蔣威,胡暉,王飛,莫展,黃葆瑩(廣東省佛山市第一人民醫(yī)院 .兒科;.心內(nèi)科;.超聲診療中心,廣東 佛山 58000)
經(jīng)導(dǎo)管國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療膜周部室間隔缺損患兒的療效隨訪
蔣威1,胡暉2,王飛3,莫展3,黃葆瑩1
(廣東省佛山市第一人民醫(yī)院 1.兒科;2.心內(nèi)科;3.超聲診療中心,廣東 佛山 528000)
目的隨訪觀察經(jīng)導(dǎo)管國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療膜周部室間隔缺損(PMVSD)患兒的療效及并發(fā)癥。方法選擇2011年7月-2014年12月該院使用國產(chǎn)封堵器行介入治療的PMVSD患兒52例,所有患兒在X線透視及超聲下行室間隔缺損(VSD)封堵術(shù)治療,術(shù)后即刻行左心室、升主動(dòng)脈造影,超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)治療效果。術(shù)后1 d、1、3、6、12及24個(gè)月及以后每隔1年定期復(fù)查,評(píng)價(jià)短期及中遠(yuǎn)期療效,包括經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)分流和返流情況,心臟大小及心功能情況。同時(shí)行心電圖檢查觀察有無心律失常。結(jié)果①48例患兒治療成功,4例未能封堵成功,手術(shù)成功率92.31%。②對(duì)48例患兒進(jìn)行了臨床隨訪,中位隨訪時(shí)間23.6個(gè)月(12~48個(gè)月)。其中,4例患者術(shù)后1 d存在微量或少量殘余分流,即刻殘余分流率8.33%,術(shù)后殘余分流量逐漸減少,術(shù)后1個(gè)月2例分流完全消失,2例仍存在微量或少量分流,殘余分流率4.17%。6例患兒出現(xiàn)傳導(dǎo)阻滯,其中右束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯5例,左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯1例。1例患兒出現(xiàn)交界性室性異搏心率,心律失常發(fā)生率為14.58%。術(shù)后24個(gè)月新出現(xiàn)微量或少量返流2例,無封堵器脫落、血栓栓塞、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎或猝死等。③患兒術(shù)后12和24個(gè)月的心臟大小均較術(shù)后1d增大(P<0.05),但均在正常范圍內(nèi)。而術(shù)后12個(gè)月、24個(gè)月、術(shù)后1 d與術(shù)前的心功能比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論經(jīng)導(dǎo)管國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療小兒膜周部室間隔缺損成功率較高,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,中遠(yuǎn)期療效確切,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
室間隔缺損;封堵器;介入;隨訪
室間隔缺損(ventricular septal defect,VSD)是先天性心臟病中最常見的類型,約占先天性心臟病的25%~30%,其中70%左右為膜周部室間隔缺損(perimembranous ventricular septal defect,PMVSD)[1]。外科開胸手術(shù)治療被認(rèn)為是VSD的經(jīng)典方法,但開胸手術(shù)對(duì)患者創(chuàng)傷較大,經(jīng)導(dǎo)管封堵介入治療是近年來在臨床上開始應(yīng)用的又一種治療VSD新方法,具有創(chuàng)傷小、療效確切、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在部分類型的室間隔缺損適應(yīng)證上,效果優(yōu)于開胸手術(shù)治療方法[2-3]。
目前,臨床上治療PMVSD主要采用美國Amplezer膜周部VSD偏心型封堵器,其價(jià)格昂貴,也影響了該法的推廣應(yīng)用[4]。近年來,我國自行研發(fā)了國產(chǎn)封堵器,大大降低了治療費(fèi)用[5]。為探討經(jīng)導(dǎo)管國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療PMVSD患兒的中、長(zhǎng)期療效,筆者對(duì)在佛山市第一人民醫(yī)院接受國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療的患兒進(jìn)行了隨訪觀察,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1臨床資料
選擇2011年7月-2014年12月本院使用國產(chǎn)封堵器行介入治療的PMVSD患兒52例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①所有患兒經(jīng)超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查確診為單純膜周部室間隔缺損;②年齡>3歲,體重>10kg;③左向右分流;④無主動(dòng)脈瓣返流。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①活動(dòng)性心內(nèi)膜炎或存在其他感染性疾??;②導(dǎo)管路徑或封堵器安裝部位存在靜脈血栓;③合并出血性疾病;④存在心功能不全或肝腎功能異常者。其中,男性22例,女性30例;年齡3~12歲,平均(6.8±2.3)歲。VSD直徑(5.02±2.13)mm;VSD類型:?jiǎn)渭僔SD 48例(92.30%),外科術(shù)后殘余漏2例(3.85%),復(fù)合畸形2例(3.85%)。
