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鼓室成形PORP植入術(shù)后鼓膜振動(dòng)特性研究

2016-07-11 09:41張穎王杰李永新陸軍總醫(yī)院63臨床部耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科北京049首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科耳鼻咽喉頭頸科學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)北京市人工聽覺工程技術(shù)研究中心北京00730
中華耳科學(xué)雜志 2016年3期

張穎 王杰 李永新陸軍總醫(yī)院63臨床部耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(北京049)首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科,耳鼻咽喉頭頸科學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué))北京市人工聽覺工程技術(shù)研究中心(北京00730)

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鼓室成形PORP植入術(shù)后鼓膜振動(dòng)特性研究

張穎1王杰2李永新2
1陸軍總醫(yī)院263臨床部耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科(北京101149)2首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科,耳鼻咽喉頭頸科學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué))北京市人工聽覺工程技術(shù)研究中心(北京100730)

【摘要】目的觀察鼓室成形部分人工聽骨(PORP)植入術(shù)后不明原因氣骨導(dǎo)差增大病例的鼓膜振動(dòng)特征。方法對2013年1月至2015年1月期間11例不明原因氣骨導(dǎo)差,其中氣骨導(dǎo)差大于20 dB有7耳,剩余4耳氣骨導(dǎo)差小于等于20dB。應(yīng)用激光多普勒測振儀(Laser Doppler Vibrometer,LDV)行鼓膜振動(dòng)測試研究。招募青年受試者30耳行鼓膜振動(dòng)測試作為對照組。分析鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)(鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)速度與鼓膜表面聲壓比值)差異以及與純音測聽氣骨導(dǎo)差值相關(guān)性。結(jié)果氣骨導(dǎo)差大于20dB的7耳鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)曲線較正常值低,且氣骨導(dǎo)差值越大越低于正常值;氣骨導(dǎo)差小于等于20dB的4耳鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)曲線接近正常值,且氣骨導(dǎo)差值越小越接近正常值。結(jié)論LDV可以檢測鼓室成形術(shù)后鼓膜振動(dòng),鼓室成形PROP植入術(shù)后不明原因氣骨導(dǎo)差形成可能與鼓膜有效振動(dòng)減小有關(guān)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】鼓室成形;激光多普勒;氣骨導(dǎo)差;部分人工聽骨

張穎和王杰并列第一作者

Supported by:The Foundation for Clinical Distinctive Application,Capital of China(Z161100000516144);The priming scientific research foundation for the senior researcher in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University(2015-YJJ-GGL-015);The Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7142040);

Declaration of interest:The authors report no conflicts of interest.

鼓室成形術(shù)是治療慢性中耳炎的主要術(shù)式[1],清除病變基礎(chǔ)上重建中耳傳聲結(jié)構(gòu),減小氣骨導(dǎo)差(Air-Bone conduction Gap,ABG)。部分人工聽骨(Partial Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis,PORP)植入是重建中耳傳聲結(jié)構(gòu)的常用方法。遠(yuǎn)期氣骨導(dǎo)差(Air-Bone conduction Gap,ABG)≤20 dB的約40%-70%[2-3]。原因有:在徹底清理病變組織后,不可避免地發(fā)生諸如黏膜纖維化、新骨形成、黏膜粘連、咽鼓管功能不良等病理變化[13];或原有咽鼓管功能不良以及黏膜功能不良等未能痊愈、再次發(fā)生鼓膜穿孔、中耳炎、鼓膜不張、生物相容性差等導(dǎo)致植入的人工聽骨脫出[14-15]或聽骨鏈移位、連接不佳、鐙骨周圍含氣狀態(tài)[4]、重建鼓膜的厚度[5]、鼓耳道角變鈍[7]等。鼓室成形術(shù)后薄層顳骨CT可以檢測外耳道、中耳傳聲結(jié)構(gòu)連接程度及與正常結(jié)構(gòu)的差別,從而解釋氣骨導(dǎo)差形成可能原因。影響中耳傳聲特性的原因,有可能通過手術(shù)適應(yīng)癥選擇、圍手術(shù)期藥物治療、術(shù)中仔細(xì)操作、術(shù)后密切隨訪、適時(shí)干預(yù)可使其將對聽力的影響降到最低。然而,臨床上經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)鼓膜-聽骨鏈解剖連接穩(wěn)定,但即使病情類似、手術(shù)醫(yī)生與手術(shù)方式和技巧相同、術(shù)中重建結(jié)構(gòu)相似,術(shù)后氣骨導(dǎo)差仍有較大不同[8]。

