丁 露,鄭青青,李 洋,陳宣穎,陳 然,王雪瑞,龔永生,范小芳
兒茶酚抑素在大鼠腎性高血壓中的作用及可能機(jī)制*
丁 露,鄭青青,李 洋,陳宣穎,陳 然,王雪瑞,龔永生,范小芳△
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)低氧醫(yī)學(xué)研究所 ,浙江溫州325035)
目的:觀察兒茶酚抑素(CST)在兩腎一夾(2K1C)腎性高血壓大鼠中的表達(dá)改變,并初步探討其對腎性高血壓的影響及作用機(jī)制。方法:36只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(Sham)(n=15)和腎性高血壓模型組(Model組)(n=21)。Model組采用兩腎一夾(2K1C)手術(shù)法建立腎性高血壓模型,Sham組手術(shù)操作同Model組,但不結(jié)扎左腎動(dòng)脈,每周動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測大鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓。6周后各組大鼠行頸總動(dòng)脈插管測定動(dòng)脈壓,Model組再隨機(jī)分為2K1C組(n=15)與2K1C+CST組(n=6)。2K1C+CST組經(jīng)頸外靜脈一次性給予CST(80μg/100 g·BW),Sham組與2K1C組給予等容積的生理鹽水。各組動(dòng)物經(jīng)測血壓、采集血標(biāo)本后被處死,稱取左心室加室間隔(LV+S)重量,計(jì)算(左心室+室間隔)/體重【(LV+S)/BW】;高效液相色譜-電化學(xué)方法測定血漿中去甲腎上腺素(NE)含量,ELISA法測定血漿CST含量,硝酸還原酶法測定血漿及心室肌一氧化氮(NO)濃度;Western blot法檢測延髓、腎上腺髓質(zhì)、左心室和腎臟的嗜鉻蛋白A(Chga)及左心室內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)蛋白表達(dá)量。結(jié)果:①與Sham組相比,2K1C組大鼠尾動(dòng)脈壓顯著升高,左心室明顯肥厚(P<0.01);血漿NE含量增高246%(P<0.01),CST水平降低56%(P<0.05);延髓Chga含量增高108%,左心室和腎臟分別降低60%和30%(P<0.05);左心室NO含量增高46%,血漿NO含量增高24%(P<0.05);左心室eNOS、iNOS蛋白表達(dá)分別增高66%和40%(P<0.05);②外源性CST顯著降低2K1C大鼠頸總動(dòng)脈壓(P<0.05);③與2K1C組相比,2K1C+CST組左心室和血漿NO含量分別增高35%和19%(P<0.05);左心室eNOS蛋白表達(dá)高50%(P<0.05),而iNOS表達(dá)無顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。結(jié)論:兩腎腎性高血壓時(shí)大鼠CST表達(dá)下調(diào),外源性CST可能通過NO/NOS系統(tǒng)降低腎性高血壓的作用,推測CST可能與腎性高血壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。
高血壓,腎性;兒茶酚抑素;一氧化氮 ;去甲腎上腺素
【DOI】10.13459/j.cnki.cjap.2016.03.006
兒茶酚抑素(catestatin,CST)是嗜鉻顆粒蛋白A (chromograninA,Chga)的酶切產(chǎn)物,Chga主要分布于腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞和腎上腺能神經(jīng)元胞質(zhì)顆粒中[1]。已有研究表明CST通過自分泌/旁分泌的方式發(fā)揮多種生物學(xué)效應(yīng):具有擴(kuò)張血管、降低血壓、降低心肌收縮力等生物效應(yīng)[2];O'Connor[3]等的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓患者的CST水平下降;具有高血壓遺傳傾向者在高血壓早期甚至是在未出現(xiàn)血壓升高時(shí),其血漿中CST含量也低于正常水平,提示CST與高血壓的發(fā)病機(jī)制之間存在密切關(guān)系。腎性高血壓是最常見的繼發(fā)性高血壓疾病,藥物療效較差,心血管并發(fā)癥多,易發(fā)展成為惡性高血壓[4]。腎交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)興奮性增強(qiáng)導(dǎo)致腎血管強(qiáng)烈收縮,是其發(fā)病的主要病理生理機(jī)制之一。CST與其發(fā)病是否存在關(guān)系,及CST在腎性高血壓中的作用目前仍未明了。本文在兩腎一夾法復(fù)制的大鼠腎性高血壓模型上對其進(jìn)行初步探討,以期對CST介導(dǎo)的血壓調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制有更深入的了解,為尋找腎性高血壓的有效治療藥物提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對象及分組
清潔級雄性SD大鼠36只,由溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,動(dòng)物許可證號為SYXK(浙)2010-0044。體重(BW)180~220 g,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)1周后,隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(Sham組)(n=15)和腎性高血壓模型組(Model組)(n=21)。手術(shù)6周后,Model組再隨機(jī)分為兩腎一夾高血壓組(2K1C組)(n=15)與2K1C+CST組(n=6)。2K1C+CST組經(jīng)右側(cè)頸外靜脈一次性給予CST(80μg/100 g體重),Sham組與2K1C組給予等容積的生理鹽水。飼養(yǎng)溫度保持在20℃~25℃,濕度在40%~60%,日光燈模擬晝夜,食物及飲水充足,定期消毒。
1.2 兩腎一夾腎性高血壓大鼠模型的制備