1.2主要器材
國產(chǎn)VSD封堵器(深圳先健科技有限公司生產(chǎn)),封堵器腰部直徑4~20mm,長(zhǎng)度2mm。輸送器材由輸送鞘(6~12 F)、擴(kuò)張管、推送管、負(fù)載導(dǎo)管和旋轉(zhuǎn)器組成。
1.3治療方法
10歲以下患兒進(jìn)行全身麻醉,10歲以上患兒應(yīng)用1%利多卡因局部麻醉,所有患兒行經(jīng)皮右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈、股靜脈穿刺,先完成心導(dǎo)管檢查,然后將豬尾導(dǎo)管送至主動(dòng)脈根部和左心室,完成升主動(dòng)脈及左心室造影,確定VSD類型、大小及缺損位置等。確認(rèn)存在介入治療適應(yīng)證后建立靜脈軌道。首先將5 F右冠狀動(dòng)脈造影導(dǎo)管經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈送入左心室,將導(dǎo)管逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn),使其通過缺損部位進(jìn)入右心室,在導(dǎo)管內(nèi)向肺動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)入260cm導(dǎo)絲,將網(wǎng)籃套住導(dǎo)絲后將其從股靜脈拉出體外。將輸送長(zhǎng)鞘沿動(dòng)靜脈軌道送至左心室,選擇合適型號(hào)的國產(chǎn)封堵器進(jìn)行VSD封堵,在超聲心動(dòng)圖引導(dǎo)結(jié)合X線透視下放置封堵器,隨后聽診確定胸骨左緣3~4肋間收縮期雜音是否消失,5min后行左心室和主動(dòng)脈造影,確認(rèn)封堵器形態(tài)和位置是否良好,有無殘余分流和反流現(xiàn)象,確認(rèn)良好后逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)輸送導(dǎo)絲,釋放封堵器。
術(shù)后給予常規(guī)抗感染治療,24 h內(nèi)給予低分子肝素2次,術(shù)后口服阿司匹林3~5 mg/(kg·d),共6個(gè)月。
1.4術(shù)后隨訪及觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)后即刻行左心室、升主動(dòng)脈造影,超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)治療效果。所有患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行隨訪,分別于術(shù)后1 d、1、3、6、12和24個(gè)月以及術(shù)后每隔1年定期復(fù)查,評(píng)價(jià)短期及中遠(yuǎn)期療效,包括經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)分流和返流情況,心臟大小情況即左心房(left atrium,LA)、右心房(right atrium,RA)、左心室(leftventricle,LV)及右心室(right ventricle,RV)厚度、左心室舒張末期直徑(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDD),心臟功能情況即射血分?jǐn)?shù)(ejection fraction,EF)、左室短軸縮短分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional shortening,F(xiàn)S)、每搏輸出量(stroke volume,SV)、心輸出量(cardiac output,CO)。同時(shí)行心電圖檢查觀察有無心律失常。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。試驗(yàn)資料主要為多時(shí)點(diǎn)重復(fù)觀測(cè)資料,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,均行正態(tài)及球型性檢驗(yàn)。多時(shí)點(diǎn)綜合分析為單因素重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,兩兩時(shí)點(diǎn)間的比較采用差值t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1手術(shù)情況及并發(fā)癥
52例接受治療的患兒中,48例患兒治療成功,共植入封堵器48枚,4例放棄封堵,手術(shù)成功率為92.31%。放棄封堵原因?yàn)椋盒g(shù)中出現(xiàn)中-大量主動(dòng)脈瓣狹返流3例,術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈高壓1例。4例患兒在術(shù)后即刻存在微量或少量殘余分流,即刻殘余分流率為8.33%。之后殘余分流量逐漸減少,1個(gè)月后2例分流完全消失,2例仍存在微量或少量分流,殘余分流率為4.17%。7例患兒出現(xiàn)心率失常,其中6例患兒出現(xiàn)傳導(dǎo)阻滯,包括右束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯5例,左束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯1例,1例患兒出現(xiàn)交界性室性異搏心率,心率失常發(fā)生率為14.58%。術(shù)后12個(gè)月新出現(xiàn)微量或少量返流2例,無封堵器脫落、血栓栓塞、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎或猝死等。
