夏 峰, 郭寶震, 余大新
(中國地震局第一監(jiān)測(cè)中心,天津 300180)
厚層淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土的動(dòng)力特性參數(shù)對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的影響①
夏峰, 郭寶震, 余大新
(中國地震局第一監(jiān)測(cè)中心,天津 300180)
摘要:以天津?yàn)I海某軟弱場(chǎng)地為例,在不同強(qiáng)度不同相位的地震動(dòng)時(shí)程輸入下,用等效線性化技術(shù)考慮土的動(dòng)力非線性特性,計(jì)算水平成層場(chǎng)地的地震反應(yīng),研究天津地區(qū)厚層淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值的關(guān)系曲線的變異性對(duì)深軟場(chǎng)地地表峰值加速度及其反應(yīng)譜的影響。結(jié)果表明:(1)在阻尼比較均值加減一倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)變化影響不大;(2)在動(dòng)剪模量比均值增加或減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,對(duì)2%超越概率水平下地表峰值加速度影響顯著,對(duì)應(yīng)地表峰值加速度可能增加或減小20%~30%,其地表反應(yīng)譜譜型也有變高變瘦或變矮變胖的趨勢(shì);(3)在動(dòng)剪切模量均值減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)10%超越概率水平下的地表峰值加速度的影響比較顯著,減小幅度在15%左右,反應(yīng)譜也存在變矮變胖的趨勢(shì);在動(dòng)剪切模量均值加1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)10%超越概率水平下的地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)影響不明顯;(4)在動(dòng)剪切模量或阻尼比均值加減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)63%的地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)影響均不明顯。
關(guān)鍵詞:土動(dòng)力參數(shù); 變異性; 土層地震反應(yīng); 地震動(dòng)峰值; 反應(yīng)譜曲線
0引言
近年來我國沿海城市工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目數(shù)量迅速增加,超高層和大跨度等建設(shè)難度頗大的工程日益增多。沿海城市工程場(chǎng)地以深軟場(chǎng)地居多,且以厚層淤泥質(zhì)土場(chǎng)地為代表,如何科學(xué)合理地確定該類場(chǎng)地工程抗震設(shè)防問題變得更加重要。
自1998年《中國人民共和國防震減災(zāi)法》頒布實(shí)施以來,全國范圍廣泛運(yùn)用工程場(chǎng)地地震安全性評(píng)價(jià)方法確定一般重大工程抗震設(shè)防要求。該評(píng)價(jià)工作的三大技術(shù)核心是:地震危險(xiǎn)性分析、人造地震動(dòng)的合成和土層地震反應(yīng)分析。對(duì)特定的地震環(huán)境而言,土層地震反應(yīng)分析的合理性對(duì)工程設(shè)防要求的確定尤為關(guān)鍵。影響土層反應(yīng)分析結(jié)果的因素主要包括土層計(jì)算界面選取[1-2]、土層厚度、密度、剪切波速、動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比等。
震害經(jīng)驗(yàn)和土層地震反應(yīng)分析結(jié)果均表明,土動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)是影響土層地震反應(yīng)分析結(jié)果的主要原因之一[3]。目前土的動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比的確定主要通過動(dòng)三軸或共振柱試驗(yàn)測(cè)定。由于實(shí)際工程場(chǎng)地千差萬別,不同儀器的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比試驗(yàn)測(cè)試技術(shù)存在差異,以及影響土的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比因素的復(fù)雜性,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有較大的離散性,因此土的動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比參數(shù)都是基于大量試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)資料給出的土的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值的平均值的關(guān)系曲線。國內(nèi)外許多研究者對(duì)不同地區(qū)各類土的動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比進(jìn)行了大量試驗(yàn)研究,并取得了許多有價(jià)值的研究成果[4-12]。然而這些成果忽略了特定場(chǎng)地土樣的差異性對(duì)土層地震反應(yīng)結(jié)果的影響,因此在確定重大工程建設(shè)非基巖場(chǎng)地的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)時(shí),GB17741-2005《工程場(chǎng)地地震安全性評(píng)價(jià)》明確規(guī)定對(duì)有代表性的土層必須取樣進(jìn)行土動(dòng)力參數(shù)測(cè)定。不確定性對(duì)土層地震反應(yīng)的影響已引起研究人員的關(guān)注,并得出了一些初步的規(guī)律[13-17]。但這些研究限于單一土的動(dòng)剪切模量、阻尼比或均質(zhì)場(chǎng)地土動(dòng)力參數(shù)的不確定性對(duì)地表加速度峰值及其反應(yīng)譜的影響,而對(duì)于同時(shí)考慮土的動(dòng)剪切模量和阻尼比的離散程度(變異性)對(duì)場(chǎng)地地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的影響尚缺乏研究;在工程場(chǎng)地地震安全性評(píng)價(jià)工作中,對(duì)土的動(dòng)剪模量和阻尼比的測(cè)試結(jié)果以及基于此得出的場(chǎng)地設(shè)計(jì)地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的可靠性也沒有足夠的把握。因此,深入研究土的動(dòng)剪模量(剪切波速)和阻尼比的變異性對(duì)場(chǎng)地地表地震動(dòng)的影響具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