模型制備參照戴勇等[5]的方法,即將Model組大鼠做腹正中切口打開腹腔,沿腎靜脈下方鈍性分離出左腎動(dòng)脈,將直徑0.25mm的針灸針與腎動(dòng)脈血管長軸平行放置,用無菌絲線結(jié)扎腎動(dòng)脈和針灸針,然后抽出針灸針,造成單側(cè)腎動(dòng)脈狹窄。Sham組的手術(shù)操作同Model組,但不放置針灸針和不用絲線結(jié)扎左腎動(dòng)脈。術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)腹腔注射青霉素鈉(3×104U/d)(山西聯(lián)邦制藥,國藥準(zhǔn)字H14022390)預(yù)防感染,正常進(jìn)食、飲水。
1.3 大鼠動(dòng)脈壓測定
術(shù)后采用尾動(dòng)脈測定儀檢測動(dòng)脈血壓,每周測1次,每次測量重復(fù)3次;造模后第42天,各組大鼠稱重、異氟烷麻醉后行左頸總動(dòng)脈插管測量血壓,待血壓記錄穩(wěn)定15 min后,經(jīng)右頸外靜脈緩慢推注CST或NS,并實(shí)時(shí)記錄動(dòng)脈血壓的變化。
1.4 標(biāo)本的采集
各組大鼠給藥后30 min,抽取頸總動(dòng)脈血3 ml分別置于含EDTA-Na2和肝素的抗凝管中,輕搖混勻后,3 000 r/min離心15min,取上清,-80℃保存用于測定血漿CST和NO的含量。動(dòng)物處死后取出心臟分離左心室和室間隔(left ventricle+septum,LV+ S),濾紙吸干水分,稱重,計(jì)算(LV+S)/BW作為左室肥大指數(shù)。取右腎、腎上腺髓質(zhì)及延髓組織置于-80℃保存待測。
1.5 檢測指標(biāo)及方法
1.5.1 血漿去甲腎上腺素(NE)及CST含量測定取血漿200μl加入0.1mol/L高氯酸800μl,8 000 r/ min離心10 min去蛋白,取上清至EP管中8 000 r/ min再次離心10 min,采用高效液相色譜-電化學(xué)法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC),Agilent(安捷倫)1100系列色譜儀測定血漿NE含量。用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)測定血漿CST的含量,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明操作。
1.5.2 血漿及左心室中NO含量的測定 采用硝酸還原酶法測定左心室及血漿NO3-及NO2-濃度之和來代表其NO水平。取左心室50 mg,加入1 ml PBS,用高速離散器制成心室肌勻漿液,4℃,3 000 r/min離心20min,取其上清液;將血漿、心室肌勻漿液加入試劑盒反應(yīng)體系(南京建成)進(jìn)行顯色,測定吸光度值。
1.5.3 相關(guān)組織中Chga、eNOS及iNOS蛋白的測定每組隨機(jī)選取6只大鼠,稱取適量組織(50~100 mg),加入含有蛋白酶抑制劑的RIPA裂解液(普利萊,北京)提取組織總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度。100℃煮沸5min使蛋白變性,行SDS-PAGE電泳、電轉(zhuǎn),將PVDF膜置于5%脫脂奶粉中室溫封閉2 h,加入稀釋一抗后(Chga為1∶100,內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)及一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthasei,iNOS)為1∶400,內(nèi)參為1∶500)4℃孵育過夜,TBST洗膜4次,加入相應(yīng)的二抗后(1∶10 000),室溫孵育2 h。TBST洗膜,5min×4次。ECL顯色劑,顯影。Bio-rad凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)曝光、拍片。采用ImageJ軟件計(jì)算條帶的灰度值,計(jì)算待測蛋白與內(nèi)參蛋白灰度的比值,對得到的待測蛋白的相對表達(dá)量進(jìn)行比較。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本 t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)。
2.1 手術(shù)前后不同時(shí)期大鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓的變化
術(shù)后所有大鼠均存活。造模前兩組大鼠尾動(dòng)脈血壓均在正常范圍,血壓、體重均無顯著性差異。與同期Sham組比較,術(shù)后21 d,Model組尾動(dòng)脈血壓較Sham組增高19%(P<0.05),術(shù)后28 d增高31%,術(shù)后35 d增高52%,術(shù)后42 d增高68%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,表1)。
Tab.1 Changes in tail-artery blood pressure in each group rats(mmHg,±s)
Tab.1 Changes in tail-artery blood pressure in each group rats(mmHg,±s)
*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs Sham
Group n 0 d 14 d 21 d 28 d 35 d 42 d ** Sham 15 109.2±11.7 101.5±10.9 98.8±13.4 106.7±16.7 104.1±10.8 110.5±16.0 Model 21 107.8±13.5 106.6±14.7 117.9±15.8* 140.3±18.8** 158.3±16.2** 185.6±21.3
2.2 大鼠左心肥大指數(shù)、血漿NE和CST含量的變化
左室肥大指數(shù)顯示,2K1C組較Sham組出現(xiàn)明顯的心室肥厚(P<0.01)。高效液相電化學(xué)及ELISA結(jié)果顯示,2K1C組血漿NE含量比Sham組增高246%(P<0.01),而CST含量比Sham組降低56%(P<0.01,表2)。