鼓室成形術(shù)治療中耳炎的遠(yuǎn)期聽力學(xué)療效逐漸下降[12]。目前常用的臨床檢測技術(shù)難以鑒別鼓室成形術(shù)后氣骨導(dǎo)差增大的聲學(xué)因素,從而不能從聲學(xué)角度提出修正方法。鼓膜振動(dòng)是中耳有效傳聲的必要條件,然而目前臨床應(yīng)用耳科手術(shù)顯微鏡分辨率大于1微米,術(shù)中、術(shù)后看不到生理范圍內(nèi)的鼓膜振動(dòng),臨床亟需一種無創(chuàng)、快速檢測鼓膜振動(dòng)特征的方法。激光多普勒測振儀(Laser Doppler Vibrometer,LDV)是一種無創(chuàng)、非接觸式鼓膜振動(dòng)檢測技術(shù)[9]。

本研究旨在應(yīng)用LDV檢測鼓室成形PORP術(shù)后不明原因氣骨導(dǎo)差增大病例的鼓膜振動(dòng)特性,分析其與傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失之間的可能關(guān)系,進(jìn)而從聲學(xué)角度探索PORP術(shù)后ABG的可能成因。

1 資料與方法

1.1臨床資料

本實(shí)驗(yàn)選擇2013年1月-2015年1月期間在首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院耳科由同一位高年資耳科醫(yī)生實(shí)施完成的部分聽骨植入手術(shù)的患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前聽力學(xué)檢查診斷為傳導(dǎo)性耳聾;鼓室成形術(shù)中因砧骨摘除一期行聽骨植入;因中耳膽脂瘤或黏膜水腫一期先行乳突根治、鼓膜修補(bǔ)術(shù),術(shù)后1年復(fù)查CT鼓室腔未見病變復(fù)發(fā),鼓膜完整,二期行聽骨植入手術(shù);PORP植入術(shù)后1年隨訪顳骨CT檢查示鼓室腔含氣,聽骨無移位脫出,鼓室無軟組織影且無乳突腔炎癥表現(xiàn),鼓膜愈合良好,ABG(500、1000、2000、4000 Hz平均值)顯示的傳導(dǎo)性耳聾而無明顯臨床可發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因,咽鼓管功能正常;術(shù)后1年隨訪是檢查顳骨CT、純音測聽及激光多普勒測振儀檢測鼓膜振動(dòng)?;卦L時(shí)近1個(gè)月內(nèi)無上呼吸道感染史。

對照組:正常青年受試者30耳(平均年齡25.5歲),無耳病及全身疾病史,無長時(shí)間噪聲接觸史,鼓膜標(biāo)志清楚,無急慢性上呼吸道炎癥,咽鼓管功能正常,純音氣導(dǎo)閾值小于等于20 dB HL。

1.2手術(shù)方式

手術(shù)全部在全麻下進(jìn)行,耳后徑路,外耳道可適當(dāng)成形,外耳道后壁完整。鼓膜移植材料選取患側(cè)顳肌筋膜,術(shù)中錘骨柄保留,部分人工聽骨植入術(shù)中測量所需聽骨長度,安置長度可截的Kurz鈦質(zhì)PORP,PORP與鼓膜之間加墊0.5mm厚的耳屏軟骨。術(shù)后第三周起常規(guī)換藥。