2.2術(shù)后隨訪
48例患兒完成中長(zhǎng)期隨訪,中位隨訪時(shí)間23.6個(gè)月(12~48個(gè)月)。
2.3術(shù)后心臟大小情況
患者術(shù)后1 d、12及24個(gè)月的LA厚度、LV厚度、RA厚度、RV厚度、LVEDD不完全相同,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩兩比較發(fā)現(xiàn),患者術(shù)后12 和24個(gè)月的心臟大小指標(biāo)均較術(shù)后1 d增大,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但均在正常范圍內(nèi);而術(shù)后12與24個(gè)月指標(biāo)比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。詳見表1。
2.4術(shù)后心臟功能情況
患兒術(shù)后12個(gè)月、術(shù)后24個(gè)月、術(shù)后1 d與術(shù)前EF、FS、SV及CO水平比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),提示患兒術(shù)后心臟功能表現(xiàn)正常,詳見表2。
表1 患兒術(shù)后不同時(shí)期心臟大小指標(biāo)比較 (n=48,±s)
表1 患兒術(shù)后不同時(shí)期心臟大小指標(biāo)比較 (n=48,±s)
觀察指標(biāo)LVDD/cm Y0:術(shù)后1d 21.12±8.34 16.07±5.78 43.56±20.12 21.87±10.55 3.55±0.67 Y1:術(shù)后12個(gè)月 25.87±12.45 22.87±11.67 60.52±28.77 27.54±12.67 3.98±2.12 Y2:術(shù)后24個(gè)月 27.64±13.67 23.81±12.42 62.14±28.09 28.94±14.13 4.03±2.22LA/mlRA/mlLV/mlRV/ml重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析H-F調(diào)整系數(shù) 0.9680 0.6808 1.0067 1.0301 0.9482調(diào)整后F值,P值 16.391,0.000 43.748,0.000 63.338,0.000 47.025,0.000 2.985,0.087調(diào)整后t值,P值Y1 vs Y0 4.695,0.000 6.886,0.000 8.819,0.000 7.793,0.000 1.990,0.050 Y2 vs Y0 5.257,0.000 7.026,0.000 9.771,0.000 9.017,0.000 2.001,0.047 Y2 vs Y1 1.426,0.160 1.893,0.064 0.982,0.331 1.737,0.089 0.225,0.823
表2 患兒術(shù)后不同時(shí)期心臟功能指標(biāo)比較 (n=48±s)
表2 患兒術(shù)后不同時(shí)期心臟功能指標(biāo)比較 (n=48±s)
觀察指標(biāo)CO/(L/min)Y0:術(shù)前 64.75±5.73 35.38±5.45 50.87±18.65 4.13±1.23 Y1:術(shù)后1 d 65.12±6.87 35.26±5.24 48.96±17.85 3.97±1.18 Y2:術(shù)后12個(gè)月 64.88±7.02 34.45±5.87 48.81±22.75 3.90±1.32 Y3:術(shù)后24個(gè)月 64.32±6.75 34.12±5.34 47.89±21.09 3.92±1.37EF/%FS/%SV/ml重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析H-F調(diào)整系數(shù) 0.9793 0.8250 0.9929 0.9326調(diào)整后F值,P值 0.953,0.388 1.688,0.242 1.850,0.161 1.500,0.286
PMVSD是VSD的常見類型,也是先天性心臟病中最常見的類型,其自然病程差異很大。小缺損閉合率高,大缺損閉合率低,隨肺動(dòng)脈壓的升高可以引起不同程度的癥狀,嚴(yán)重者可發(fā)生心力衰竭死亡[6-7]。由于PMVSD靠近主動(dòng)脈瓣、房室瓣及傳導(dǎo)纖維等重要結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)其進(jìn)行封堵治療可能引起一系列并發(fā)癥,因此對(duì)于PMVSD的經(jīng)導(dǎo)管治療是臨床上富有挑戰(zhàn)性的問題[8]。1988年美國人Lock率先應(yīng)用雙傘閉合器治療PMVSD,取得了成功,隨后出現(xiàn)的各種封堵器械開始應(yīng)用于PMVSD的治療[9-11]。國產(chǎn)封堵器由于治療費(fèi)用大大低于進(jìn)口封堵器,主觀感覺臨床實(shí)踐上效果大體一致,近年來越來越受到青睞,極大促進(jìn)了VSD介入治療術(shù)在我國的發(fā)展。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,52例患者有48例患兒治療成功,4例放棄封堵,技術(shù)成功率92.31%。放棄封堵原因?yàn)椋盒g(shù)中出現(xiàn)中-大量主動(dòng)脈瓣狹返流3例,術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)肺動(dòng)脈高壓1例。分析放棄封堵的原因筆者認(rèn)為患者的篩選對(duì)于PMVSD的介入治療至關(guān)重要。國外有研究報(bào)道對(duì)于VSD患者術(shù)前進(jìn)行經(jīng)胸心臟彩超檢查可以預(yù)測(cè)手術(shù)成功率[12],而筆者認(rèn)為對(duì)于PMVSD患者在接受手術(shù)治療前應(yīng)進(jìn)行經(jīng)胸心臟彩超檢查,對(duì)于存在中-大量主動(dòng)脈瓣狹返流、肺動(dòng)脈高壓或主動(dòng)脈瓣返流的患兒不適合進(jìn)行封堵器介入治療。
