宋超 楊嗣星 廖文彪 熊云鶴 夏樾 錢(qián)輝軍
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·臨床研究·
軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)在診斷單側(cè)上尿路來(lái)源血尿中的作用(附52例報(bào)告)
宋超楊嗣星廖文彪熊云鶴夏樾錢(qián)輝軍
430060 武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科
【摘要】目的探討軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)在診斷單側(cè)上尿路來(lái)源肉眼血尿病因中的價(jià)值。 方法回顧分析我院2012年3月至2015年7月間52例行軟性輸尿管鏡檢術(shù)診斷的上尿路來(lái)源血尿患者的資料及最終診斷結(jié)果。結(jié)果52例患者全部完成軟性輸尿管鏡檢術(shù)。其中37例輸尿管全程鏡檢在半硬輸尿管鏡下完成,另15例半硬輸尿管鏡至髂血管平面受阻改用軟性輸尿管鏡觀(guān)察輸尿管至腎盂輸尿管交界處。52例中,腎集合系統(tǒng)軟性輸尿管鏡檢13例(25.0%)發(fā)現(xiàn)新生物,活檢診斷為尿路上皮癌;此13例中男8例、女5例,平均年齡61歲(45~83歲);腫瘤位于左側(cè)7例、右側(cè)6例;腎盂4例、上盞4例、下盞2例、中盞及下盞均侵犯3例;組織活檢分級(jí)為高級(jí)別7例、低級(jí)別6例。微小靜脈破裂18例(34.6%),血管瘤樣病變9例(17.3%),靜脈曲張出血1例(1.9%),11例未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何病變(21.2%)。上尿路尿路上皮癌患者中11例行腎盂癌根治性切除術(shù),2例孤立腎患者行軟性輸尿管鏡下腫瘤鈥激光融蝕術(shù)。非腫瘤病變患者中,9例血管瘤出血患者行選擇性腎動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù)。所有患者治療后血尿均消失。13例上尿路尿路上皮癌患者術(shù)后病理檢查均為浸潤(rùn)性尿路上皮細(xì)胞癌(高級(jí)別10例,低級(jí)別3例)。平均隨訪(fǎng)12個(gè)月未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)對(duì)于上尿路來(lái)源血尿的病因診斷及治療的選擇具有指導(dǎo)意義,應(yīng)作為此類(lèi)患者診斷的首選及必要方案。
【關(guān)鍵詞】電子輸尿管軟鏡;上尿路尿路上皮癌;血尿
上尿路來(lái)源血尿的病因多種多樣,有時(shí)很難通過(guò)現(xiàn)有的影像學(xué)檢查確診,常常困擾著臨床決策。軟性輸尿管鏡術(shù)的普及以及操作技術(shù)的提高,為這些病例的診斷提供了新的選擇。2012年3月至2015年7月,我們采用軟性輸尿管鏡對(duì)52例上尿路來(lái)源血尿患者行輸尿管鏡檢術(shù),所有病例均明確診斷并采取相應(yīng)治療,取得滿(mǎn)意效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
對(duì)象與方法
一、一般資料
本組52例,男24例,女28例,平均年齡45.6歲(21~83歲)。均因全程無(wú)痛性肉眼血尿就診,28例血尿同時(shí)伴有條索狀血凝塊。所有患者均行泌尿系CT增強(qiáng)掃描和雙腎超聲檢查,其中CT檢查懷疑腎集合系統(tǒng)病變8例。于血尿期間膀胱鏡檢提示膀胱壁光滑、其血管紋理清晰,均可見(jiàn)單側(cè)輸尿管開(kāi)口噴血尿。52例中血尿源于左側(cè)31例、右側(cè)21例。
二、軟性輸尿管鏡檢術(shù)
患者采用全麻,取截石位。先用半硬輸尿管鏡對(duì)輸尿管全程鏡檢,確認(rèn)輸尿管無(wú)病變后在直視下將斑馬導(dǎo)絲置至患側(cè)腎盂退出硬性輸尿管鏡,再沿斑馬導(dǎo)絲置入12F/14F軟性輸尿管送達(dá)鞘(ureteral access sheath,UAS)(Cook公司,美國(guó)),UAS頭端置于腎盂輸尿管連接部下方4~5 cm,以防引發(fā)腎內(nèi)出血。需要注意的是輸尿管鏡置入膀胱并進(jìn)入輸尿管口,完成對(duì)輸尿管下段的鏡檢,當(dāng)未遇到輸尿管扭曲或成角時(shí),盡可能的鏡檢整個(gè)上尿路。在部分患者鏡檢至髂血管平面時(shí)可能會(huì)遇到困難,此時(shí),退出半硬輸尿管鏡,留置導(dǎo)絲,通過(guò)導(dǎo)絲再置入軟性輸尿管鏡。在這個(gè)步驟中,需要特別注意避免近端導(dǎo)絲的移位,因?yàn)閷?dǎo)絲的移位可能引起未檢查部分的尿路上皮的損傷出血。直視下置入尖端直徑9.9F的URF-V電子軟性輸尿管鏡系統(tǒng)(Olympus公司,日本)進(jìn)行鏡檢。鏡檢嚴(yán)格按順序進(jìn)行,先觀(guān)察整個(gè)腎盂,再觀(guān)察上中組腎盞,最后彎曲鏡體到達(dá)最下組腎盞。通過(guò)電子軟鏡上的操作按鈕可直接切換窄譜光成像(NBI)進(jìn)行攝像。從鏡體的工作通道進(jìn)行灌注及取組織活檢。
