王湘江,王貴清,萬彬,譚小波,張廷帥
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閉合復(fù)位經(jīng)皮髕骨針張力帶微創(chuàng)治療髕骨骨折
王湘江,王貴清,萬彬,譚小波,張廷帥
【摘要】目的探討閉合復(fù)位經(jīng)皮髕骨針張力帶微創(chuàng)治療髕骨骨折的臨床效果。方法回顧性分析2010年1月至2014年8月清遠(yuǎn)市人民醫(yī)院收治的42例髕骨閉合性橫行新鮮骨折(Rockwood分型為Ⅱ型)患者的臨床資料,均采用閉合復(fù)位、經(jīng)皮髕骨針結(jié)合張力帶內(nèi)固定治療。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長度、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間;觀察骨折愈合和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況;采用Bostman髕骨骨折功能評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行療效評估。結(jié)果手術(shù)時(shí)間30~65 min(平均40.6 min),切口長度1.8~3.2 cm(平均2.4 cm),術(shù)中出血量20~40 mL(平均26.4 mL),住院時(shí)間5~9 d(平均6.5 d)。術(shù)后隨訪12~18個(gè)月(平均15.5個(gè)月),骨折愈合時(shí)間2~5個(gè)月(平均3.8個(gè)月),骨折愈合率100%;術(shù)后1年Bostman髕骨骨折功能評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):優(yōu)28例、良14例,優(yōu)良率100%(42/42)。隨訪期間無膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛不適、骨折再移位及針道感染,無髕骨針旋轉(zhuǎn)、松動及脫出。結(jié)論閉合復(fù)位經(jīng)皮髕骨針張力帶治療髕骨骨折創(chuàng)傷小,固定牢靠,恢復(fù)快,療效滿意。
【關(guān)鍵詞】髕骨;骨折;骨折固定術(shù),內(nèi);骨固定鋼絲;外科手術(shù),微創(chuàng)性
作者單位:511518廣東,清遠(yuǎn)市人民醫(yī)院廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)第六附屬醫(yī)院骨科
E-mail:30391665@163.com
普通克氏針張力帶固定及其各種改良方法目前在髕骨骨折治療中應(yīng)用廣泛,效果良好[1],但存在克氏針?biāo)蓜?、旋轉(zhuǎn)、滑針等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),影響骨折端愈合,出現(xiàn)局部皮膚滑囊炎及皮膚感染等[2-4]。2010 年1月至2014年8月我科對42例髕骨骨折患者行經(jīng)皮閉合復(fù)位后新型帶孔髕骨針結(jié)合張力帶固定微創(chuàng)治療,效果良好,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1一般資料
本組患者42例,男30例,女12例;年齡17~65歲,平均年齡45.6歲;受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間1~5 d(平均2.5 d),均為閉合性新鮮橫行骨折,髕骨骨折Rockwood分型[5]為Ⅱ型。運(yùn)動創(chuàng)傷10例、摔傷18例、交通事故傷14例。均未伴有同側(cè)下肢骨折,無嚴(yán)重骨質(zhì)疏松,無患膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)史。
1.2手術(shù)方法
采用腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉,仰臥體位。抽凈關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)積血,術(shù)者用雙手將髕骨兩極盡量緊壓在髕骨切跡上,逐漸將兩骨折塊向中心位聚合,使髕骨關(guān)節(jié)面平整。觸摸確認(rèn)髕骨前方平整后,用復(fù)位鉗在髕骨內(nèi)外側(cè)固定骨折兩端。C型臂X線機(jī)證實(shí)完全復(fù)位后,電鉆經(jīng)皮將2枚直徑2.0 mm帶孔髕骨針(常州艾斯曼醫(yī)療器械有限公司)分別于髕骨下緣從遠(yuǎn)端向近端縱向穿過髕骨骨折線,穿出髕骨上極約5 mm,注意避免刺激鄰近軟組織;以18號硬膜外穿刺針將直徑0.8 mm的鋼絲分別橫行穿過髕腱和股四頭肌在髕骨的止點(diǎn),然后穿過2枚髕骨針的尾孔,繞髕骨針兩端分別行張力帶鋼絲固定;剪除多余鋼絲并折斷髕骨針尾部,術(shù)中再次透視內(nèi)固定可靠后,旋轉(zhuǎn)180°后埋于股四頭肌肌腱下方,再次消毒,包扎針眼。
1.3術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后予以彈力繃帶加壓包扎,抬高患肢,無需石膏固定,術(shù)后2 d指導(dǎo)患者行股四頭肌功能鍛煉和CPM機(jī)功能鍛煉,扶拐下地行走,術(shù)后6~7 d拆線。
1.4療效評估
記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長度、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。定期復(fù)查膝關(guān)節(jié)X線片,觀察骨折愈合情況。術(shù)后1年采用Bostman髕骨骨折功能評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行療效評估:包括運(yùn)動范圍(6分)、疼痛(6分)、工作(4分)、肌萎縮(4分)、輔助物(4分)、積液(2分)、打軟腿(2分)、爬樓梯(2分);滿分30分,28~30分為優(yōu)、20~27分為良、<20分為差[6]。