1.3純音測聽方法

在符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(符合GB/T16403、GB/T 16296標(biāo)準(zhǔn))的隔聲室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,檢測前一周內(nèi)患者未接觸強(qiáng)聲、連續(xù)噪聲,檢測前在安靜環(huán)境中等待半小時(shí)。

1.4鼓膜振動(dòng)檢測方法

①體位:平臥,測試耳向上;②患者配合要求:平靜呼吸,避免任何肢體活動(dòng);③測試時(shí)間:每側(cè)耳每次4秒(4個(gè)頻率,間隔1秒),每耳測試5次;④刺激聲:純音500、1000、2000、4000 Hz,共4個(gè)頻率,刺激聲強(qiáng)度:90dB SPL(氣導(dǎo));⑤測試裝置:Polytec激光多普勒測振儀;⑥記錄與分析軟件:Polytec記錄分析軟件;⑦測試部位:鼓膜臍部;⑧觀察指標(biāo):氣導(dǎo)刺激下鼓膜的振動(dòng)速度。當(dāng)檢測到的鼓膜振動(dòng)信號信噪比大于等于10 dB時(shí)確認(rèn)為有效振動(dòng)信號;當(dāng)信噪比較差時(shí),采用反光珠提高信噪比。

圖1 鼓膜振動(dòng)測試模式圖Fig.1 Schematic of measurement vibration of tympanic membrane using Laser Doppler vibrometer

1.5數(shù)據(jù)處理及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

應(yīng)用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,正常值計(jì)量資料以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差計(jì)算,患者的鼓膜測試計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以平均值計(jì)算。ABG為500、1000、2000、4000Hz平均值。采用鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)(鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)速度與聲壓比值,單位mm/s/Pa)表示鼓膜振動(dòng)特性。本研究不考慮鼓膜振動(dòng)相位。

2 結(jié)果

本研究中有11耳病例入組,年齡21-67歲,中位數(shù)50歲。PORP植入患者術(shù)后純音聽力氣骨導(dǎo)平均值結(jié)果見表1、3,術(shù)前聽力結(jié)果見表2、4。鼓膜振動(dòng)測試結(jié)果如圖1顯示,灰色陰影表示正常聽力正常鼓膜的青年志愿者于500、1000、2000、4000Hz處鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)的均數(shù)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。LDV測試鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)函數(shù)見圖2、3。結(jié)果顯示:①病例1-7患者術(shù)后ABG>20 dB患耳平均鼓膜振動(dòng)幅度較正常對照組低;病例1術(shù)后平均ABG為26.25dB,振動(dòng)函數(shù)曲線與對照組基本吻合;病例7鼓膜振動(dòng)振幅最低,其術(shù)后平均ABG為45 dB;②術(shù)后ABG≤20 dB的4例患耳鼓膜振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)曲線接近正常值。病例2、3氣骨導(dǎo)差小于10 dB,其振動(dòng)曲線與正常值更加接近。

圖2 PORP植入術(shù)后氣骨導(dǎo)差大于20dB的7耳的鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)曲線(mm/s/Pa)Fig.2 Vibration transfer function of tympanic membrane at umbo in 7 ears accepted PORP(ABG20 dB)(mm/s/Pa)

圖3 PORP植入術(shù)后氣骨導(dǎo)差小于20dB的4耳鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)傳輸函數(shù)曲線(mm/s/Pa)Fig.3 Vibration transfer function of tympanic membrane at umbo in 4 ears accepted PORP(ABG<20 dB)(mm/s/Pa)

3 討論

鼓室成形術(shù)伴PORP植入目的是通過重建鼓膜與鐙骨之間有效連接[10]。聽骨植入術(shù)后6個(gè)月-1年的聽力學(xué)結(jié)果氣導(dǎo)較術(shù)前提高15dB,ABG<20 dB認(rèn)為效果較好[11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示:ABG小于20 dB的4例中,ABG越小時(shí)鼓膜振動(dòng)幅值越接近正常值。與之相反,ABG大于20dB的7例中,ABG越大時(shí)鼓膜振動(dòng)幅值越遠(yuǎn)離正常值??赡茉驈娜缦律锪W(xué)角度分析。