結(jié)果
52例患者全部完成軟性輸尿管鏡檢術(shù)。其中37例的輸尿管全程鏡檢在半硬輸尿管鏡下完成,另15例半硬輸尿管鏡至髂血管平面受阻改用軟性輸尿管鏡觀(guān)察輸尿管至腎盂輸尿管交界處。52例中,13例(25.0%)發(fā)現(xiàn)新生物,均采用NBI進(jìn)行同步觀(guān)察(圖1),并活檢診斷為尿路上皮癌,活檢時(shí)可采用活檢鉗或套石籃(圖2)。此13例中男8例,女5例;平均年齡61歲(45~83歲);腫瘤位于左側(cè)7例,右側(cè)6例;腎盂4例、上盞4例、下盞2例、中盞及下盞均侵犯3例;組織活檢分級(jí)為高級(jí)別7例、低級(jí)別6例。微小靜脈破裂18例(34.6%,圖3A),血管瘤樣病變9例(17.3%,圖3B),靜脈曲張出血1例(1.9%),11例未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何病變(21.2%)。11例未發(fā)現(xiàn)病變的病例,采用尿常規(guī)、脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查及CTU檢查,平均隨訪(fǎng)12個(gè)月(7~24個(gè)月),未發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤病例。
A:白光圖像;B:NBI圖像
鏡檢發(fā)現(xiàn)的13例尿路上皮癌中,11例一期行腎盂癌根治性切除術(shù),術(shù)中及術(shù)后無(wú)輸血;另2例孤立腎患者則采用軟性輸尿管鏡下鈥激光腫瘤融蝕術(shù)。此13例患者手術(shù)前后的血肌酐值均無(wú)明顯變化,術(shù)后肉眼血尿消失。非腫瘤病變患者中,9例血管瘤出血患者行選擇性腎動(dòng)脈栓塞術(shù),治療后患者血尿均消失。13例尿路上皮癌患者術(shù)后石蠟切片檢查均為浸潤(rùn)性尿路上皮細(xì)胞癌(高級(jí)別10例、低級(jí)別3例),與此對(duì)應(yīng),軟鏡活檢分級(jí)為高級(jí)別7例、低級(jí)別6例,活檢分級(jí)與病理切片分級(jí)符合率為53.8%,2例孤立腎患者術(shù)后病理診斷均為低級(jí)別尿路上皮癌。術(shù)后平均隨訪(fǎng)12個(gè)月均未見(jiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)。
A:取活檢所用的活檢鉗(上)及套石籃(下);B:以套石籃套取的腫瘤組織;C:活檢鉗取活檢鏡下觀(guān)
A:微小靜脈破裂;B:血管瘤樣病變
討論
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),上尿路來(lái)源血尿的診斷及治療經(jīng)常困擾著臨床決策。主要原因是由于很難明確診斷。雖然通過(guò)膀胱鏡檢可明確血尿來(lái)源于哪一側(cè)腎臟,但病變性質(zhì)卻難以明確。既往由于擔(dān)心存在惡性病變而常采用腎切除方式治療而導(dǎo)致不必要的腎丟失[1]。傳統(tǒng)的上尿路尿路上皮癌起病常較隱匿,影像學(xué)檢查如IVU、CTU、MRU等對(duì)其早期階段病變常難以發(fā)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于腫瘤體積較大的病例又由于檢查的局限性,不易與血塊、某些炎性病變、甚至正常腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)等鑒別[2]。尿細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查的診斷準(zhǔn)確率只能達(dá)到50%~60%,且由于高分化低度惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞和正常細(xì)胞的形態(tài)鑒別上有一定的困難,應(yīng)用這些方法檢查的假陰性結(jié)果高達(dá)25%~39%[3]。
