吳遵秋,吳 寧
(貴州醫(yī)科大學基礎醫(yī)學院,貴州貴陽550025)
油橄欖橄欖苦苷的研究進展
吳遵秋,吳 寧*
(貴州醫(yī)科大學基礎醫(yī)學院,貴州貴陽550025)
橄欖苦苷具有重要的生物學活性。從油橄欖橄欖苦苷的提取方法、穩(wěn)定性、含量變化及其影響因素、可能的代謝途徑及生物活性等方面對國內外相關研究進行綜述,旨在為橄欖苦苷的進一步深入研究及綜合開發(fā)利用提供參考。
油橄欖;橄欖苦苷;提取分離;含量;代謝途徑;生物活性
油橄欖(Olea europaea L.)在地中海地區(qū)有著巨大的經濟價值和社會意義,種植面積約有800萬hm2,占世界總產量的98%(約11萬t)[1]。中國油橄欖正處于發(fā)展期,有近2.5萬hm2種植基地(隴南2萬多hm2,西昌0.33萬hm2)。大量研究顯示,油橄欖中的不飽和脂肪酸和豐富的活性酚類物質[2-10]對人體健康有益且易被吸收[11-12];橄欖苦苷(Oleuropein)是一種天然的生物活性資源,因其含量高并具有強抗氧化和抑菌等生物學功能,在醫(yī)藥領域、食品工業(yè)和化妝品行業(yè)等具有高度可應用性而備受關注。橄欖苦苷分布于整株油橄欖樹[13],但不同部位的含量差異很大。其中,葉中含量最高,油橄欖果其次[1415]。盡管當前橄欖油產業(yè)得到很好的發(fā)展,但大規(guī)模修剪的枝葉并未得到合理利用,大多被廢棄或作動物飼料等[16-18],造成資源浪費。為此,筆者從橄欖苦苷的提取方法、穩(wěn)定性、含量變化及其影響因素、可能代謝途徑及生物活性等方面對國內外油橄欖橄欖苦苷的相關研究進行總結,旨在為油橄欖及其橄欖苦苷的進一步深入研究及綜合開發(fā)利用提供參考。
1.1 橄欖苦苷常用的提取方法
橄欖苦苷是一種苯酚類裂環(huán)環(huán)烯醚萜苷化合物,廣泛存在于木樨科木樨欖屬、女貞屬和茉莉屬等植物,目前已從20多種木樨科植物中分離出橄欖苦苷[19]。油橄欖中的橄欖苦苷于1908年被發(fā)現[20],1957年提取并測定含量,1960年確定其化學結構(圖1[21]),1974年測得其核磁數據[22]。
油橄欖果主要用于榨油,油橄欖中橄欖苦苷的提取主要來自于油橄欖葉。文獻報道的橄欖苦苷的提取方法有浸提法(熱浸提法和冷浸提法)、超聲波輔助提取法、低溫減壓沸騰提取法、微波輔助提取法、超臨界二氧化碳萃取法、分散液-液微萃取法、超聲波輔助與低壓組合的提取方法和過熱液體提取法等(表)。超聲波輔助與低壓組合被認為是最有效最重要的天然產物提取法[23]。低溫減壓沸騰法與索氏提取法、超聲輔助提取法、冷浸提法比較,具有時間短且效率高等優(yōu)點[24]。Japón-Lujá等[25]采用超聲波輔助提取與HPLC-DAD結合分離出不同酚類物質單體,通過氣相色譜-質譜法(GC-MS)分析并鑒定每1個單體,避免了多次純化和富集,但儀器設備要求較高。葡聚糖凝膠(Sephadex)LH-20提純橄欖苦苷的純度達82.19%[26];AB-8樹脂[27]和膜分離技術[28]也被用于橄欖苦苷的提純,其中,膜分離技術根據膜孔徑大小特征,采用分子截留手段將植物藥用成分截留為具有某一相對分子質量區(qū)段的多種成分的原理進行橄欖苦苷分離,既簡化生產過程又降低對環(huán)境的污染。傅珊等[29]分析6種不同大孔樹脂對橄欖苦苷的吸附性發(fā)現,D101大孔吸附樹脂吸附性最佳,純度達55%,經葡聚糖凝膠純化達76%以上,并建立其最佳吸附條件。王成章等[30]以60%乙醇-水溶液作為提取溶劑,70℃水浴熱提取,經硅膠純化得純度95%以上的橄欖苦苷單體。