手術(shù)時(shí)間30~65 min(平均40.6 min);切口長度1.8~3.2 cm(平均2.4 cm);術(shù)中出血量20~40 mL(平均26.4 mL);住院時(shí)間5~9 d(平均6.5 d)。42例患者均獲得有效隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間12~18個(gè)月,平均隨訪時(shí)間15.5個(gè)月。骨折愈合時(shí)間2~5個(gè)月,平均愈合時(shí)間3.8個(gè)月,骨折愈合率100%。術(shù)后1年根據(jù)Bostman髕骨骨折功能評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):優(yōu)28例、良14例,優(yōu)良率為100%(42/42)。隨訪期間無膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛不適、骨折再移位及針道感染,無髕骨針旋轉(zhuǎn)、松動及脫出。典型病例見圖1。
圖1 閉合復(fù)位經(jīng)皮髕骨針張力帶內(nèi)固定治療髕骨骨折手術(shù)前后X線片(男,45歲)1A,1B術(shù)前正側(cè)位X線片示左膝髕骨橫行骨折,骨折斷端分離1C,1D術(shù)后3 d正側(cè)位X線片示骨折對位對線良好1E,1F術(shù)后3個(gè)月正側(cè)位X線片
髕骨骨折是關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,往往伴有軟骨關(guān)節(jié)面損傷、骨折斷端移位、伸膝裝置損傷等,治療不當(dāng)可能會引起膝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、骨不連等并發(fā)癥[7]。手術(shù)治療的目的在于重建關(guān)節(jié)面,牢固固定骨折端,促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉[8-9]。
克氏針張力帶固定是治療髕骨骨折的常用術(shù)式,主要適用于橫行、斜行、縱行髕骨骨折,臨床應(yīng)用廣泛,但仍存在一些不足,包括手術(shù)切口較長,易損傷髕骨周圍血供和皮膚軟組織;克氏針易旋轉(zhuǎn)、滑針,影響骨折端愈合;克氏針兩端遺留過長,不利于患膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)等[10-12]。
近年來,隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)在創(chuàng)傷骨科領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展,髕骨骨折的微創(chuàng)治療也逐漸興起。有學(xué)者采用經(jīng)皮空心螺釘內(nèi)固定治療移位<8 mm的髕骨橫行骨折,取得滿意效果,術(shù)后患者疼痛小,并發(fā)癥少,骨折愈合時(shí)間與開放性張力帶無明顯差別[13];小創(chuàng)口微創(chuàng)Cable-pin系統(tǒng)治療髕骨橫行骨折亦獲得良好療效[14],但該系統(tǒng)類似于髓內(nèi)固定,需要有較大或較厚的骨折塊,無法固定小骨折塊;關(guān)節(jié)鏡下髕骨骨折微創(chuàng)復(fù)位固定的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于直視下觀察關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)損傷情況并輔助髕骨骨折復(fù)位固定,能夠保證髕骨關(guān)節(jié)面平整,但手術(shù)過程較為復(fù)雜,手術(shù)時(shí)間較長[15-16]。
新型髕骨針固定是治療髕骨骨折的又一微創(chuàng)術(shù)式。與普通克氏針相比,新型髕骨針尾部采用針眼設(shè)計(jì),張力帶鋼絲可通過針眼固定于髕骨針尾部;體部與尾端之間為易折斷設(shè)計(jì),且配有髕骨針剪,可精確剪除多余針體,最大限度地減少鋼針殘端存留。龔灝和尹宗生[17]報(bào)道新型髕骨針治療髕骨骨折的臨床療效明顯優(yōu)于普通克氏針張力帶內(nèi)固定術(shù),我們在此基礎(chǔ)上,采用手法閉合復(fù)位、經(jīng)皮新型髕骨針張力帶固定治療42例髕骨橫行骨折,平均15.5個(gè)月的隨訪結(jié)果顯示:骨折愈合時(shí)間平均3.8個(gè)月,骨折愈合率100%;隨訪期間患者無膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛不適,骨折再移位及針道感染,無髕骨針旋轉(zhuǎn)、松動及脫出;術(shù)后1年Bostman髕骨骨折功能評分優(yōu)良率100%。
該術(shù)式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要包括:①創(chuàng)傷小,無需剝離髕骨周圍軟組織,避免損傷骨折斷端血運(yùn),手術(shù)時(shí)間短,出血量少,本組平均手術(shù)時(shí)間僅為40.6 min,術(shù)中平均出血量僅為26.4 mL;②閉合復(fù)位,切口小,本組平均切口長度僅為2.4 cm,愈合后幾乎無瘢痕,不影響美觀;③術(shù)后不需石膏外固定,可早期進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉,術(shù)后恢復(fù)快,本組平均住院時(shí)間僅為6.5 d;④選用的新型髕骨針針尾帶有小孔,張力帶鋼絲可以穿過并加壓固定骨折塊,防止其發(fā)生側(cè)向旋轉(zhuǎn)或前后移位,內(nèi)固定牢固,同時(shí)有效維持關(guān)節(jié)面的平整,穩(wěn)定性好,避免了傳統(tǒng)克氏針旋轉(zhuǎn)、滑針脫出的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。