據(jù)工程經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)厚層淤泥質(zhì)土場(chǎng)地,土層動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比對(duì)土層地震反應(yīng)結(jié)果影響尤為明顯。因篇幅所限,本文以天津?yàn)I海地區(qū)某深軟場(chǎng)地為例,以文獻(xiàn)[8]給出的淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土動(dòng)三軸數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),詳細(xì)研究淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土的動(dòng)剪切模量和阻尼比的變異性對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)確定的影響。
1工程場(chǎng)地地質(zhì)條件
2場(chǎng)地模型及參數(shù)確定
收集該工程場(chǎng)地地震安全性評(píng)價(jià)的鉆孔勘察、波速測(cè)試和動(dòng)三軸實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試資料,建立如表1所列的地震反應(yīng)分析模型。表2為本場(chǎng)地地震安全性評(píng)價(jià)工作確定地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)三軸實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)。
表 1 場(chǎng)地模型土層鉆孔剖面參數(shù)
3輸入地震動(dòng)的選取
考慮工程場(chǎng)地所處的地震地質(zhì)環(huán)境,對(duì)場(chǎng)址所在區(qū)域地震區(qū)帶和潛在震源區(qū)進(jìn)行劃分并確定其相關(guān)地震參數(shù)。在考慮對(duì)場(chǎng)地有影響范圍的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行場(chǎng)地地震危險(xiǎn)性分析計(jì)算,得到了場(chǎng)地50年超越概率2%、10%和63%的基巖5%阻尼比的反應(yīng)譜曲線(圖1),其對(duì)應(yīng)的基巖加速度峰值分別為371.1gal、200.4gal和57.4gal。
基巖加速度的工程特性主要由加速度峰值、頻譜和振動(dòng)持續(xù)時(shí)間這三個(gè)要素決定。將地震危險(xiǎn)性分析得到的基巖峰值加速度和反應(yīng)譜作為合成的目標(biāo)函數(shù),結(jié)合適應(yīng)本場(chǎng)址地區(qū)地震活動(dòng)特征的強(qiáng)度包絡(luò)函數(shù),采用擬合目標(biāo)函數(shù)的三角級(jí)數(shù)迭加法合成基巖地震加速度時(shí)程,作為場(chǎng)地地震動(dòng)反應(yīng)分析的輸入基巖地震動(dòng)加速度的時(shí)程。給出三個(gè)以上相互獨(dú)立的隨機(jī)樣本時(shí)程,反應(yīng)譜擬合周期控制點(diǎn)數(shù)不得少于50個(gè),周期控制點(diǎn)應(yīng)大體均勻地分布于周期的對(duì)數(shù)坐標(biāo)上,控制點(diǎn)譜的相對(duì)誤差應(yīng)小于5%。本次工作在滿足上述技術(shù)要求前提下,以場(chǎng)地地震危險(xiǎn)性分析得到50年超越概率2%、10%和63%的基巖反應(yīng)譜為目標(biāo)譜各合成三個(gè)相互獨(dú)立樣本時(shí)程,作為土層地震反應(yīng)分析的輸入,如下圖2所示。s
圖1 場(chǎng)地基巖不同超越概率反應(yīng)譜Fig.1 Site rock response spectrum curves with different exceedance probabilities
表 2 場(chǎng)地土層地震反應(yīng)分析模型土動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)
圖2 場(chǎng)地基巖不同超越概率人造地震動(dòng)時(shí)程Fig.2 Artificial ground motion time-history of the site rock with different exceedance probabilities
4場(chǎng)地地震反應(yīng)分析
為研究淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)變異性對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)的影響,收集了天津68個(gè)原狀土樣的動(dòng)三軸試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,現(xiàn)以文獻(xiàn)[8]的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,給出天津地區(qū)淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土的動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值的平均關(guān)系曲線及其代表值;同時(shí)給出土的動(dòng)剪切模量比和阻尼比的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,如表3所列。
表 3 天津地區(qū)淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土的G/Gmax-γ和λ-γ平均關(guān)系曲線代表值及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差
