蔡藝玲,徐文娟,劉 妍,蘇軍凱,劉 將,張 帥,張鳴青
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·論著·
新型雙層食管支架治療6例晚期食管癌并梗阻的應(yīng)用體會(huì)
蔡藝玲,徐文娟,劉妍,蘇軍凱,劉將,張帥,張鳴青
目的總結(jié)新型雙層食管支架治療中下段食管癌的療效、經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法對(duì)本消化內(nèi)鏡中心于2014年1-6月確診的6例無(wú)外科手術(shù)指征的食管癌并梗阻患者,行雙層食管支架治療,并隨訪治療效果、并發(fā)癥及預(yù)后。結(jié)果6例患者吞咽困難均改善2個(gè)等級(jí),體重增加(3.13±0.33)kg;除1名患者因器官衰竭于術(shù)后4個(gè)月死亡,余患者隨訪1年內(nèi)均未出現(xiàn)明顯胸痛、出血、支架移位等并發(fā)癥,未出現(xiàn)再梗阻癥狀。結(jié)論新型雙層食管支架治療晚期食管癌并梗阻安全有效,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,對(duì)比傳統(tǒng)食管支架,可明顯減少不良反應(yīng),為進(jìn)一步治療提供時(shí)機(jī),值得在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用。
雙層;食管支架;食管癌
食管癌患者發(fā)病時(shí)常為中晚期,常見(jiàn)臨床表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性吞咽困難、體重減輕、胸骨后疼痛等不適。多數(shù)患者就診時(shí)多因營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況差,或者伴侵犯縱膈及其他器官轉(zhuǎn)移,已失去外科手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì),預(yù)后較差且生存率較低。對(duì)于晚期食管癌合并梗阻患者,減輕梗阻癥狀,改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,延長(zhǎng)生存期成為臨床治療的主要目的。近年來(lái),內(nèi)鏡擴(kuò)張術(shù)及食管支架已成為晚期食管癌并梗阻患者臨床治療的重要手段。傳統(tǒng)的自膨式金屬支架在臨床應(yīng)用中存在支架移位及再梗阻等并發(fā)癥,不僅影響治療效果,也增加了治療風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Verschuur等在覆膜支架基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)新型雙層食管支架,用以減少支架移位等并發(fā)癥。但國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用較少且尚未有雙層食管支架應(yīng)用的相關(guān)報(bào)道,現(xiàn)將我們使用雙層食管支架治療食管癌并梗阻的6例報(bào)告如下。
1.1一般資料本組6例,男5例,女1例,年齡47~83(71.3±5.2)歲。其中1例患者已行傳統(tǒng)金屬支架治療3個(gè)月,因支架脫落出現(xiàn)再狹窄;余5例患者均為首次就診,未行特殊治療,主要表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性吞咽困難,就診時(shí)僅能進(jìn)食流質(zhì)或飲水困難,3例出現(xiàn)嗆咳合并吸入性肺炎,全部病例均經(jīng)電子胃鏡及上消化道鋇餐造影檢查證實(shí)食管中段梗阻,內(nèi)鏡活檢組織病理明確5例為鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,1例為低分化腺癌(表1)。按Stooler分級(jí)法進(jìn)行臨床癥狀即吞咽困難評(píng)估:0級(jí),能正常進(jìn)食;1級(jí),能進(jìn)軟食;2級(jí),能進(jìn)半流質(zhì);3級(jí),僅能進(jìn)流質(zhì);4級(jí),不能進(jìn)水?;颊呔唧w分級(jí)亦見(jiàn)表1。
表1 食管癌并狹窄患者臨床資料
1.2器械和設(shè)備GIF H260電子胃鏡(Olympus,日本);JHY引導(dǎo)鋼絲、薩氏擴(kuò)張器(久虹公司,中國(guó)常州),直徑分別為5、7、9、11、13、15 mm;支架回收取出鉤(自制);食管支架:覆膜雙層食管支架(南京微創(chuàng)公司, 中國(guó))是近年來(lái)問(wèn)世的新型支架(圖1),其支架兩端與普通覆膜支架相同,中段分為兩層:外層為無(wú)覆膜的鎳-鈦合金網(wǎng),內(nèi)層為全覆膜的支架。
支架內(nèi)層為全覆膜,中段外層為無(wú)覆膜的鎳-鈦合金網(wǎng)圖1 雙層食管支架外觀
