紀(jì) 濤,孫凱強(qiáng),孫穎浩
(1.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上?!?00433;2.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)海醫(yī)系學(xué)員隊(duì),上?!?00433)
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·綜述·
慢性盆腔疼痛綜合征與免疫介質(zhì)關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
紀(jì)濤1,孫凱強(qiáng)2,孫穎浩1
(1.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上海200433;2.第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)海醫(yī)系學(xué)員隊(duì),上海200433)
摘要:慢性盆腔疼痛綜合征(CPPS)是男科常見(jiàn)疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制未明,缺乏特性新診斷依據(jù)。CPPS的發(fā)生發(fā)展與免疫介質(zhì)息息相關(guān)。T淋巴細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞因子、細(xì)胞趨化因子以及肥大細(xì)胞等在CPPS的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有重要作用。對(duì)免疫介質(zhì)的深入研究可能對(duì)探明CPPS的病因、發(fā)病機(jī)制,開(kāi)發(fā)特異性生物標(biāo)志物以及新的免疫抑制劑有重要意義。
關(guān)鍵詞:慢性盆腔疼痛綜合征;T淋巴細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞因子;細(xì)胞趨化因子;肥大細(xì)胞
慢性盆腔疼痛綜合征(chronic pelvic pain syndrome,CPPS)是常見(jiàn)的男科疾病,其患病率比細(xì)菌性前列腺炎高約8倍[1]。其發(fā)病機(jī)制未明,病因?qū)W復(fù)雜,缺乏客觀的、特異性的診斷依據(jù),存在廣泛爭(zhēng)議。近年來(lái),免疫學(xué)相關(guān)研究表明,多機(jī)制的免疫反應(yīng)異常在CPPS的發(fā)生發(fā)展和病程演變中發(fā)揮著重要的作用,患者的前列腺液或精漿或組織和血液中可出現(xiàn)某些免疫介質(zhì)水平變化,日益受到重視,可為CPPS的診斷和免疫抑制劑的研發(fā)提供新的方案[2]。本文就與相關(guān)免疫介質(zhì)的關(guān)系研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
1T淋巴細(xì)胞
因此,選擇性地抑制效應(yīng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞而保留調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的免疫療法可能在對(duì)抗自身抗體產(chǎn)生和抑制炎癥方面較有希望[6]。
1.2輔助性T細(xì)胞輔助性T細(xì)胞(helper T cells,Th)可分為T(mén)h1、Th2細(xì)胞等,Th1細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌干擾素(interferonγ,IFN-γ)等促進(jìn)細(xì)胞免疫,Th2細(xì)胞通過(guò)分泌白細(xì)胞介素4(interleukin 4,IL-4)等調(diào)節(jié)體液免疫。Th1/Th2失衡與機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)相關(guān),與許多疾病發(fā)病和轉(zhuǎn)歸相關(guān)[7]。在CPPS患者前列腺按摩液、精液等中,T淋巴細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)大量浸潤(rùn)[8]。MOTRICH等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T淋巴細(xì)胞多由前列腺抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)呈遞產(chǎn)生,尤其IFN-γ產(chǎn)生的Th1細(xì)胞在外周血中特異性升高,并且與PSA含量相關(guān)。LIU 等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CAP/CPPS患者Th1細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯升高,Th1/Th2平衡向Th1方向變化,表明Th1細(xì)胞在CAP/CPPS的發(fā)生中可能其重要作用。但是,由于體內(nèi)細(xì)胞因子網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)節(jié)復(fù)雜,需要充分認(rèn)識(shí)細(xì)胞因子作用的多樣性和復(fù)雜性。
2細(xì)胞因子
從上世紀(jì)八十年代開(kāi)始,開(kāi)展了很多細(xì)胞因子與CPPS患者的相關(guān)性研究?;颊咔傲邢侔茨σ汉途旱葮?biāo)本中促炎因子,如白介素-1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)、TNFα、IL-6、IL-8和免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A, IgA)等明顯上升,而炎性調(diào)節(jié)因子如IL-2R等明顯下降。
2.1促炎因子IL-1β可以促進(jìn)粘附分子表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)單核細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞等從血管滲出,從而浸潤(rùn)前列腺組織。此外IL-1β還可以誘導(dǎo)IL-8的合成和環(huán)氧化酶2(cyclooxygenase 2,COX-2)的基因表達(dá),引起眾多生物學(xué)效應(yīng)[11]。THF-α多由巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,可增加粘附分子的表達(dá),釋放白三烯、前列腺素等炎癥遞質(zhì),在CPPS發(fā)生發(fā)展中起重要作用。NADLER等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),CPPS患者IL -1β檢出率為90%,且與TNF-α存在相關(guān)性。HE等[13]同樣證實(shí)TNF-α水平明顯升高,且與白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)存在相關(guān)性。EUGENE等[14]對(duì)NF-kB轉(zhuǎn)基因大鼠注射IL-1β后,發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠前列腺組織中的NF-kB上調(diào),可能與進(jìn)一步前列腺組織的破壞有關(guān)。
