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腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃在進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌中的療效評(píng)價(jià)

2016-08-05 06:03李恩吳祖光李志旺劉宏濤陳楷張灼新曾海敬張日雄鄧雪涌
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2016年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:腹腔鏡手術(shù)

李恩 吳祖光 李志旺 劉宏濤 陳楷 張灼新 曾海敬 張日雄 鄧雪涌

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腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃在進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌中的療效評(píng)價(jià)

李恩吳祖光李志旺劉宏濤陳楷張灼新曾海敬張日雄鄧雪涌

514031 梅州,廣東省梅州市人民醫(yī)院胃腸外一科

【摘要】目的探討進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌行腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的可行性及臨床療效。方法回顧性分析行全胃切除術(shù)并D2淋巴結(jié)清掃的進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌46例,其中行腹腔鏡手術(shù)25例,稱腹腔鏡組;行開(kāi)腹手術(shù)21例,稱開(kāi)腹組。對(duì)比2組患者術(shù)中、術(shù)后情況的差異。結(jié)果2組患者一般臨床病理資料的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。腹腔鏡組淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(28.5±9.1)枚/例,與開(kāi)腹組的(27.3±8.5)枚/例相當(dāng),2組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與開(kāi)腹組相比,腹腔鏡組患者術(shù)中出血量較少,脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃的時(shí)間短,術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、進(jìn)食半流質(zhì)時(shí)間早,且術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較短(P均<0.05);而2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間及進(jìn)食流質(zhì)時(shí)間相當(dāng)(P均>0.05)。腹腔鏡組術(shù)后3例發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為12.0%,與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為19.0%相似(P>0.05);2組均無(wú)術(shù)后住院死亡病例。結(jié)論與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相比,腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)安全可行,具有較好的微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì),能夠達(dá)到開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相當(dāng)?shù)母涡Ч?/p>

【關(guān)鍵詞】胃腫瘤;腹腔鏡手術(shù);脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃

胃癌是常見(jiàn)惡性腫瘤之一,近年來(lái)胃中上部癌的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)[1-2]。進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌易發(fā)生No.10淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為9.8%~27.9%,且淋巴結(jié)有無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)移與生存期密切相關(guān)[3-5]。故日本《胃癌處理規(guī)約》規(guī)定,對(duì)于進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌,脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)屬于D2淋巴結(jié)清掃的范圍[6]。但是,由于脾門(mén)區(qū)域復(fù)雜的血管解剖及脾臟深在的解剖位置,保留脾臟的脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃即使在開(kāi)放手術(shù)中也較為困難[7]。近年來(lái),隨著腹腔鏡設(shè)備的改進(jìn)及操作技術(shù)的不斷優(yōu)化,尤其是“黃氏三步法”等方法的推廣和運(yùn)用,使腹腔鏡下保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)得予簡(jiǎn)化和易于操作,顯示了較好的優(yōu)勢(shì)[8-10]。但是,目前有關(guān)腹腔鏡與開(kāi)腹保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)在進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌中運(yùn)用的療效尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道,我們通過(guò)總結(jié)我科同一時(shí)期施行全胃切除術(shù)并D2淋巴結(jié)清掃的46例進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者的臨床病理資料,以探討腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的可行性及療效。

資料與方法

一、一般資料

2014年1月至2015年6月,我科對(duì)46例進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者施行全胃切除術(shù)并D2淋巴結(jié)清掃,其中行腹腔鏡輔助手術(shù)者25例,稱腹腔鏡組;同期行常規(guī)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)者21例,稱開(kāi)腹組。全組患者術(shù)前均詳細(xì)告知2種術(shù)式的相關(guān)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),根據(jù)患者意愿選擇行腹腔鏡或開(kāi)腹手術(shù),并簽署手術(shù)知情同意書(shū)。所有患者行常規(guī)術(shù)前檢查,包括上消化道內(nèi)鏡和上消化道造影評(píng)估腫瘤位置,胸片、全腹CT 和腹部超聲,必要時(shí)行PET-CT 和骨掃描評(píng)估是否存在遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。腫瘤分期根據(jù)2010年第7版國(guó)際抗癌聯(lián)盟(UICC)分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行TNM分期[11]。淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)間為自腹腔鏡下分離大網(wǎng)膜與橫結(jié)腸附著緣至完成胃周淋巴結(jié)清掃的時(shí)間。脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)間是從分離胰體尾部胰腺被膜進(jìn)入胰尾上緣的胰后間隙,顯露脾血管末段開(kāi)始,至脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃結(jié)束為止。