近年來(lái),隨著腔道泌尿外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展,應(yīng)用硬性和軟性輸尿管鏡直接對(duì)腎盂充盈缺損進(jìn)行檢查和活檢,使腎盂腫瘤診斷的準(zhǔn)確率明顯提高。歐洲泌尿外科學(xué)會(huì)在2015年上尿路尿路上皮癌診斷治療指南中也多次提到了軟性輸尿管鏡技術(shù)對(duì)于血尿的診斷方面有著獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),尤其強(qiáng)調(diào)了軟性輸尿管鏡檢下取活檢對(duì)于90%的病例可確定腫瘤分級(jí)[4]。電子軟性輸尿管鏡可以獲得4倍于前的清晰影像,因此診斷更為便捷。對(duì)于病灶較小或原位癌等,NBI利用特殊的濾光器對(duì)寬譜白光(WLI)進(jìn)行過(guò)濾,僅留下415 nm和540 nm的藍(lán)色和綠色窄譜光,可以穿透黏膜表層,能夠細(xì)微地反映毛細(xì)血管和黏膜表面變化,改善圖像的對(duì)比性和可視性[5-7]。目前臨床上NBI內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)已逐漸應(yīng)用于食管、胃、結(jié)直腸等消化道疾病的診斷和鑒別診斷,與WLI內(nèi)鏡比較能明顯提高癌前病變?nèi)鏐arrett食管和結(jié)腸腺瘤的診斷準(zhǔn)確率[8-9]。對(duì)于腫瘤體積較小或原位癌病例,通過(guò)NBI技術(shù)可以更好的發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑病灶并進(jìn)行處理,減少了病灶的遺漏。2011年Traxer等[10]最先將NBI技術(shù)用于上尿路尿路上皮癌的診斷,4例患者發(fā)現(xiàn)了5處普通光源未發(fā)現(xiàn)的病灶,而3例發(fā)現(xiàn)了更大范圍的病灶。本組13例患者均采用NBI進(jìn)行同步觀(guān)察,術(shù)后證實(shí)NBI具有較高的診斷準(zhǔn)確性。上尿路上皮腫瘤具有多源性起源的特征,因此對(duì)集合系統(tǒng)的全面檢查將有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的病灶,對(duì)于診療決策和隨訪(fǎng)都具有非常重要的意義。本組中對(duì)2例孤立腎患者,我們采用NBI對(duì)腎內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了全面檢查并對(duì)可疑病灶進(jìn)行切除,保證了腫瘤治療的完整性,也獲得了良好效果。目前已有鏡下應(yīng)用激光共聚焦顯微技術(shù)進(jìn)行腫瘤診斷的初步報(bào)告,這些新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)將進(jìn)一步完善和提高軟性輸尿管鏡技術(shù)的診斷能力[11]。
由于視野及灌注流量相對(duì)較小等因素,軟性輸尿管鏡診斷操作過(guò)程中需嚴(yán)格掌握操作規(guī)程,避免因半硬輸尿管鏡等術(shù)中損傷腎盂、腎盞黏膜,從而繼發(fā)出血造成視野模糊。因此,我們術(shù)前避免留置雙J管;在操作過(guò)程中,先以半硬輸尿管鏡鏡檢輸尿管全程,排除輸尿管疾患并盡量減少出血。然后留置斑馬導(dǎo)絲,通過(guò)導(dǎo)絲將UAS送達(dá)腎盂輸尿管連接部下方,再以軟性輸尿管鏡對(duì)腎內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行檢查。在操作過(guò)程中,采用灌注泵少量恒壓注水,避免因腎盂壓力過(guò)高而引發(fā)的腫瘤播散及感染性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。此外,由于受軟鏡下組織活檢所用的活檢鉗或套石籃等工具所限,取出組織量往往有限且無(wú)法深達(dá)基層,這可能會(huì)對(duì)病理結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響,因此在抓取組織過(guò)程中應(yīng)盡量靠近腫瘤體部及基底部,避免因活檢腫瘤表面產(chǎn)生的假陰性結(jié)果。對(duì)于下盞的不典型病灶,特別是腎盂漏斗部夾角較小的病例,活檢較為困難,建議可對(duì)局部病灶采取鈥激光消融的方式,使病灶細(xì)胞漂浮于灌洗液中,然后抽取灌洗液并送脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查。在此之前,還可通過(guò)NBI及熒光劑的方法對(duì)病變性質(zhì)進(jìn)行判定。