IFN-γ主要由活化的T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,可以誘導(dǎo)多種組織細(xì)胞相容性復(fù)合物2類(lèi)(major histocompatibility complex 2,MHC)抗原的表達(dá),協(xié)助巨噬細(xì)胞發(fā)揮吞噬作用。MOTRICH等[15]對(duì)IFN-γ信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)放大轉(zhuǎn)錄因子缺失的小鼠進(jìn)行前列腺甾體結(jié)合蛋白免疫注射后,IHN-γ含量較低,而且前列腺未見(jiàn)明顯炎性浸潤(rùn)和改變。說(shuō)明IFN-γ在CPPS動(dòng)物模型的免疫功能中起到重要作用。
2.2抗炎因子IL-6主要由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和單核巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,能激活和誘導(dǎo)T、B淋巴細(xì)胞分化。PAULIS等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),CP患者EPS中IL-6水平較對(duì)照組高,且與國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究所慢性前列腺炎癥狀指數(shù)(National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index,NIH-CPSI)相關(guān)。JOHN等[17]研究表明,CPPS患者精漿中IL-6水平明顯升高,并與疼痛的緩解相關(guān)。
IL-10是細(xì)胞因子合成抑制因子,為重要的抗炎性細(xì)胞因子。IL-10主要由Th2產(chǎn)生,能夠下調(diào)T細(xì)胞的增殖,抑制Th1細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多種炎癥因子和介質(zhì),減弱炎性反應(yīng)。MILLER等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)CP患者前列腺按摩液(prostatic secretion,PS)中IL-10明顯增高,在IL-10 mRNA出現(xiàn)后,TNF-α和IL-1基因表達(dá)下調(diào)。HE等[13]進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-10與NIH-CPSI評(píng)分具有相關(guān)性,可作為治療效果評(píng)估的指標(biāo)。
3細(xì)胞趨化因子
兩種細(xì)胞趨化因子與CPPS的疼痛癥狀發(fā)生發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。巨噬細(xì)胞趨化性和激活因子1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP1)又稱趨化因子配體2(chemokine C-C motif ligand 2,CCL2)可趨化單核細(xì)胞和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞,滲透和浸潤(rùn)入組織內(nèi),參與多種疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制,包括類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、主動(dòng)脈瘤、冠心病等。巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白α(macrophage inflammation protein 1α,MIP1α),又稱趨化因子配體3(chemokine C-C motif ligand 2,CCL3),參與促炎反應(yīng),并且在多數(shù)風(fēng)濕免疫性疾病中高表達(dá)。
DESIREDDI等[19]研究表明,兩種炎癥趨化因子在CPPS患者EPS中都明顯增高,并且MIP1α與NIH-CPSI疼痛得分相關(guān),MCP1與白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)正相關(guān),說(shuō)明兩種炎癥趨化因子在CPPS的發(fā)展中作用并不相同。近年QUICK等[20]采用CPPS的大鼠EAP模型,嘗試探索CCL2和CCL3作為生物標(biāo)記物的可能性。他們?cè)u(píng)估了趨化因子的來(lái)源、性質(zhì)、動(dòng)力學(xué)研究以及免疫浸潤(rùn)的表型,發(fā)現(xiàn)第5天和第20天CCL2的mRNA水平明顯上升,第30天CCL3的mRNA水平也有所提高,而且前列腺上皮細(xì)胞CCL2和CCL3表達(dá)量最高。
4肥大細(xì)胞
研究表明,CPPS患者EPS中肥大細(xì)胞數(shù)量和肥大細(xì)胞纖維蛋白溶酶含量顯著增加[23]。然而,肥大細(xì)胞基因敲除的Kitw-sh、Kitw-shSash大鼠疼痛癥狀輕度減輕,而且炎癥浸潤(rùn)沒(méi)有差異[24],說(shuō)明肥大細(xì)胞雖然在CPPS的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到重要作用,但是疼痛還可能由其他炎性介質(zhì)引起。MURPHY等[25]研究表明,肥大細(xì)胞纖維蛋白溶酶可能通過(guò)蛋白酶激活受體信號(hào)通路完成對(duì)慢性炎癥和疼痛的調(diào)節(jié)。
在CPPS的疼痛機(jī)制研究中,肥大細(xì)胞可能通過(guò)神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)快速調(diào)節(jié)外周神經(jīng)的敏感性[26]。NGF可與肥大細(xì)胞表面的TrkA受體結(jié)合,使周?chē)M織降解,反饋性地增加了疼痛的敏感性。周?chē)M織以及神經(jīng)損傷后,再生過(guò)程將釋放大量NGF[27]。因此,有研究表明,在CPPS患者的精液中,NGF水平明顯上升,并且與疼痛程度線性相關(guān)[28]。
5總結(jié)與展望
CPPS是一種病因未明的綜合征,發(fā)展過(guò)程中伴隨著免疫介質(zhì)的調(diào)節(jié)。過(guò)去研究集中于細(xì)胞因子等免疫調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,如今趨化因子、炎性因子轉(zhuǎn)錄基因以及肥大細(xì)胞的作用日益受到重視。進(jìn)一步的研究炎性細(xì)胞、因子的水平和相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),對(duì)明確CAP/CPPS的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制,診斷的生物標(biāo)記物以及免疫抑制劑的發(fā)展都具有重要意義。
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(編輯何宏靈)
收稿日期:2015-05-15修回日期:2015-09-14
通訊作者:孫穎浩,教授.E-mail:sunyh@medmail.com.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:紀(jì)濤(1985-),男(漢族),學(xué)士學(xué)位,講師,泌尿外科方向.E-mail:kuailejito2010@163.com 孫凱強(qiáng)(1993-),男(漢族),本科在讀,海軍臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè).E-mail:15721570551@163.com.系共同第一作者。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R69
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2016.01.019