曹玉瑤,宋祎,陳鳳敏,徐錦江
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有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)乳腺癌化療患者癌因性疲乏的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制
曹玉瑤1,宋祎1,陳鳳敏1,徐錦江2
摘要:目的探討有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)乳腺癌化療患者癌因性疲乏的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制。方法60例根治術(shù)術(shù)后欲進(jìn)行化療的乳腺癌患者隨機(jī)分為運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組,各30例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理。運(yùn)動(dòng)組除常規(guī)護(hù)理外,在化療第1天開始有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),直到化療結(jié)束。使用Piper疲乏修訂量表(RPFS)對(duì)疲乏程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。分別在化療前、化療結(jié)束和化療后4周檢測(cè)兩組患者的血紅蛋白(Hb)水平、最大攝氧量(VO2max)和RPFS得分情況。結(jié)果兩組Hb水平在化療前、化療結(jié)束和化療后4周差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);化療結(jié)束和化療后4周,兩組Hb水平均低于化療前(P<0.05)。化療前兩組VO2max和RPFS得分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);化療結(jié)束和化療后4周,運(yùn)動(dòng)組VO2max和RPFS得分與化療前相比差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組VO2max低于化療前水平,RPFS得分高于化療前水平(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論化療期間有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠有效緩解化療導(dǎo)致癌因性疲乏加重的情況,這可能與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能對(duì)抗VO2max降低有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞:疲勞;腫瘤;體育和訓(xùn)練;血紅蛋白類;氧耗量;癌因性疲乏;有氧運(yùn)動(dòng);最大攝氧量;Piper疲乏量表
通迅作者E-mail:ll1h_xjj@126.com
癌因性疲乏(cancer-related fatigue,CRF)是癌癥患者最常見的癥狀,是由癌癥或癌癥治療引起的一種痛苦、持續(xù)、主觀的乏力感或疲憊感,常伴有功能障礙[1]。CRF可發(fā)生在癌癥和癌癥治療的各階段,但在化療階段最突出。80%~90%接受化療的患者都會(huì)出現(xiàn)疲乏癥狀[2],化療能使CRF程度加重。目前,對(duì)于CRF的病因及發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與血紅蛋白(Hb)水平降低[3-4]和機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)適能下降[5]有關(guān)。2007年美國(guó)腫瘤護(hù)理學(xué)會(huì)循證醫(yī)學(xué)小組研究認(rèn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)是唯一有效的癌因性疲乏干預(yù)措施[6],但運(yùn)動(dòng)減輕CRF的機(jī)制尚不明確。以往的研究都是通過化療進(jìn)程全部結(jié)束后進(jìn)行的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)來減緩疲乏。本研究在化療第1天即開始有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),直至化療結(jié)束,通過運(yùn)動(dòng)前后Hb水平和最大攝氧量(VO2max)的變化及Piper疲乏修訂量表(RPFS)得分情況來探究化療期間有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)乳腺癌CRF的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制,為改善臨床的治療方案和護(hù)理手段提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1研究對(duì)象選取2014年3月—12月在遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院就診并具有CRF癥狀的乳腺癌患者60例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡18~60歲,女性。(2)術(shù)后病情穩(wěn)定,欲開始第1周期化療。(3)無(wú)意識(shí)障礙及精神病史。(4)經(jīng)RPFS測(cè)量顯示具有CRF癥狀。(5)依從性良好,能配合治療及各項(xiàng)檢查。(6)簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)患有心肺疾患、影響運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)、肌肉、關(guān)節(jié)的疾病及其他惡性腫瘤史。(2)患有精神疾病或認(rèn)知障礙及語(yǔ)言表達(dá)缺陷。(3)術(shù)后有規(guī)律運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣(每周規(guī)律中等強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)≥3次,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間每次≥20 min)。
1.2方法
1.2.1分組及干預(yù)方法將60例患者隨機(jī)分為運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組,每組30例。運(yùn)動(dòng)組:在醫(yī)院常規(guī)護(hù)理的基礎(chǔ)上給予有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)。(1)理論講解,向患者及家屬講解CRF的相關(guān)知識(shí),化療期間的不良反應(yīng)及飲食指導(dǎo),介紹有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)的益處及重要性,并鼓勵(lì)家屬加入到研究中,對(duì)患者進(jìn)行督促、監(jiān)督和鼓勵(lì)。(2)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)方案,結(jié)合患者的自身情況,制定個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動(dòng)方案。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)從化療第1天開始,至化療進(jìn)程結(jié)束。運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度為中等強(qiáng)度,即運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)心率達(dá)到最大心率的55%~65%(最大心率=220-年齡)[7];運(yùn)動(dòng)形式包括快步走、慢跑、上下樓梯、健身操等;運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率為3~4次/周,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間為20~30 min/次。對(duì)照組:給予醫(yī)院常規(guī)護(hù)理,不參與運(yùn)動(dòng)。