表 橄欖苦苷常用提取方法Table Common extraction methods of oleuropein
圖1 橄欖苦苷及苦苷苷元的分子結構Fig.1 Molecular structures of oleuropein and oleuropein aglycone
1.2 油橄欖葉的最佳處理方式
黨建章等[31]研究認為,油橄欖葉中橄欖苦苷提取效率受許多因素影響,如葉子的處理方式、提取方法、提取時間、粉碎顆粒大小、提取試劑、試劑用量和提取溫度等,不同提取方法上述影響因子處于不同的影響地位。油橄欖葉中提取橄欖苦苷的一個首要和必經步驟是油橄欖葉的處理。經干燥處理的油橄欖葉中橄欖苦苷含量高于鮮葉,烘干或室溫自然陰干比冷凍干燥處理更好[38],自然陰干比烘干對橄欖苦苷更有利[33],但時間長。因此,選擇在40~60℃,空度流速為0.5~1.5m/s處理油橄欖葉最佳[39]。干燥不僅是為減少油橄欖葉水分、有利儲存,還可以提高其營養(yǎng)和功能價值。眾所周知,微波和紅外干燥對維持食品的質量較好[40-41],紅外處理可以維持油橄欖葉的綠色和提高油橄欖葉亮度,而空氣干燥能夠提高油橄欖葉總酚含量[42]。Delgado-Pertíez M等[43]研究發(fā)現,以油橄欖葉作為動物飼料在室溫陰涼處最多放置7d,對油橄欖葉營養(yǎng)價值的影響甚小。因此,工業(yè)生產和實際應用中選擇適宜的油橄欖葉干燥處理方式是不容忽視的重要內容。
1.3 橄欖苦苷的穩(wěn)定性
橄欖苦苷易受溫度影響,油橄欖葉的干燥處理、橄欖苦苷提取過程和提取后的存放尤其需要考慮穩(wěn)定性。Malik N S等[44]研究發(fā)現,室溫(25℃)下油橄欖鮮葉自然干燥能保持橄欖苦苷的原水平,60℃干燥橄欖苦苷含量有所降低;經解凍的油橄欖葉提取的橄欖苦苷含量降低57.7%,且53.5%的橄欖苦苷有效成分被破壞。橄欖苦苷水提物有效成分室溫下在7d內保持相對穩(wěn)定,但是17d后降解加快,27d時降解率達95.24%;4℃條件下,27d的降解率為38.1%。而甲醇提取的橄欖苦苷在室溫下能相對穩(wěn)定保存30d,80%甲醇提取物的穩(wěn)定效果最佳。謝普軍等[45]研究發(fā)現,橄欖苦苷對溫度敏感而對光較穩(wěn)定,在堿性環(huán)境中比酸性環(huán)境中更易降解,pH 14時橄欖苦苷全部降解。因此,選擇甲醇或乙醇等有機溶劑提取橄欖苦苷較好;橄欖苦苷提取液適宜放置在陰涼(4℃)避光處,最好不要超過7d,選擇現配現用為佳。
2.1 橄欖苦苷含量的測定方法
目前測定橄欖苦苷含量的方法常采用高效液相色譜法(HPLC),檢測波長為230nm或280nm。李辰等[46]建立了UV-Vis光譜差減法,即是通過AlCl3(A415nm)和NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH(A510nm)2個顯色體系進行紫外可見光分析,然后換算出橄欖苦苷含量。此法簡單、方便,較HPLC法相對誤差δ<4.0%,且能同時測出總黃酮含量。此外,中紅外光譜技術結合化學計量學分析也能快速估計油橄欖中橄欖苦苷含量[47]。
2.2 油橄欖橄欖苦苷的含量及其變化
2.2.1 橄欖苦苷的含量變化及其影響因素 受內在因素和外在因素影響油橄欖橄欖苦苷含量在0%~19%波動[33,48-49]。其中,內在因素包括油橄欖品種、樹齡、營養(yǎng)生長、花芽分化、開花、坐果、果實發(fā)育(綠色-紫紅色-黑色)和葉子顏色變化等;外在因素包括不同采集時期、定量測定的方法、地區(qū)、季節(jié)及氣候(溫度、降雨量和土壤成分)等。