從手術(shù)安全性和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥來看52例接受國產(chǎn)封堵器介入治療的PMVSD患兒中無1例死亡,術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥是殘余分流。研究表明,殘余分流的發(fā)生率為3.1%~7%,并且不易治療,嚴(yán)重的患者需要進(jìn)行2次手術(shù),本研究中4例患者術(shù)后即刻出現(xiàn)殘余分流,即刻殘余分流率為8.33%,術(shù)后1個(gè)月2例分流完全消失,2例仍存在微量或少量分流,殘余分流率4.17%。殘余分流均為微量-少量,隨著隨訪時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),殘余分流能進(jìn)一步下降,且這種微量-少量的殘余分流對(duì)心臟大小及其功能均無影響,無需進(jìn)行2次手術(shù)。發(fā)生殘余分流的患者主要原因是:一方面是封堵器過小及多孔型室缺,不能完全覆蓋入口;另一方面,術(shù)中的二維成像圖的造影中未能顯示缺損孔。因此,術(shù)者需要進(jìn)行多角度的觀察,對(duì)于室缺位置進(jìn)行確認(rèn),并選擇合適大小的封堵器。此外,還可能發(fā)生心律失常,研究中7例患者出現(xiàn)心律失常,心律失常發(fā)生率為14.58%。主要原因是封堵器可能會(huì)影響心臟肌肉組織,升高組織興奮性,臨床多表現(xiàn)為加速性室性自主心律,但是對(duì)于預(yù)后并無不良影響[13]。
從封堵治療的中長(zhǎng)期隨訪來看,48例患兒無封堵器脫落、血栓栓塞、感染性心內(nèi)膜炎或猝死等?;純盒g(shù)后12及24個(gè)月左右心房心室厚度及LVEDD均較術(shù)后1d顯著增大,但均在正常范圍內(nèi)。正常情況下封堵治療阻斷了心室水平的分流,患者術(shù)后體循環(huán)血流量增加,肺循環(huán)血流量減少,從而改變了VSD患兒自然病程,心臟增大得以阻止[14-15]。但本研究中的患者術(shù)后心臟增大,這主要由于患者均為12歲以下兒童,其心臟大小隨生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育而增大所致?;純盒g(shù)后12個(gè)月、術(shù)后24個(gè)月、術(shù)后1 d與術(shù)前心功能指標(biāo)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明手術(shù)后兒童心功能并未發(fā)生影響。目前,學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于經(jīng)導(dǎo)管封堵器治療PMVSD是否能引起心功能改變?nèi)詻]有定論。國外有研究報(bào)道患兒心臟大小和心功能在術(shù)后短期內(nèi)發(fā)生改變,但大多研究為短期觀察,對(duì)手術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期觀察較少[16]。本研究通過對(duì)患兒術(shù)后24個(gè)月的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)患兒術(shù)后心功能無顯著變化,其原因可能是所選擇患兒術(shù)前心功能尚處于正常范圍,因此封堵后患兒心功能并未發(fā)生改變。證實(shí)封堵手術(shù)不會(huì)影響患兒心功能,手術(shù)安全有效。
雖然本研究的樣本量較少,無對(duì)照組進(jìn)行比較研究,且為單中心報(bào)道,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果并不具有代表性,還需要進(jìn)一步的多中心大型隨機(jī)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)來完成,但是研究結(jié)果提示了經(jīng)導(dǎo)管國產(chǎn)封堵器治療膜周部室間隔缺損患兒具有良好的臨床療效,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率下降,不影響患兒的心臟正常功能,可以為臨床醫(yī)師在治療PMVSD方面提供思考方向,并在臨床上進(jìn)行推廣應(yīng)用。
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(王榮兵編輯)
Follow-up of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect children with modified doubel-disk occluder device
Wei Jiang1,Hui Hu2,F(xiàn)ei Wang3,Zhan Mo3,Bao-ying Huang1
(1.Department of Pediatrics;2.Department of Cardiology;3.Ultrasonic Diagnosis and Treatment Center,the First People's Hospital,F(xiàn)oshan,Guangdong 528000,China)