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)前經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡下活檢病理證實(shí)為胃中上部癌;②術(shù)前胸片、腹部超聲及腹部CT等檢查無(wú)肝、肺、腹腔等遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;③術(shù)前腹部超聲、CT等檢查無(wú)腹主動(dòng)脈周圍明顯腫大淋巴結(jié),無(wú)腫瘤直接侵犯胰腺、脾臟、肝臟、結(jié)腸等;④術(shù)后病理學(xué)診斷為胃切緣顯微鏡下未見(jiàn)癌細(xì)胞(R0切除)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)中見(jiàn)腫瘤腹腔播散或是遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;②病理學(xué)診斷資料不全。

二、手術(shù)方式

2組術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備相同,采用氣管插管全身麻醉,胃周圍淋巴結(jié)的清掃(D2淋巴結(jié)清掃)按照日本第14版胃癌處理規(guī)約規(guī)定進(jìn)行[6]。其中腹腔鏡組采用“黃氏三步法”進(jìn)行脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃[8-9]。開(kāi)腹組則采用紗布鋪墊的方法將脾臟墊起,進(jìn)行保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃。

三、觀察指標(biāo)

觀察2組患者淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)、脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率、手術(shù)時(shí)間、脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、首次下床時(shí)間、首次肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間、首次進(jìn)食流質(zhì)時(shí)間、首次進(jìn)食半流質(zhì)時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及病死率。并發(fā)癥包括吻合口瘺、胰瘺、腹腔感染、腸梗阻、肺部感染、心血管疾病。

四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

結(jié)果

一、2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者一般臨床病理資料比較

所有患者的臨床病理特征見(jiàn)表1。2組患者在Charlson合并癥指數(shù)、分化程度、腫瘤部位、腫瘤大小、pT分期、pN分期及TNM分期等比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。

表1 2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者

續(xù)表

項(xiàng) 目腹腔鏡組(n=25)開(kāi)腹組(n=21)t/χ2/Z值P值腫瘤大小(cm)4.8±2.65.0±2.51.3430.131腫瘤部位(例)0.3780.539 胃大彎1716 胃小彎85病理類型(例)0.0020.966 分化型76 未分化型1815浸潤(rùn)深度(例)-0.4390.661 T232 T3910 T4a139淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(例)-0.2610.794 N033 N132 N253 N31413病理分期(例)-0.2500.802 Ⅰb21 Ⅱ76 Ⅲ1614

二、2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者淋巴結(jié)清掃情況比較

所有患者均行全胃切除并D2淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),腹腔鏡組淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(28.5±9.1)枚/例,脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(2.6±2.0)枚/例;開(kāi)腹組淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(27.3±8.5)枚/例,脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(2.3±1.8)枚/例,2組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。腹腔鏡組脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為12.0%(3/25),開(kāi)腹組脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為9.5%(2/21),2組比較差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

三、2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后情況比較

腹腔鏡組所有患者均在腹腔鏡下完成D2淋巴結(jié)清掃,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)病例。與開(kāi)腹組相比,腹腔鏡組患者術(shù)中出血量較少,脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃的時(shí)間短,術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、進(jìn)食半流時(shí)間早,且術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較短,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05)。而2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、肛門(mén)排氣時(shí)間及進(jìn)食流質(zhì)時(shí)間的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