盡管閉合復(fù)位、經(jīng)皮新型髕骨針張力帶固定治療髕骨橫行骨折具有較好的臨床療效,但其不足之處亦需要引起重視:①手術(shù)切口小,不能直視下顯露骨折斷端,因而無法徹底清理嵌插在骨折斷端的血腫及軟組織,對骨折的復(fù)位有一定影響。術(shù)前可抽凈關(guān)節(jié)積血,術(shù)中用手指推開髕前血腫,利用髕股關(guān)節(jié)面的解剖特點(diǎn),上下擠壓活動關(guān)節(jié),以利骨折復(fù)位;閉合復(fù)位困難時(shí),可改為切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定。②髕骨骨折端明顯分離者多伴有膝前關(guān)節(jié)囊撕裂及伸膝裝置破壞,在這種情況下切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定仍是首選治療方法,其可同時(shí)修復(fù)撕裂的關(guān)節(jié)囊及伸膝裝置;③適應(yīng)證較窄,本術(shù)式目前局限于Rockwood分型為Ⅱ型的閉合性新鮮橫行髕骨骨折,對于粉碎性骨折不宜使用。至于是否適用于斜行、縱向骨折及大塊撕脫骨折,需要進(jìn)一步的臨床應(yīng)用及深入研究。
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(本文編輯:張輝)
臨床研究
Minimally invasive treatment of closed reduction and tension-band fixation with percutaneous patellar pin for patellar fractures
WANG Xiangjiang, WANG Guiqing, WAN Bin, TAN Xiaobo, ZHANG Tingshuai. Department of Orthopaedics, Qingyuan People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong 511518, China
【Abstract】Objective To explore the curative effects of close reduction and tension-band fixation with percutaneous patellar pin for patellar fractures. Methods Clinical data of 42 patients with transverse patellar closed fractures (RockwoodⅡtype) treated by close reduction and tension-band fixation with percutaneous patellar pin from January 2010 to August 2014 in Qingyuan People's Hospital, were analyzed retrospectively. The operation time, incision length, intraoperative estimate blood loss, hospitalization stay were recorded, fracture healing and complications were observed, therapeutic effects were assessed according to Bostman's patella fractures functional criteria. Results The operation time ranged from 30 to 65 min (average 40.6 min), length of incision was 1.8 to 3.2 cm (average 2.4 cm), intraoperative estimate blood loss was 20 to 40 mL (average 26.4 mL), length of hospital stay was 5 to 9 days (average 6.5 days). All patients were followed up for 12 to 18months (average 15.5 months). The healing duration was 2 to 5 months (average 3.8 months) with fracture healing rate of 100%. According to Bostman's criteria, there was excellent in 28 cases, good in 14, with the excellent and good rate of 100% (42/42). There were no complications such as knee joint pain, refracture, pin tract infection, or pin rotation, loosening or pull-out during the follow-up period. Conclusions Treatment of close reduction and tension-band fixation with percutaneous patellar pin for patellar fracture is characterized by minimal damage, reliable fixation, early rehabilitation and good functional recovery.
【Key words】Patella; Fractures; Fracture fixation, internal; Bone wires; Surgical procedures, minimally invasive
中圖分類號:R683.422,R687.32
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1674-666X(2016)01-015-05
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2016.01.003
收稿日期:(2015-11-13;修回日期:2016-01-08)