1.2.2評(píng)價(jià)方法本研究的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果包括Hb濃度、VO2max和RPFS得分,分別在化療前、化療結(jié)束和化療后4周進(jìn)行3次評(píng)價(jià)測(cè)量。(1)Hb水平:清晨靜脈采血后送檢。(2)VO2max:采用庫(kù)珀的“12分鐘跑”間接測(cè)定VO2max[8]。受試者以穩(wěn)定速度盡力跑完12 min,12 min內(nèi)完成的最遠(yuǎn)距離即為測(cè)試成績(jī)。然后根據(jù)VO2max=35.97×距離(km)-11.29計(jì)算出VO2max。(3)CRF:采用RPFS[9]進(jìn)行CRF程度評(píng)估。量表有22個(gè)條目,包括行為及嚴(yán)重程度(6個(gè)條目)、情感(5個(gè)條目)、感覺(5個(gè)條目)、認(rèn)知及情緒(6個(gè)條目)4個(gè)維度。范圍為0~10分,0~3分為輕度疲乏,4~6分為中度疲乏,7~10分為重度疲乏。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法所有數(shù)據(jù)資料均采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行處理,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)的形式表示,2組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析,組間多重比較采用SNK-q法,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1Hb濃度和VO2max的變化運(yùn)動(dòng)組Hb濃度在化療前、化療結(jié)束和化療后4周與對(duì)照組差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);化療結(jié)束和化療后4周兩組Hb濃度與化療前相比均降低(P<0.05)?;熐斑\(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組VO2max差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);化療結(jié)束和化療后4周,運(yùn)動(dòng)組VO2max與化療前相比差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),對(duì)照組VO2max與化療前相比均降低(P<0.05),對(duì)照組VO2max均低于運(yùn)動(dòng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
Tab.1 The changes of Hb and VO2max表1 Hb和VO2max的變化?。╪=30,x±s)
2.2RPFS得分情況化療前運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組RPFS得分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。化療結(jié)束和化療結(jié)束后4周,運(yùn)動(dòng)組RPFS得分與化療前相比均無(wú)明顯變化(P>0.05),對(duì)照組RPFS得分與化療前相比均增高(P<0.05),對(duì)照組RPFS得分均高于運(yùn)動(dòng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),見表2。
Tab.2 RPFS scores in two groups表2 RPFS得分情況?。╪=30,x±s)
3.1Hb和VO2max與化療導(dǎo)致CRF的關(guān)系化療是癌癥患者術(shù)后最常用的輔助治療手段,CRF是乳腺癌化療患者常見的并發(fā)癥。疲乏常開始于化療之初,程度隨化療進(jìn)程而加重,影響至化療結(jié)束后很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?;熌軌?qū)е仑氀⒐撬枰种?、白?xì)胞減少及免疫功能低下等并發(fā)癥,降低機(jī)體機(jī)能,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致或加重疲乏。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在接受化療的乳腺癌患者中,Hb水平相對(duì)較低的患者CRF程度相對(duì)較高[10],而Hb水平較高的患者CRF程度低[11]。Jacobsen等[12]的研究也表明在化療后Hb水平低于120 g/L的乳腺癌患者中,Hb水平和CRF的嚴(yán)重程度呈明顯的正相關(guān)。這提示化療導(dǎo)致Hb水平降低可能是產(chǎn)生CRF的機(jī)制之一。化療還能夠損害患者的心肺功能,隨著化療的進(jìn)行,患者的體力、運(yùn)動(dòng)適能等也相應(yīng)下降。VO2max是反映機(jī)體吸入氧、運(yùn)輸氧和利用氧能力的重要指標(biāo),常用來評(píng)定人體運(yùn)動(dòng)適能水平。癌癥化療患者的VO2max比相同性別、相同年齡且無(wú)癌癥史的人低30%[13]。VO2max的降低可能也是產(chǎn)生CRF的原因之一。本研究結(jié)果顯示,化療結(jié)束和化療后4周,對(duì)照組Hb水平、VO2max與化療前相比均降低,RPFS得分與化療前相比均增高,這說明化療能使機(jī)體Hb水平和VO2max降低,使CRF程度加重,且影響至化療后。Hb水平下降和VO2max降低可能是化療導(dǎo)致CRF加重的原因之一,這也與Dolan等[3-5]的觀點(diǎn)一致。
3.2化療期間有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)CRF的影響及相關(guān)機(jī)制有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)是現(xiàn)階段廣泛應(yīng)用的非藥物干預(yù)措施,已經(jīng)越來越多地應(yīng)用到臨床治療和康復(fù)中去。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可以增強(qiáng)心肺功能、改善血液循環(huán)、促進(jìn)全身新陳代謝、提高抵抗力。適當(dāng)?shù)挠醒踹\(yùn)動(dòng)可以有效緩解化療導(dǎo)致的CRF癥狀,且中等強(qiáng)度的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)效果最佳[14]。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)緩解CRF的機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能增加Hb水平和改善VO2max有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,化療后,運(yùn)動(dòng)組維持了化療前的VO2max,CRF程度與化療前相比無(wú)明顯加重,而對(duì)照組的VO2max低于化療前水平,CRF程度也由化療前的輕度疲乏(1~3分)增加至中度(4~6分)或重度疲乏(7~10分)。這說明化療期間的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抗了VO2max的降低,保持了機(jī)體運(yùn)動(dòng)適能,控制了CRF程度的加重,這可能是化療期間有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)緩解CRF的相關(guān)機(jī)制?;熀?,運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組Hb水平差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且均低于化療前水平,這說明化療期間的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)Hb水平的效果不明顯,這與以往有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能增加Hb水平,進(jìn)而緩解CRF的觀點(diǎn)[15]不一致,也提示有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)VO2max的保護(hù)效應(yīng)不依賴于Hb水平的改變,這可能因?yàn)橛醒踹\(yùn)動(dòng)是通過防止骨骼肌線粒體和需氧酶的損失,保持毛細(xì)血管密度來提高組織中的攝氧能力的。