Tab.2 Changes in left ventricle/body weight ratio,NE and CST in plasma of each group rats(±s,n =15)
Tab.2 Changes in left ventricle/body weight ratio,NE and CST in plasma of each group rats(±s,n =15)
LV+S:Left ventricular plus interventricular septum;BW: Bodyweight;NE:Norepinephrine;CST:Catestatin**P<0.01 vs Sham group
Group LV+S (g)(LV+S)/ BW(mg/g)NE (μg/ml)CST (ng/ml)Sham 0.507±0.013 1.754±0.067 0.41±0.29 3.12±0.29 2K1C 0.782±0.032**2.195±0.059**1.42±0.71**1.38±0.71**
2.3 大鼠延髓、腎上腺髓質(zhì)、左心室及腎臟組織中Chga蛋白表達(dá)的變化
與Sham組相比,2K1C組延髓中Chga蛋白表達(dá)增高108%;腎上腺髓質(zhì)中Chga蛋白表達(dá)無顯著差異;左心室心肌Chga蛋白表達(dá)降低60%;右腎Chga蛋白表達(dá)降低30%(P<0.05,P<0.01,圖1,表3)。
2.4 外源性CST對大鼠血壓的影響
頸總動(dòng)脈血壓測量結(jié)果顯示:2K1C組比Sham組的收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)高63%(P<0.05),舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)高50% (P<0.05),平均壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)高56%(P<0.05);2K1C+CST組給藥前SBP、DBP、MAP均顯著高于Sham組(P<0.05),與2K1C組無顯著差異。2K1C+CST組給藥后SBP、DBP、MAP均顯著低于2K1C組和2K1C+CST組給藥前(P<0.05,表4)。而Sham組、2K1C組處理前后的血壓無差別。
Fig.1 RepresentativeWestern blot showed the 2K1C surgery altered expression of ChgaA:Medullaoblongata;B:Adrenal gland;C:Myocardium;D:Kidney;Chga:ChromograninA
Tab.3 Densitometric analyses are presented as the relative ratio of Chga inmedulla oblongata,adrenal gland,myocardium,and kidney to thatofβ-actin in differentgroups(± s,n =6)
Tab.3 Densitometric analyses are presented as the relative ratio of Chga inmedulla oblongata,adrenal gland,myocardium,and kidney to thatofβ-actin in differentgroups(± s,n =6)
Chga:ChromograninA*P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs Sham
Kidney Sham 0.419±0.013 0.543±0.09 1.111±0.292 0.763±0.09 2K1C 0.871±0.08* 0.592±0.06 0.444±0.01**0.534±0.04 Group Medullaoblongata Adrenalgland Myocardium **
Tab.4 Changes incarotid arterial pressure before and after treatmentof each group rats(mmHg,±s)
Tab.4 Changes incarotid arterial pressure before and after treatmentof each group rats(mmHg,±s)
SBP:Systolic blood pressure;DBP:Diastolic blood pressure;MAP:Mean arterial pressure*P<0.05 vs Sham;#P<0.05 vs2K1C;△P<0.05 vs before treatment
Group MAP Sham 15 110.2±5.8 84.6±5.3 95.9±6.9 115.9±3.6 88.4±4.3 102.5±4.0 2K1C 15 179.4±9.2* 128.9±4.3* 150.5±8.2* 178.0±5.5* 125.4±2.4* 154.2±6.8*2K1C+CST 6 172.7±5.9* 131.4±6.7* 149.5±9.1* 165.0±2.9#△ 112.8±4.7#△ 138.2±10.8 n Before treatmen SBP DBP MAP After treatment SBP DBP#△
2.5 CST對大鼠血漿及左心室NO表達(dá)的影響
與Sham組相比,2K1C組的左心室NO含量增高46%(P<0.05),血漿NO含量增高24%(P<0.05);與2K1C組相比,2K1C+CST組左心室NO含量增高35%(P<0.05);血漿NO含量增高19%(P <0.05,表5)。
Tab.5 NO content in leftventriculeand plasmaof each group rats(±s)
Tab.5 NO content in leftventriculeand plasmaof each group rats(±s)
*P<0.05 vs Sham;#P<0.05 vs2K1C
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2.6 CST對大鼠左心室eNOS、iNOS蛋白表達(dá)的影響