表 4 土的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值關(guān)系曲線變異性的不同組合
4.1地表峰值加速度的影響
在上文給出的人造地震動(dòng)時(shí)程同等輸入情況下分別進(jìn)行10種工況的土層等效線性化地震反應(yīng)分析計(jì)算。在土層其他輸入?yún)?shù)不變的情況下,僅改變淤泥質(zhì)黏土層的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比的不同組合值,計(jì)算得到不同工況下地表峰值加速度和相比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況時(shí)的增幅值見表5,其對(duì)應(yīng)的反應(yīng)譜計(jì)算結(jié)果見圖3。
從表5可以看出,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況和實(shí)測(cè)工況計(jì)算峰值加速度差別不大,這表明本文給出的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果是可信的;和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況的地表地震動(dòng)峰值加速度相比,在輸入不同地震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和不同相位時(shí)工況1和2均與之差別不大,這表明阻尼比均值加減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差對(duì)峰值加速度影響有限;而動(dòng)剪切模量比均值加減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,對(duì)大震和中震的地表峰值加速度影響顯著,對(duì)小震影響不太明顯。動(dòng)剪切模量比均值加1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(工況3、4和5),相比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況對(duì)大震峰值加速度有顯著增大趨勢(shì),在不同相位輸入情況下增大幅度在10%~30%左右,而對(duì)中震和小震影響不太明顯;動(dòng)剪切模量比均值減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(工況6、7和8),相比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況對(duì)大震、中震和小震峰值加速度有均有減小趨勢(shì),在不同相位輸入情況下其減小幅度隨地震輸入強(qiáng)度增大而增大,而對(duì)中震和小震影響不太明顯。
4.2對(duì)地表加速度反應(yīng)譜的影響
在不同強(qiáng)度和不同相位地震動(dòng)時(shí)程條件輸入下,不同工況時(shí)的地表加速度反應(yīng)譜如圖3所示。從圖中可見,土的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值關(guān)系曲線的變異性在大震和中震輸入條件下對(duì)加速度反應(yīng)譜形狀有一定影響,在小震輸入條件下影響不大;在大震和中震輸入條件下,工況6、7、8反應(yīng)譜明顯偏低偏胖,場(chǎng)地的卓越周期有所增大,其中大震條件下尤為明顯;在大震和中震輸入條件下,工況3、4、5反應(yīng)譜明顯偏高偏瘦,場(chǎng)地的卓越周期也有所減??;相比之下,阻尼比平均值加減標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(工況1、2)對(duì)反應(yīng)譜的的影響有限。
5結(jié)語
本文以天津某軟弱場(chǎng)地為例,討論了在不同地震動(dòng)強(qiáng)度輸入下厚層淤泥質(zhì)黏土層的動(dòng)剪模量比和阻尼比與剪應(yīng)變幅值關(guān)系曲線的變異性對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)確定的影響,計(jì)算結(jié)果分析表明相比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況:
表 5 場(chǎng)地各工況地表峰值加速度及相比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工況下的增幅值結(jié)果表
圖3 不同工況不同相位不同超越概率水平地表加速度反應(yīng)譜圖Fig.3 The horizontal acceleration response spectrum curves with different exceedance probabilities and different phases under different conditions
(1) 在阻尼比較均值加減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)變化影響不大;
(2) 在動(dòng)剪模量比均值增加或減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,對(duì)2%超越概率水平下地表峰值加速度影響顯著,對(duì)應(yīng)地表峰值加速度可能增加或減小20%~30%,其地表反應(yīng)譜譜型也有變高變瘦或變矮變胖的趨勢(shì)。
(3) 在動(dòng)剪切模量均值減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)10%超越概率水平下的地表峰值加速度的影響影響比較顯著,其減小幅度在15%左右,其反應(yīng)譜也存在變矮變胖的趨勢(shì);在動(dòng)剪切模量均值加1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)10%超越概率水平下的地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)影響不明顯。
(4) 在動(dòng)剪切模量或阻尼比均值加減1倍標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差時(shí),對(duì)63%的地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)影響均不明顯。