1.3方法術(shù)前予咽部局麻,靜脈注射杜冷丁100 mg鎮(zhèn)痛及安定10 mg鎮(zhèn)靜,行常規(guī)電子胃鏡檢查,準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量病灶的上下緣距門齒的距離,明確狹窄的程度及范圍。①術(shù)前檢查如食管有較多食物殘?jiān)蛞后w潴留,用生理鹽水反復(fù)沖洗,避免窒息或吸入性肺炎。②電子胃鏡伸入至食管狹窄處,置入導(dǎo)絲后退出胃鏡,根據(jù)狹窄程度,使用薩氏擴(kuò)張器擴(kuò)張至胃鏡可順利通過(guò)。③胃鏡再次明確狹窄部位及長(zhǎng)度,選擇合適直徑及長(zhǎng)度的支架。置入引導(dǎo)鋼絲至胃內(nèi),退出胃鏡,在引導(dǎo)鋼絲引導(dǎo)下,置入食管支架,使用支架定位器定位并釋放支架,支架頭尾兩端均超出病灶2~3 cm(圖2)。支架置入須保證支架上緣與梨狀隱窩下緣的距離大于2 cm,避免支架位置較高壓迫氣管、刺激咽喉部,引起嚴(yán)重的導(dǎo)致呼吸困難至患者死亡。④術(shù)后再進(jìn)胃鏡觀察支架位置是否準(zhǔn)確,若位置有偏差,可使用支架回收取出鉤調(diào)整位置或者取出重置。術(shù)后行胸部X線檢查明確食管支架所在位置。
圖2 支架置入術(shù)前后食管狹窄段對(duì)比
2.1支架置入成功率及并發(fā)癥本組6例均一次性植入成功,支架外層均覆蓋于病灶,內(nèi)徑16~18 mm,根據(jù)病灶長(zhǎng)度選擇適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度支架,端頂位于距病變2~3 cm的正常食管粘膜。術(shù)后禁食 1 d,流質(zhì)飲食3 d后過(guò)渡為半流質(zhì)飲食。
2.2隨訪分別于術(shù)后1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、1年隨訪進(jìn)行胸部X線及CT檢查(圖3)。
圖3 支架置入前后胸部X線片及CT表現(xiàn)
表2 食管支架應(yīng)用及術(shù)后療效
術(shù)后6例患者吞咽困難均明顯改善,半流質(zhì)食物均咽下順利,吞咽困難分級(jí)均為2級(jí),未發(fā)生嗆咳;3例吸入性肺炎經(jīng)配合藥物治療2周內(nèi)得到控制,6例患者術(shù)后3個(gè)月體重增加2.0~4.3(3.13±0.33)kg。并發(fā)癥:術(shù)后2 d有不同程度胸骨后不適感,隨訪期間患者均未出現(xiàn)明顯胸痛、出血、支架移位等并發(fā)癥,未出現(xiàn)再梗阻癥狀(表2)。1例因營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況差未進(jìn)一步治療,于支架置入術(shù)后4月因衰竭死亡;5例于術(shù)后進(jìn)一步行放射治療,隨訪1年仍存活。
食管癌是我國(guó)常見(jiàn)的消化道腫瘤之一,發(fā)現(xiàn)后5年生存率僅為35%~45%,出現(xiàn)吞咽困難已是中晚期,患者失去吞咽和進(jìn)食能力,嚴(yán)重影響營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝入,而晚期食管癌患者大多錯(cuò)過(guò)了外科手術(shù)指征。食管支架置入術(shù)可很快解除梗阻引起的吞咽困難,并改善營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,增強(qiáng)其身體素質(zhì)和免疫能力,為放化療等進(jìn)一步治療創(chuàng)造了條件。因此,食管支架置入術(shù)成為晚期食管癌狹窄患者的有效姑息性治療方法。
自膨式食管金屬支架(self-expandable metal stents, SEMSs)在食管癌姑息性治療治療具有微創(chuàng)、快速、簡(jiǎn)便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[10]。但受材料、型號(hào)、放置時(shí)間等因素影響,在治療中也可能出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),如潰瘍、出血、支架移位及再梗阻,并可能導(dǎo)致支架取出困難[11]。根據(jù)有無(wú)覆膜可分為:無(wú)覆膜、部份覆膜及全覆膜支架。無(wú)覆膜支架具有較好的組織貼合性,支架植入后不易出現(xiàn)移位、脫落,組織相容性較好,但由于沒(méi)有生物膜覆蓋,腫瘤膨脹性生長(zhǎng)及上皮細(xì)胞增生易導(dǎo)致支架腔內(nèi)梗阻[12];而覆膜支架則貼合性不如無(wú)覆膜支架,易出現(xiàn)支架移位、脫落現(xiàn)象[13]。兩種支架在臨床應(yīng)用中,各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),但無(wú)論是梗阻,還是支架移位脫落均影響治療效果,同時(shí)也增加出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。相關(guān)Meta分析表明覆膜支架在應(yīng)用中出現(xiàn)移位的發(fā)生率約為32%[14]。因此,解決支架移位、脫落及再梗阻等問(wèn)題,是提高支架在食管惡性狹窄的治療效果,減少并發(fā)癥的關(guān)鍵。