四、2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及病死率比較

全組患者發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥7例,發(fā)生率為15.2%,2組患者均無(wú)住院死亡病例。其中,腹腔鏡組發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥3例(12.0%),吻合口瘺1例、腹腔感染1例、腸梗阻1例;開(kāi)腹組4例(19.0%),胰瘺1例、腹腔感染1例、肺部感染1例、心血管疾病1例;2組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.686)。

表2 2組進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后情況比較

討論

2010年新版日本胃癌治療指南明確規(guī)定胃切除加D2淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)為胃癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手術(shù),因此腹腔鏡治療進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌必須徹底清掃脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié),才能達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)D2根治手術(shù)的要求[6]。早年許多中心以脾臟切除的方式來(lái)清掃該區(qū)域的淋巴結(jié)[12-14]。但隨著研究的深入,人們逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到脾臟的抗感染和抗腫瘤等免疫功能對(duì)于維持患者健康的重要意義。且隨著外科解剖技術(shù)的發(fā)展和手術(shù)器械的進(jìn)步,保脾的脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)逐漸被外科醫(yī)生所認(rèn)可[15-16]。但是,由于脾門(mén)區(qū)域血管走形復(fù)雜、解剖變異多,且脾門(mén)區(qū)空間狹小、位置深在,加上胃底網(wǎng)膜組織被覆其中,使其裸化暴露更為困難,在淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)易致血管損傷引起出血,使保脾的脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)成為胃癌根治手術(shù)中的難點(diǎn)之一。故在開(kāi)腹手術(shù)中我們通常將脾后方游離,采用紗布鋪墊的方法將脾臟墊起,進(jìn)行保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃。近年來(lái),我國(guó)腹腔鏡外科專家黃昌明教授結(jié)合腹腔鏡放大的視覺(jué)優(yōu)勢(shì)和器械操作的特點(diǎn),總結(jié)出一套程序化的腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃技術(shù)——“黃氏三步法”,將原本復(fù)雜的腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃進(jìn)行循序漸進(jìn)的分步操作,手術(shù)過(guò)程中助手配合主刀,牽拉特定的部位,其暴露方式也分為三步,上一步均為下一步作好鋪墊,使暴露和清掃均簡(jiǎn)單化[8-9]。我們中心在完成200余例腹腔鏡胃癌手術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展該技術(shù),而且本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃時(shí)間明顯短于開(kāi)腹手術(shù)。我們認(rèn)為“黃氏三步法” 這種團(tuán)隊(duì)的配合模式降低了腹腔鏡下保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)的難度,縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間,可以減少患者的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷,使腹腔鏡的微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)更加明顯,有利于促進(jìn)腹腔鏡胃癌手術(shù)的發(fā)展。

然而,手術(shù)的根治效果是腹腔鏡能否成為治療進(jìn)展期胃中上部癌常規(guī)方法最重要的方面之一。目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)平均獲取脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)為2.0~3.6枚/例[17-19]。本研究中腹腔鏡組脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目為(2.6±2.0)枚/例,而且與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相似,表明腹腔鏡下保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃能夠獲得開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相當(dāng)?shù)母涡Ч?。但是,由于腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)是一項(xiàng)較為困難的新技術(shù),其是否仍具有較好的微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)目前尚缺乏更多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。本研究中腹腔鏡組術(shù)中出血少,術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、進(jìn)食半流質(zhì)時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院天數(shù)短,與既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符,顯示了較開(kāi)腹手術(shù)更好的近期療效[20-22]。同時(shí),作為衡量手術(shù)安全性的重要指標(biāo),并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率與死亡率被廣泛應(yīng)用于不同中心、不同術(shù)式間的比較。Li等[23]的研究中,腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為12.0%,且病死率為0%,認(rèn)為腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)具有較好的可行性和近期療效。我們的研究中,腹腔鏡組并無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)病例,且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和病死率與開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相當(dāng),表明腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)具有較好的安全性,可以推廣。本研究為回顧性研究,樣本量較少,固有的選擇偏倚不可避免。

綜上所述,腹腔鏡保脾脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)具有較好的臨床療效,可以作為進(jìn)一步前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的前期基礎(chǔ)。

參考文獻(xiàn)

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[2]白鴿,初建虎,鄭超,馬樂(lè),包永星,瑪依努爾·艾力. 胃癌Lauren分型臨床特點(diǎn)及預(yù)后分析.新醫(yī)學(xué),2015,46(10):682-684.