與Sham組相比,2K1C組左心室中eNOS、iNO蛋白分別高66%和高40%;與2K1C組相比,2K1C+ CST組eNOS蛋白表達(dá)高50%,iNOS蛋白表達(dá)無顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(圖2,表6)。
Fig.2 CST treatment altered eNOS(A)and iNOS(B)expression levels inmyocardium
Tab.6 Densitometricanalysesarepresentedastherelativeratio oftheproductofeNOSandiNOSinmyocardiumindifferentgroups(±s,n=6)
Tab.6 Densitometricanalysesarepresentedastherelativeratio oftheproductofeNOSandiNOSinmyocardiumindifferentgroups(±s,n=6)
eNOS:Endothelial nitric oxide synthase;iNOS:Inducible nitric oxide synthase*P<0.05 vs Sham;#P<0.05 vs2K1C
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腎性高血壓在成人高血壓中的發(fā)病率較高,約為5%~10% ,為臨床上較為常見的腎病并發(fā)癥[6]。目前各種腎性高血壓模型多采用大鼠,使其腎動(dòng)脈縮窄以形成腎性高血壓。本文采用改良的兩腎一夾法成功造成左腎動(dòng)脈狹窄 ,結(jié)果與劉潔[7]等類似。
腎性高血壓的發(fā)病機(jī)制與多因素相關(guān),其中腎交感神經(jīng)的興奮作用不容忽視,腎缺血代謝產(chǎn)物可刺激腎的化學(xué)感受器,導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)興奮活性增強(qiáng),調(diào)節(jié)腎素的釋放引起水鈉潴留,使動(dòng)脈收縮增加血管阻力致高血壓的發(fā)生[7]。兒茶酚抑素CST是源于Chga、能夠抑制腎上腺嗜鉻細(xì)胞分泌兒茶酚胺的多肽,Gaede等[8]已證實(shí)CST可以通過降低外周交感神經(jīng)興奮,負(fù)反饋抑制兒茶酚胺的釋放而降低血壓。延髓在血壓和交感神經(jīng)活動(dòng)調(diào)控方面起十分關(guān)鍵的作用。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示2K1C大鼠血漿中去甲腎上腺素含量明顯升高,交感神經(jīng)活性增高;延髓Chga蛋白表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),中樞代償性的Chga表達(dá)增加以增強(qiáng)負(fù)反饋抑制兒茶酚胺釋放,抑制交感緊張性;而2K1C大鼠左心室肌及腎臟的Chga蛋白的表達(dá)下調(diào),血漿中CST水平明顯降低,推測外周器官所產(chǎn)生并儲存在囊泡內(nèi)的CST在高血壓早期即對交感神經(jīng)興奮產(chǎn)生拮抗作用,中樞Chga的高表達(dá)依舊不能滿足全身交感神經(jīng)興奮的抑制效應(yīng),提示腎性高血壓的發(fā)生可能與體內(nèi)CST負(fù)反饋抑制兒茶酚胺釋放效應(yīng)不足有關(guān),這一作用可能參與腎性高血壓的發(fā)病過程。外源給予CST后,短時(shí)間內(nèi)即觀察到2K1C大鼠的血壓明顯降低,進(jìn)一步說明CST的分泌不足可能與腎性高血壓的發(fā)生有關(guān)并對其具有降壓作用。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示2K1C大鼠左心室eNOS表達(dá)增高,血漿及左心室NO含量增高,左心室代償性增加NO的表達(dá)負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)血壓的現(xiàn)象與Zhou的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致[10]。已有報(bào)道CST能通過活化磷酸肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)通路,促進(jìn)心內(nèi)膜內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中eNOS磷酸化,合成釋放NO,拮抗缺血再灌注過程中代償性增多的兒茶酚胺類物質(zhì)對心肌的損傷[9]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果推測 CST可能通過促進(jìn)eNOS的表達(dá)使NO的釋放增加,從而起到舒張血管發(fā)揮其降低腎性高血壓大鼠動(dòng)脈血壓的作用。
綜上所述,腎性高血壓大鼠CST表達(dá)異常,這種異??赡軈⑴c了腎性高血壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展,外源給予CST可以降低腎性高血壓大鼠血壓,可能為腎性高血壓的治療提供新的思路。
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Role of catestatin in 2K1C-induced renal hypertension in rats and the underlying mechanism
DING Lu,ZHENGQing-qing,LIYang,CHEN Xuan-ying,CHEN Ran,WANG Xue-rui,GONG Yong-sheng,F(xiàn)AN Xiao-fang△
(Institute of Hypoxia Medicine,Wenzhou Medical University,Wenzhou 325035,China)