新型雙層食管支架結(jié)合無(wú)覆膜及覆膜兩種支架的特點(diǎn)。雖然目前該新型支架的相關(guān)研究甚少,但根據(jù)該支架的特點(diǎn),理論上可明顯降低移位、脫落等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。目前,國(guó)外已有相關(guān)報(bào)道,雙層食管支架應(yīng)用于食管癌并狹窄患者的姑息性治療,具有較高安全性及明顯療效,支架移位發(fā)生率較傳統(tǒng)支架明顯下降[15-17]。傳統(tǒng)支架植入術(shù)后,支架移位率可達(dá)24%~37%[18-20]。而Mezes[15]等報(bào)道56例進(jìn)行雙層支架置入術(shù)后,支架移位率僅為7.1%。國(guó)內(nèi)已有南京微創(chuàng)等廠家生產(chǎn)雙層食管支架,但至今尚無(wú)其臨床應(yīng)用的相關(guān)報(bào)道。本文對(duì)6例確診晚期食管癌并梗阻患者,行雙層食管支架姑息性治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)。結(jié)果證實(shí)該支架安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效,可顯著減輕梗阻癥狀,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量及營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,無(wú)明顯胸痛、出血、支架移位等不良反應(yīng),值得在臨床上推廣應(yīng)用,為進(jìn)一步治療提供時(shí)機(jī)。
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(本文編輯:張仲書(shū);英文編輯:王建東)
Experience in the treatment of6 cases of advanced esophageal carcinoma with novel double-layered esophageal stent
CAI Yi-ling, XU Wen-juan, LIU Yan,SUJun-kai,LIUJiang,ZHANGShuai,ZHANGMing-qing.
DepartmentofGastroenterology, 175HospitalofPLA,Zhangzhou,Fujian363000,China
ObjectiveTo summarize the effect and experience of the novel double-layered esophageal stent in the treatment of middle and lower esophageal carcinoma. Methods6 patients of esophageal carcinoma with no surgical indications were treated by double-layered esophageal stent from January to June 2014. ResultsDysphagia significantly improved about 2 grads, and the weight significantly increased (3.13±0.33)kg in these patients. In addition to 1 patients died due to organ failure in 4 months after surgery, patients were followed up for 1 years, without obvious chest pain, bleeding, stent displacement and other complications, and no symptoms of reobstruction. ConclusionThe new type of esophageal stent is safe and effective for advanced esophageal cancer and obstruction. It improves the living quality and nutritional status of patients and there are few complications. It provides more opportunity for further treatment, As a result, the double-layered esophageal stent is worthy to be promoted in clinical application.
double-layered; esophageal stent; esophageal carcinoma
解放軍175醫(yī)院基金資助項(xiàng)目(13Y003)
363000福建漳州,解放軍175醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
張鳴青,E-mail:zmqing8084@sina.com
R571.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1672-271X.2016.03.010
2016-01-16;
2016-02-25)
引用格式:蔡藝玲,徐文娟,劉妍,等.新型雙層食管支架治療6例晚期食管癌并梗阻的應(yīng)用體會(huì).東南國(guó)防醫(yī)藥,2016,18(3):256-258,264.