研究中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)后,運(yùn)動(dòng)組的CRF程度與化療前相比并無(wú)明顯緩解,這可能與受試者在化療前CRF程度較輕有關(guān)。另一些學(xué)者也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)乳腺癌患者輕度疲乏的顯著效果[15-16]。有研究指出,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)乳腺癌中、重度疲乏有顯著效果[17]。Meneses-Echávez等[18]也發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉能緩解中、重度CRF乳腺癌患者的疲乏程度。因此,對(duì)于未來乳腺癌患者CRF的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)研究,建議把CRF的嚴(yán)重程度考慮到運(yùn)動(dòng)方案的制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中。
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(2015-09-25收稿2015-12-04修回)
(本文編輯魏杰)
Effects and related mechanisms of aerobic exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
CAO Yuyao1,SONG Yi1,CHEN Fengmin1,XU Jinjiang2
1 Graduate School,Liaoning Medical University,Jinzhou 121000,China;2 Nursing Department,the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University Corresponding AuthorE-mail:ll1h_xjj@126.com
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of aerobic exercise during chemotherapy on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients,and related mechanism thereof.MethodsSixty breast cancer patients who underwent radical surgery were randomly assigned to exercise group and control group,30 patients for each group.Patients in exercise group received regular nursing care plus aerobic exercise during chemotherapy,while patients in control group only received regular nursing care.The revised Piper fatigue scale(RPFS)was used to assess the fatigue degree.Values of hemoglobin concentration(Hb),maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)and RPFS scores were detected before chemotherapy,at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy,respectively.ResultsThere was no significant difference in Hb concentration before chemotherapy,at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy between two groups(P>0.05).The level of Hb was significantly lower at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy than that before chemotherapy in two groups(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in VO2maxand RPFS score before chemotherapy between two groups(P>0.05).At the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy,there were no significant differences in VO2maxand RPFS scores than those before chemotherapy in exercise group(P>0.05).In control group,value of VO2maxwas significantly lower at the end of chemotherapy and 4 weeks after chemotherapy than that before chemotherapy(P<0.05),RPFS score was significantly higher than that before chemotherapy(P<0.05).ConclusionAerobic exercise during chemotherapy can be effectively against cancer-related fatigue,which may be related to the inhibitory effect of aerobic exercise on debasement of VO2max.
Key words:fatigue;neoplasms;physical education and training;hemoglobins;oxygen consumption;cancer-related fatigue;aerobic exercise;VO2max;Piper fatigue scale
中圖分類號(hào):R737.9
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/20150195
基金項(xiàng)目:遼寧省科技廳課題(2013225305)
作者單位:1遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院研究生院(郵編121000);2遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院
作者簡(jiǎn)介:曹玉瑤(1990),女,碩士在讀,主要從事腫瘤護(hù)理研究