上尿路尿路上皮癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療是腎盂癌根治術(shù)。但隨著軟性輸尿管鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,通過(guò)逆行腔內(nèi)途徑治療上尿路腫瘤的方式逐漸被多家機(jī)構(gòu)接受,主要原因除了患者由于解剖性孤立腎等原因需要外,對(duì)于上尿路腫瘤生物學(xué)行為的認(rèn)識(shí)也是原因之一。事實(shí)上,上尿路尿路上皮癌也存在浸潤(rùn)與非浸潤(rùn)之分,經(jīng)過(guò)嘗試硬性和軟性輸尿管鏡、經(jīng)皮腎鏡途徑下使用電灼、釹激光、鈥激光、銩激光、綠激光等方法,對(duì)特定病例進(jìn)行治療也取得了相對(duì)滿(mǎn)意的結(jié)果。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道內(nèi)鏡治療后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率為19.6%~37.7%,患者5年存活率約為52.3%,對(duì)于特定群體仍屬可接受范圍[4]。目前,內(nèi)鏡下治療上尿路尿路上皮癌的絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證主要是解剖性或功能性孤立腎、雙側(cè)上尿路癌、腎功能不全、嚴(yán)重合并癥以及強(qiáng)烈要求保腎的患者,當(dāng)然對(duì)于無(wú)上述特殊情況的低級(jí)別、低分期的上尿路尿路上皮癌也可選擇內(nèi)鏡下治療[4,12-14]。結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)及本組2例患者的隨訪(fǎng),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)軟性輸尿管鏡下鈥激光治療孤立腎腎盂腎盞尿路上皮癌是可行的,在規(guī)范的灌注治療及嚴(yán)密隨訪(fǎng)的前提下可以保證患者的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存。另外,由于軟鏡的局限性,軟性輸尿管鏡下鈥激光治療腎盂癌過(guò)程中,也應(yīng)選擇病灶相對(duì)較小及局限的病例進(jìn)行,以保證術(shù)中視野清晰,術(shù)后出血少[15]。對(duì)于接受內(nèi)鏡下治療的患者,其復(fù)發(fā)率仍很高,需嚴(yán)密隨訪(fǎng),隨訪(fǎng)方式應(yīng)包括影像學(xué)及軟性輸尿管鏡檢查,鑒于重復(fù)鏡檢發(fā)現(xiàn)新病灶的可能性高達(dá)51.2%,因此軟性輸尿管鏡檢還應(yīng)早期全面進(jìn)行[13]。上尿路尿路上皮細(xì)胞癌最重要的預(yù)后因素包括腫瘤分級(jí)、部位和大小。一般認(rèn)為直徑>1.5 cm腫瘤的預(yù)后均較差。而低級(jí)別和高級(jí)別腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率分別為36.4%和71.4%[16]。
因此,電子軟性輸尿管鏡對(duì)于上尿路來(lái)源血尿具有很好的確診作用,尤其對(duì)于上尿路尿路上皮癌的發(fā)現(xiàn)及確診率高,可作為臨床決策的關(guān)鍵性證據(jù),NBI技術(shù)對(duì)于可疑或難以確定的病例具有較好的補(bǔ)充作用。對(duì)于特定的病例,通過(guò)該技術(shù)下鈥激光腫瘤切除可實(shí)現(xiàn)有效治療,但考慮到上尿路上皮腫瘤術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率較高,術(shù)后應(yīng)嚴(yán)密隨訪(fǎng)。
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(本文編輯:熊鈺芬)
通信作者:楊嗣星,E-mail:sxyang2004@163.com
doi:10.3870/j.issn.1674-4624.2016.02.007
Corresponding author:YANG Si-xing,E-mail:sxyang2004@163.com
(收稿日期:2016-01-07)
Diagnosis of unilateral hematuria with retrograde flexible ureteroscopic surgery: a report of 52 cases
SONGChao,YANGSi-xing,LIAOWen-biao,XIONGYun-he,XIAYue,QIANHui-jun.