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[10]Huang CM, Zhang JR, Zheng CH, Li P, Xie JW, Wang JB, Lin JX, Lu J, Chen QY. A 346 case analysis for laparoscopic spleen-preserving no.10 lymph node dissection for proximal gastric cancer: a single center study. PLoS One,2014,9(9):e108480.

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[17]Hyung WJ, Lim JS, Song J, Choi SH, Noh SH. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection during total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 2008, 207(2):e6-e11.

[18]李平,黃昌明,鄭朝輝,謝建偉,王家鑌,林建賢.腹腔鏡保脾的脾門(mén)淋巴結(jié)清掃在胃上部癌根治術(shù)中的應(yīng)用.中華外科雜志,2011,49(9):795-798.

[19]Mou TY, Hu YF, Yu J, Liu H, Wang YN, Li GX.Laparoscopic splenic hilum lymph node dissection for advanced proximal gastric cancer: a modified approach for pancreas-and spleen-preserving total gastrectomy. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(30): 4992-4999.

[20]Nam BH, Kim YW, Reim D, Eom BW, Yu WS, Park YK, Ryu KW, Lee YJ, Yoon HM, Lee JH, Jeong O, Jeong SH, Lee SE, Lee SH, Yoon KY, Seo KW, Chung HY, Kwon OK, Kim TB, Lee WK, Park SH, Sul JY, Yang DH, Lee JS.Laparoscopy assisted versus open distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer: design and rationale of a phase II randomized controlled multicenter trial (COACT 1001). J Gastric Cancer,2013, 13(3):164-171.

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(本文編輯:楊江瑜)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.07.014

(收稿日期:2016-02-06)

Evaluation of clinical efficacy of laparoscopic and open spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection for advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer

LiEn,WuZuguang,LiZhiwang,LiuHongtao,ChenKai,ZhangZhuoxin,ZengHaijing,ZhangRixiong,DengXueyong.

DepartmentofGastrointestinalSurgery,MeizhouPeople’sHospital,Meizhou514031,China

【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection for advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer. MethodsClinical data of 46 patients diagnosed with advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer undergoing total gastrectomy combined with D2 lymph node dissection were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty five patients were assigned into the laparoscopic operation group and 21 in the open surgery group. Intraoperative and postoperative conditions were statistically compared between two groups. ResultsGeneral clinical and pathological data did not significantly differ between two groups. In the laparoscopic surgery group, the quantity of dissected lymph nodes was (28.5±9.1) for each patient, which did not considerably differ from (27.3±8.5) in the open surgery group (P>0.05). Compared with the open operation group, intraoperative bleeding loss was less, the time of splenic hilar lymph node dissection was shorter, the time of postoperative out-off-bed activity was earlier, the time of intake of semifluid diet was earlier and postoperative length of hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic operation group(all P>0.05). However, operation time, anal exsufflation time and time of eating liquid diet did not significantly differ between two groups (all P>0.05). In the laparoscopic group, three patients (12.0%) presented with postoperative complications, similar to that in the open surgery group(19.0%)(P>0.05). No patient died in two groups during hospitalization. ConclusionCompared with the open operation, laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection is safe, feasible, and minimally invasive and can achieve the clinical efficacy equivalent to open surgery.

【Key words】Gastric neoplasm; Laparoscopic surgery; Splenic hilar lymph node dissection

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