不同油橄欖品種間橄欖苦苷含量差異大,隨著樹齡的增加橄欖苦苷含量增加[33]。同一品種在不同地區(qū)橄欖苦苷含量也存在差異,不同季節(jié)和氣候影響著油橄欖的休眠、花芽分化、開花、坐果以及果實的成熟,不同生長階段各組織間含量不同[50]。各組織間橄欖苦苷含量依次為營養(yǎng)芽(58.36mg/g)>果徑2~3mm果實(50.82mg/g)>果徑5~7mm果實(40.7mg/g)>未成熟葉片(38.13mg/g)>成熟葉片(34.07mg/g)>完全盛開的花朵(20.99mg/g)>花蕾(15.7mg/g)>果徑10~13mm的綠色成熟果實(13.65mg/g)>變黑成熟果實(0mg/g)。其中,營養(yǎng)芽的含量最高,果實中橄欖苦苷從果實形成到完全成熟含量處于持續(xù)下降狀態(tài)并逐漸趨近0,這是因為其他物質的合成和形成橄欖苦苷的主要骨架物質—油苷的減少所致[51]。油橄欖葉從未成熟到成熟其橄欖苦苷含量呈下降趨勢[52-56]。總體而言,雖然每年油橄欖葉中橄欖苦苷含量在同一采摘時期可能不同,但是總的變化趨勢不變,即2月和5月含量較高,在4月和11月含量較低[33]。在油橄欖果生長過程中橄欖苦苷含量變化有非常明顯的3個階段[55]:1)花芽到果實形成,橄欖苦苷的積累階段;2)綠色果實生長,橄欖苦苷含量開始降低階段;3)果實變成紫黑色成熟,橄欖苦苷含量繼續(xù)降低階段。
2.2.2 橄欖苦苷可能的代謝途徑 橄欖苦苷是由羥基酪醇和油苷(Oleosidic)骨架形成的裂環(huán)烯醚萜苷化合物(圖2)[14]。目前有關油橄欖橄欖苦苷代謝途徑的研究較少,Damtoft等[57]初步探索得出一個可能的代謝途徑(圖3)。橄欖苦苷的代謝途徑與龍膽目和山茱萸目的烯醚萜類類似,這些碳骨架通過甲羥戊酸衍生,香葉醇(Geraniol)、10-羥基香葉醇(10-h(huán)ydroxygeraniol)、羥基橙花醇(10-h(huán)ydroxynerol)和環(huán)烯醚萜(Iridoidal)為馬錢苷或馬錢素(Loganin)合成的前體。去氧馬錢苷酸(Deoxyloganic acid)、馬錢酸(7-epiloganic acid)和馬錢苷酸(Loganic acid)參與女貞苷(Ligustroside)的形成,女貞苷是橄欖苦苷直接的合成前體,7-酮基馬錢苷酸(7-ketologanic acid)是中間物。由于植物品種和生長季節(jié)不同,形成去氧馬錢苷酸和7-酮基馬錢苷酸之間的步驟順序可能不同。在木犀科植物中裂環(huán)馬錢苷(Secologanin)和裂環(huán)氧化馬錢苷(Secoxyloganin)的環(huán)氧化物都可能是橄欖苦苷合成的前體[57-58]。
橄欖苦苷的降解可能有2個途徑[59]:1)通過具體的內源性酯酶作用,橄欖苦苷分裂為橄香酸和去甲基橄欖苦苷;2)β-葡萄糖苷酶被活化,分解橄欖苦苷產生苷元。Tan H W等[60-62]研究發(fā)現,正常人口服橄欖苦苷,55%~60%能夠快速吸收,且2h后在血漿中能夠達最大濃度,并在尿液中發(fā)現羥基酪醇和酪醇。Lin P等[63]運用LC-MS/MS方法測到小鼠口服的橄欖苦苷在胃、腸道被吸收后進入血液,并分析出橄欖苦苷經糖基化、水解、氧化和甲基化形成一系列代謝產物;該方法已成功應用于橄欖苦苷在大鼠糞便和尿液代謝物的同時測定。
圖2 油橄欖主要油苷類物質的結構Fig.2 Main structures of oleosidic matters in olive