DepartmentofUrology,RenminHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan430060,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo analyze the safety and efficacy of retrograde intra-renal surgery using flexible ureteroscopy to diagnose unilateral hematuria.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 52 cases of upper urinary tract hematuria in our hospital from March 2012 to July 2015, and analyzed the final diagnosis results. ResultsAll the 52 cases underwent diagnostic flexible ureteroscopy. Among them, 37 cases were completed by semi-rigid ureteroscopy, tract in 15 cases, the other 15 cases were obstructed to the iliac vessels, and the flexible ureteroscopy was used to inspect the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter. Endoscopic findings included 13 (25.0%) upper urinary neoplasm which was biopsied and confirmed with histology. In these 13 cases, there were male 8 cases, 5 cases of female, mean age was 61 years (45 to 83 years old); tumors were located in the left side in the 7 cases and the right side in 6 cases; location in renal pelvis, upper calyx, lower calyx and calyx and lower calyx invasion in 4, 4, 2 and 3 cases respectively; and tissue biopsy grading for 7 cases of high level and low level in 6 cases. The 52 cases included 18 (34.6%) venule rupture, 9 (17.3%) hemangioma, 1 (1.9%) varix, and 11 (21.2%) no lesions. Among the carcinoma cases, 11 cases of upper urinary tract epithelial carcinoma underwent radical resection of renal pelvic carcinoma, 2 cases of solitary kidney were treated with holmium laser ablation of tumor by flexible ureteroscopy. In the cases with benign lesion, 9 cases were treated with selective renal artery embolism. The symptoms of hematuria disappeared in all cases after treatment. No record of recurrent gross hematuria during the follow-up
was reported. The pathology results of all 13 cases with tumor were urothelial carcinomas (10 cases of high grade, 3 cases of low grade).ConclusionsDigital flexible ureteroscopy shows great accuracy in diagnosis of pyelocalyceal urothelial carcinomas and other benign lesions with gross hematuria. It is valuable for decision making and should be listed as first-line choice for these kinds of disease.
【Key words】Digital flexible ureteroscopy;Upper tract urothelial carcinoma;Hematuria