綜上所述,對(duì)于含厚層淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土層的軟弱場(chǎng)地,在確定其地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)充分考慮淤泥質(zhì)粉質(zhì)黏土層在取樣、實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)處理上造成的變異性對(duì)地表地震動(dòng)參數(shù)確定帶來的影響,否則可能嚴(yán)重低估場(chǎng)地地震危險(xiǎn)性,給出不科學(xué)的工程設(shè)防依據(jù),從而帶來不必要經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
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InfluenceofDynamicCharacteristicParametersofThickMuckySiltyClayonSurfaceGroundMotionParameters
XIAFeng,GUOBao-zhen,YUDa-xin
(First Crust Monitoring and Application Center of China Earthquake Administration, Tianjin 300180, China))
Abstract:A soft site in the coastal area of Tianjin is used for analysis as an example of the seismic response of a site with horizontally-layered soil. The ground motion time history with different intensities and phases was input, and the equivalent linearization method was used to consider the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the soil. This study also presents the effects of a relation between variability in the curves of dynamic parameters of a thick layer of mucky silty clay in the Tianjin area (including the soil dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio) on the peak value of ground surface acceleration and its response spectra in deep soft sites. Numerical results obtained from a number of case studies were used to make a comparison with a standard condition, and the following was determined. Firstly, adding or reducing one standard deviation to the mean of the damping ratio has little effect on ground motion parameters. Secondly, addition or reduction of one standard deviation to the mean value of the dynamic shear modulus ratio has a prominent effect on the peak value of ground surface acceleration; when the ground motion time history input is 2% of the 50 years transcendental probability the corresponding peak value of ground surface acceleration increases or decreases by 20% to 30%, and the surface response spectra is changed into a thin-high or short-fat trend. Thirdly, the mean value of the dynamic shear modulus ratio when one standard deviation is added, has a significant effect on the peak value of ground surface acceleration for 10% of the 50 year exceedance probability, the corresponding peak value of the ground surface ratio decreases by about 15% and the response spectra is changed into a short fat trend. Finally, when one standard deviation is added or subtracted from the mean value of the dynamic shear modulus ratio or damping ratio there is little effect on the value of ground motion parameters.
Key words:soil dynamic parameters; variability; soil seismic response; peak acceleration; response spectrum curves
收稿日期:①2015-05-12
基金項(xiàng)目:2015年度震情跟蹤定向工作任務(wù)(2015010216)
作者簡介:夏峰,男,工程師,主要從事工程地震及地震監(jiān)測(cè)分析預(yù)報(bào)方面的研究。E-mail:272861761@qq.com。
中圖分類號(hào):TU43; P315.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000-0844(2016)03-0391-07
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2016.03.0391