圖3 油橄欖橄欖苦苷的可能代謝途徑Fig.3 Possible metabolic pathway for oleuropein in olive
3.1 藥理活性
有關橄欖苦苷活性方面的研究主要涉及人類健康和醫(yī)藥治療,尤其是藥理活性的研究很多,如,修護受損細胞[64]。研究發(fā)現,其藥理活性主要表現在對高脂飲食誘導的脂肪肝具有保護作用[65],可降低血脂、血糖,預防和控制糖尿?。?6-68];具有止痛、消炎和鎮(zhèn)定作用[69-70];抑制血小板凝聚[71];抗腫瘤、抗結腸癌、抑制乳腺癌細胞和甲狀腺癌細胞增生[72-75],抑制和預防4-NQO誘導的老鼠舌癌[76];誘導mRNA的表達[77];抗病毒如對艾滋病中HIV-1的抑制作用[78]及抑菌作用[79-80];預防心腦血管疾病腦和神經保護作用[67,81];預防吲哚美辛誘導性胃潰瘍[82]等。目前國內對橄欖苦苷的藥理活性研究甚少。
3.2 體外抗氧化活性
當前對橄欖苦苷體外抗氧化活性多采用DPPH、ABTS或FRAP等單一方法評價[83-87]。研究發(fā)現:500μmol/L橄欖苦苷對亞硝酸鹽的清除能力為72.7%,50μmol/L橄欖苦苷對DPPH的清除能力為55.0%[88];1.2mg/mL橄欖苦苷對亞鐵離子的螯合率為20%[45]。橄欖苦苷清除·O2-、H2O2、NO和ONOO-的半抑制濃度IC50分別為(21.1±1.3)μmol/L、(46.3±16.8)μmol/L、(1.6±0.2)μmol/L和(11.0±4.5)μmol/L,對HOCl沒有清除能力[89]。橄欖苦苷的抗氧化能力強于BHT[90],主要是因為橄欖苦苷具有羥基鄰位二取代的穩(wěn)定結構[5]。油橄欖中單個酚和多個單酚混合物的抗氧化活性均很強,且混合物的抑菌活性明顯強于單個酚[88]。
3.3 抑菌活性
在美國每年有1萬多人死于細菌耐藥。隨著抗生素對病原菌抑菌活性的失效,以及天然藥物無害觀念的普及,使得尋求新的天然的有強抑菌活性的物質成為焦點。橄欖苦苷是油橄欖中具有重要抑菌活性的酚類物質之一[79,91]。油橄欖中的酚類物質能抑制蠟樣芽孢桿菌的孢子萌發(fā)和延緩孢子的生長[92],對幽門螺桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和空腸彎曲菌等有很好的抑菌活性[93]。Hayouni等[94]分析油橄欖果不同溶劑(丙酮、氯仿和乙酸乙酯)提取物及其混合物的抑菌活性發(fā)現,混合物的抑菌活性更高。油橄欖中酚類物質的性質不受人體細胞產生毒素的影響[95-96],這對橄欖苦苷在人體內充分發(fā)揮其活性功能是優(yōu)勢。Juven B等[97]研究發(fā)現,油橄欖葉的乙酸乙酯提取物含有橄欖苦苷和苷元,具有很好的抑菌活性;橄欖苦苷能夠抑制白地霉、根霉和立枯絲核菌的生長。Tranter H等[98]報道,橄欖苦苷能延緩在添加有生長因子和葡萄糖的新西蘭胺和腦心浸液培養(yǎng)基中(NZA+和BHI+)的金黃色葡萄球菌的生長。Tassou C等[99]報道,橄欖苦苷能抑制腸炎沙門氏菌生長。Bisignano G等[82]報道,橄欖苦苷對流感嗜血桿菌最低抑菌濃度MIC>0.5mg/mL,對卡他莫拉菌MIC>0.5mg/mL,沙門氏菌MIC 為0.125~0.250mg/mL,副溶血性弧菌、溶藻弧菌和霍亂弧菌MIC均為0.125mg/mL。