【ABSTRACT】Objective:To investigate the rolesof catestatin(CST)in 2-kidney-1 clip(2K1C)-induced renalhypertension in rats,and to explore theunderlyingmechanism.Methods:Thirty sixmale SD ratswere randomly divided into Sham group(n=15)andModelgroup(n= 21).Themodelgroup was performed by 2K1C operation.For 2K1C operation,the left renal arterieswere narrowed by cotton thread.The Sham groupwas treated with the same condition as the 2K1C group except the renal arterywas narrowed.Tail-cuff systemic blood pressure of ratswasmeasured before and everyweeksafter 2K1Coperation.Sixweeksafter2K1Coperation,a carotid artery catheterwas inserted tomeasure blood pressure of rats under anesthesia.Then,themodel group was randomly subdivided into 2K1C group(n=15)and 2K1C+CST group(n=6).The ratsof2K1C+CSTgroupwere intravenousgiven CST(80μg/100 g)and the ratsof Sham or 2K1C groupweregiven normal saline.All ratswere sacrificed after blood pressurewasmeasured and bloodwas collected.Then,the leftventricular plus interventricular septum weight(LV+S)wasweighted and the ratio of(LV+S)/bodyweight(BW)was calculated as the index of leftventricularhypertrophy. Norepinephrine(NE)contents in plasmawere determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)and CST contents in plasma by ELISA.The nitrite/nitrate contents in the leftventricular tissue and plasmaweremeasured by nitrate reductionmethod to representnitric oxide (NO)contents.Expression levelsof CST in the leftventricle,kidney,medulla oblongata and adrenalgland,aswell as eNOS and iNOS,were tested byWestern blot.Results:①The2K1C group had higher tail-artery blood pressure(P<0.01)andweremoremarked presenceof right ventricular hypertrophy than those of sham group(P<0.01).Comparedwith Sham group,plasma CST content in 2K1C groupwas decreased by 226%(P<0.01),while plasma NE content in 2K1C group was increased by 246%(P<0.01),expression levels of chromograminA (Chga)inmedulla oblongata of 2K1C groupwere increased by 108%,in leftventricle and kidneywere decreased by 60%and 30%,respectively(P<0.05).the contentof NO in leftventricular and plasmawere increased by 46%and 24%respectively.②The carotid arterialblood
pressure of 2K1C groupmarkedly reduced after administration of CST.③Compared with 2K1C group,the contentof NO in left ventricul and plasma of 2K1C+CSTgroupwere increased by 35%and 19%respectively(P<0.05).Theexpression of eNOSin leftventricularof 2K1C+ CST group were also obviously increased.Conclusion:The CST expression of 2K1C-induced renalhypertension rats is reduced and the effects of exogenous CST lowering their blood pressuremay be related to NO/NOSsystem.Therefore,we speculate CST could contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of renal hypertension.
hypertension; renal; catestatin; nitric oxide;norepinephrine
R331.3
A
1000-6834(2016)03-214-05
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(81200039);浙江省自然基金項(xiàng)目 (LY12H01003);浙江省教育廳科研項(xiàng)目(Y201326833)
2015-05-28
2016-02-17
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