首先,聲音經(jīng)外耳道傳遞到鼓膜引起鼓膜振動(dòng),再經(jīng)聽骨鏈傳遞到鐙骨,振動(dòng)傳遞過程,實(shí)際上就是力學(xué)振動(dòng)過程,任何影響該振動(dòng)傳遞的因素均可影響聽力,中耳傳聲效果好壞基本是生物力學(xué)問題,中耳病變可影響鼓膜振動(dòng)特征[16-17]。然而,本研究中11例均除外上述常見影響中耳傳聲的可能原因。由于中耳的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)非常精細(xì)和傳音機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜,影響術(shù)后聽力的因素很多,重建聽骨鏈與鐙骨的耦合情況及鼓膜修復(fù)所用的移植物,其材料屬性、形狀及術(shù)中放置位置等不同均可使其聲學(xué)性能發(fā)生變化。本實(shí)驗(yàn)組為聽骨植入術(shù)后ABG大于20dB的患者,術(shù)后鼓膜振動(dòng)幅度除1例與正常組基本吻合外其余均低于正常組。中耳力學(xué)研究表明當(dāng)移植的鼓膜耦合不佳時(shí)鼓膜的振動(dòng)幅度增加;而人工聽骨或殘余聽骨固定會(huì)引起移植鼓膜以及與其相嵌合的部分活動(dòng)度減低,而移植物的活動(dòng)度降低就預(yù)示著新建中耳的通氣功能減低[19]。Rosowski[20]等利用LDV對鼓膜完整的傳導(dǎo)性耳聾進(jìn)行術(shù)前診斷性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)聽骨鏈中斷患者的振動(dòng)幅度和相位有頻率特異性,在低頻區(qū)的振動(dòng)幅度大于正常組;鐙骨固定患者鼓膜臍部的振動(dòng)減小,考慮與中耳勁度增加有關(guān);錘骨固定的患者低頻區(qū)鼓膜臍部振動(dòng)幅度下降程度與傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失成正比。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氣骨導(dǎo)差越大,鼓膜振動(dòng)幅度越偏離正常對照組。推測其原因之一可能由于植入的PORP活動(dòng)度差而導(dǎo)致中耳勁度增加有關(guān)。

其次,鐙骨活動(dòng)度是制約中耳有效傳聲的重要因素。目前耳科醫(yī)生判斷鐙骨底板是否活動(dòng),均依靠術(shù)中探針觸碰鐙骨頭,這種方法主觀性大且和手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)有較大的關(guān)系,鐙骨的活動(dòng)度直接影響了部分聽骨植入術(shù)后聽骨鏈的傳聲效果。雖然Huber[22]等開始利用LDV測試術(shù)中鐙骨底板的活動(dòng),但由于手術(shù)中測試部位暴露較困難,手術(shù)區(qū)域滲血影響測試及測試角度受限等原因術(shù)中檢測一直存在爭議[23]。本研究中7例ABG大于20 dB病例中,術(shù)后氣導(dǎo)均較4例ABG小于20dB病例的氣導(dǎo)閾值低,雖然影像學(xué)檢查未見明顯異常,有可能鼓膜大穿孔對鐙骨振動(dòng)影響導(dǎo)致傳導(dǎo)性聽力損失增加,因此,推測原因之二是鐙骨活動(dòng)度受影響從而增加中耳傳聲系統(tǒng)勁度,進(jìn)而減低鼓膜振動(dòng)幅度。

此外,PORP植入術(shù)后,錘骨、鐙骨附著肌腱與韌帶損傷或病變也可引起傳導(dǎo)性的聽力損失[26]。Ferris等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分聽骨植入后中耳力學(xué)從根本上發(fā)生了改變,PORP聽骨增加了植入物與鼓膜及鐙骨底板的振動(dòng)耦合面。錘砧鐙聽骨系統(tǒng)將鼓膜與卵圓窗靈活的鏈接需要有一定的阻抗匹配,但是這種勁度可有限預(yù)防聽閾范圍內(nèi)不可控制的共振。如本研究中7例ABG大于20 dB病例術(shù)后鼓膜振動(dòng)于2000 Hz處增高,可能就是由于中耳共振頻率改變所致。