Objective To follow up effect of the transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PMVSD)children with modified doubel-disk occluder device.Methods 52 cases of PMVSD children who received interventional treatment using domestic occluder monitored by X-ray and ultrasound from July 2011 to December 2014 were analyzed.The therapeutic effects were evaluated immediately after the implantation by angiography of left ventricular and aortic,and ultrasound cardiogram.1 days,1 month,3 months,6 months,12 months,24 months follow-ups were performed to evaluate the short-term,mid-term and long-term efficacy,in which transthoracic echocardiography was used to diagnosis of shunt and regurgitation and to detect cardiac size and function,and electrocardiogram was performed to inspect the.Arrhythmia.Results Of the 48 successfully treated patients,4 cases failed to be implanted,the success rate was 92.31%.Follow-up of 48 patients were completed,and the median follow-up time was 23.6 months(12~48 months).Postoperative trace or small residual shunt immediately were found in 4 patients so that the residual shunt rate was 8.33%.Then postoperative residual volume reduced gradually1 monthslater,2 cases of shunt disappeared completely,but there were still 2 cases existing small quantity residual,and the residual shunt flow rate was 4.17%.There were totally 6 cases of atrioventricular block,5 of which suggested right bundle branch block,and with 1 case having left bundle branch block and with 1 case occurring borderline idioventricular rhythm.The incidence of arrhythmia was 14.58%.There were 2 new cases of trace or a small amount of reflux.No shedding of occluder,infective endocarditis,and thromboembolism occurred.The cardiac size on postoperative 12 month and 24 month significantly increased compared with that of 1 day(P<0.05),which were within the normal range.The cardiac function on postoperative 12 month,24 month and1 day were found no significantly difference to the preoperative condition(P>0.05).Conclusion Transcatheter domestic occluder in transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect in children was successful at a comparatively high rate,and appeared a low incidence of postoperative complications,and the long-term curative effect was reliable,worthy of clinical application.
ventricular septal defect;occluder device;interventional;follow up
R 541.1
B
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2016.04.026
1005-8982(2016)04-0119-05
2015-08-18
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2016年4期