(7):519-29.
7Guo W,Wong S,Xie W,etal.Palmitate modulates intracellular signaling,induces endoplasmic reticulum stress,and causes apoptosis in mouse 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes〔J〕.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2007;293(2):E576-86.
8Sanyal AJ,Campbell-Sargent C,Mirshahi F,etal.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis:association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities〔J〕.Gastroenterology,2001;120(5):1183-92.
9Kusminski CM,Shetty S,Orci L,etal.Diabetes and apoptosis:lipotoxicity〔J〕.Apoptosis,2009;14(12):1484-95.
10Unger RH,Orci L.Lipoapoptosis:its mechanism and its diseases〔J〕.Biochim Biophys Acta,2002;1585(2-3):202-12.
11Ibrahim SH,Akazawa Y,Cazanave SC,etal.Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)inhibition attenuates hepatocyte lipoapoptosis〔J〕.J Hepatol,2011;54(4):765-72.
12Pfaffenbach KT,Lee AS.The critical role of GRP78 in physiologic and pathologic stress〔J〕.Curr Opin Cell Biol,2011;23(2):150-6.
〔2015-08-25修回〕
(編輯袁左鳴)
The roles of GRP78 in inhibiting PA-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma cells apoptosis
WANG Jin-Ju, ZHANG Chun-Yan, XIAO Bin,et al.
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects and mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress on PA-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.MethodsEndoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor PBA was used to decrease endoplasmic reticulum stress, and glucose-regulated protein(GRP) 78 expression vectors were used to increase the protein level of GRP78 in SMMC-7721 cells in response to PA. The effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress and GRP78 on PA-induced SMMC-7721 cells apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis.ResultsPA treatment resulted in the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Importantly, PBA pre-treatment obviously decreased PA-mediated apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells. The pattern of PA-initiated endoplasmic reticulum stress was different from endoplasmic reticulum inducer tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. GRP78 protein level induced by PA was much lower than that of tunicamycin in SMMC-7721 cells. GRP78 expression vectors transient transfection inhibited PA-induced apoptosis.ConclusionsThe insufficient induction of GRP78 exerts the pro-apoptotic effect of PA-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
【Key words】Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Glucose-regulated protein 78; Palmitic acid; Apoptosis; Hepatocellular carcinoma cells
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(No.81472312);教育部新世紀(jì)優(yōu)秀人才支持計(jì)劃(No.NCET-11-1058);四川省科技廳-瀘州市-瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院聯(lián)合基金(No.14JC0082,14ZC0070,14JC0038);瀘州市-瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院聯(lián)合基金(No.2013LZLY-J06);四川省杰出青年學(xué)術(shù)技術(shù)帶頭人培育計(jì)劃(No.2013JQ0045)
通訊作者:代榮陽(yáng)(1975-),男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事肝膽腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究。
〔中圖分類號(hào)〕R73
〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼〕A
〔文章編號(hào)〕1005-9202(2016)09-2056-04;
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2016.09.003
1瀘州醫(yī)學(xué)院生物化學(xué)教研室
第一作者:王進(jìn)舉(1991-),男,在讀碩士,主要從事肝膽腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究。