需要指出的是,本研究病例較少,后續(xù)大樣本多中心研究將進(jìn)一步揭示鼓室成形PORP植入術(shù)后ABG形成可能機(jī)制,從聲學(xué)角度探索鼓膜振動(dòng)特征有望為臨床指導(dǎo)聽骨重建手術(shù)及中耳炎術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期聽力鑒別振動(dòng)提供依據(jù)[24]。另外,除了應(yīng)用LDV活體鼓膜振動(dòng)測試外[18],LDV聯(lián)合ECochG可有效的檢測聽骨植入后聽骨鏈傳聲性能[25],外科醫(yī)師可根據(jù)結(jié)果對人工聽骨進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整。

表1 術(shù)后1年氣骨導(dǎo)差大于20 dB的7例患耳純音測聽結(jié)果(dB)Table.1 Average air and bone conduction hearing level of 7 cases post-operation(ABG>20 dB)(dB)

表2 表1術(shù)前7例患耳純音測聽結(jié)果(dB)Table.2 verage air and bone conduction hearing level of 5 cases pre-operation(dB)

表3 術(shù)后1年氣骨導(dǎo)差小于20 dB的4例患耳純音測聽結(jié)果(dB)Table.3 Average air and bone conduction hearing level of 7 cases post-operation(ABG>20 dB)(dB)

表4 表3術(shù)前4例患耳純音測聽結(jié)果(dB)Table 2 Average air and bone conduction hearing level of 4 cases pre-operation(dB)

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·耳力學(xué)專輯·

Tympanic Membrane Vibration Characteristics Measured using Laser Doppler Vibrometry following Typmanoplasty with PORPImplantation with Increased Air-Bone Gap

ZHANG Ying1,WANG Jie2,LI Yongxin2
1 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,263rd Department of Clinical Services,PLA Army General Hospital,Beijing 101149 2 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Beijing Tongren Hospital;Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology,Capital Medical University;Beijing Engineering Research Center of Hearing Technology,Beijing 100730 Corresponding author:LI YongxinEmail:entlyx@sina.com

【Abstract】Objective To report tympanic membrane(TM)vibration characteristics in cases of tympanoplasty with PORP implantation with increased air-bone gap using laser Doppler vibrometry(LDV).Methods Between June 2013 and June 2015,11 patients(11 ears),who underwent tympanoplasty with PROP implantation but continued to demonstrate conductive hearing loss for no obvious clinical reasons,were enrolled in this study.Based on their air-bone gap(ABG)one year after the surgery,the patients were divided into Group A(ABG>20 dB,4 ears)and Group B(ABG<20 dB,7 ears).Thirty 30 young adults with normal hearing and normal TM served as controls.The relationship between measured TM vibration magnitudes at the umbo and ABG were analyzed.Results TM vibration magnitudes in all cases in Group B were lower than normal controls.The difference increased as ABG increased.TM vibration magnitudes in Group A were close to the normal control mean value,the smaller of the ABG,the closer the vibration magnitude to the normal control.Conclusion Decreased TM vibration magnitudes following tympanoplasty with PROP implantation is likely a cause for persistent ABG.

【Keywords】tympanoplasty;Laser Doppler Vibrometry;Air-bone Gap;PORP

【中圖分類號】R764.29

【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A

【文章編號】1672-2922(2016)03-339-5

DOI:10.3969 / j.issn.1672-2922.2016.03.005

基金項(xiàng)目:1首都臨床特色應(yīng)用研究項(xiàng)目(Z161100000516144);2首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京同仁院研骨干培育基金資助課題(2015-YJJ-GGL-015);3北京市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(7142040)。

作者簡介:張穎,在讀博士研究生,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:耳力學(xué)

通訊作者:李永新,Email:entlyx@sina.com

收稿日期:(2016-04-28)