吳遵秋等[100]研究發(fā)現,橄欖苦苷具有延緩大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢桿菌的對數生長期,對3種細菌的MIC分別為0.025mg/mL、0.05mg/mL和0.4mg/mL。Furneri等[101]進行了橄欖苦苷對發(fā)酵支原體、肺炎支原體和人型支原體的抑菌活性分析。Casas-Sanchez[102]初步分析橄欖苦苷與生物膜之間的相互作用認為,酚類和抗氧化物能夠延緩或抑制芽孢的形成,通過破壞細菌的細胞壁使其失去保護,穿透細菌的細胞膜導致細胞膜損害和破裂,從而達到抑菌細菌的生長。
我國油橄欖栽培研究起步較晚,在很大程度上限制了對油橄欖的研究。當前對油橄欖及其橄欖苦苷相關報道很少,很多問題有待解決,因而其研究具有較大的發(fā)展空間。如,1年中油橄欖葉橄欖苦苷的含量變化規(guī)律及其與其他酚類物質的變化規(guī)律是否一致,這些規(guī)律與季節(jié)氣候的關系,與油橄欖果發(fā)育成熟的關系,引起這些變化或規(guī)律的原因和機理,弄清楚這些關系將為橄欖葉采集和橄欖果采收的工業(yè)生產提供實踐指導,并有利于探索橄欖苦苷代謝途徑以及與油橄欖中其他酚類物質代謝的關系。同時,弄清楚橄欖苦苷的代謝途徑及其關鍵步驟和關鍵酶很有價值,將為其分子水平的研究及實現工業(yè)化生產橄欖苦苷提供理論基礎。橄欖苦苷活性機理并未得到深入的研究,其生物活性以及與其他酚類物質混合物的生物活性有待進行綜合評價。只有充分了解橄欖苦苷的活性機理才能更好地應用和探究新的以天然活性物為基礎合成的更有效的超活性物質,將橄欖苦苷應用于其他方面并充分擴展和發(fā)掘出橄欖苦苷的功能,為人類所利用。
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(責任編輯:王 海)
Research Progress of Oleuropein from Olive
WU Zunqiu,WU Ning*
(Basic Medical Science,Guizhou Medcial University,Guiyang,Guizhou550025,China)
Oleuropein has important biological activities.In this paper,the extraction methods,stability,content changes and its influencing factors,the metabolic pathways and biological activities of oleuropein from domestic and foreign were reviewed.The aim was to provide references for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of oleuropein.
olive;oleuropein;extraction and separation;content;metabolic pathway;biological activities
S667.5;Q946.83
A
1001-3601(2016)08-0347-0087-07
2015-10-08;2016-07-01修回
吳遵秋(1988-),女,助教,碩士,從事生物化學的教學與研究。E-mail:wuzunqiu1988@126.com
*通訊作者:吳 寧(1974-),女,副教授,碩士,從事生物化學的教學與研究。E-mail:guizhouwuning@163.com