洪 震,練發(fā)良,劉術(shù)新,胡有金(.麗水市林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,浙江 麗水000;.麗水職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,浙江 麗水000;.浙江九龍山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū) 管理局,浙江 遂昌)
3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物對干旱脅迫的生理響應(yīng)
洪震1,練發(fā)良1,劉術(shù)新2,胡有金3
(1.麗水市林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院,浙江 麗水323000;2.麗水職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,浙江 麗水323000;3.浙江九龍山國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū) 管理局,浙江 遂昌323312)
為了更好地開發(fā)利用小葉蚊母Distylium buxifolium,厚皮香Ternstroemia gymnanthera和輪葉蒲桃Syzygium grijsii等3種優(yōu)新鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物,采用盆栽試驗(yàn)研究了3種植物2年生幼苗對適宜水分、輕度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱(土壤田間持水量的75%~80%,55%~60%,40%~45%和30%~35%)條件下的生理響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明:隨著干旱脅迫程度的增加,3個樹種的葉片相對含水量、葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)急劇下降;葉片細(xì)胞膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)急劇上升(P<0.05);游離脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白質(zhì)等滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)快速上升,其中游離脯氨酸對抵御干旱起到重要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)作用。小葉蚊母葉片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),過氧化物酶(POD)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性顯著升高(P<0.05),表明小葉蚊母對干旱的主動響應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)能力較強(qiáng);而輪葉蒲桃和厚皮香先上升,在重度干旱脅迫后下降,這時可能達(dá)到植物耐受干旱的極限,清除氧自由基的能力降低。通過隸屬函數(shù)法分析得出3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物的抗旱性強(qiáng)弱順序?yàn)樾∪~蚊母>厚皮香>輪葉蒲桃。表4參30
植物學(xué);鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物;抗旱性;生理響應(yīng);隸屬函數(shù)法
土壤水分是影響植物體內(nèi)水分狀況的重要因素。干旱引起植物細(xì)胞失水,導(dǎo)致植物體形態(tài)、生理生化發(fā)生重大變化,限制許多物種的生長范圍和生存空間[1-2]。干旱條件下,植物體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生一系列生理和生化變化來適應(yīng)干旱脅迫生境,主要表現(xiàn)在通過積累滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)來保持一定的膨壓,質(zhì)膜透性抗氧化保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)清除活性氧等[3]。隨著全球氣候變暖干熱化,干旱脅迫普遍存在,而且呈加劇的趨勢[4],而良好的抗旱性是綠化植物渡過高溫干旱等特殊天氣的基本條件,應(yīng)用抗旱性強(qiáng)的樹種有助于提高園林綠化效果并降低管護(hù)成本。小葉蚊母Distylium buxifolium,厚皮香Ternstroemia gymnanthera和輪葉蒲桃Syzygium grijsii是華東地區(qū)優(yōu)新的鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物。小葉蚊母樹形緊湊,枝葉繁茂,生態(tài)適應(yīng)性強(qiáng);厚皮香枝葉平展成層,樹冠渾圓,葉厚光亮,花果皆適宜觀賞;輪葉蒲桃枝葉密集、冠形緊湊,具較高觀賞價值。目前,國內(nèi)外對輪葉蒲桃、小葉蚊母和厚皮香的研究主要集中在繁育方面的研究[5-9],在抗鹽性[10]、光合作用[11]等方面有少量報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過盆栽控水試驗(yàn)研究了小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃等2年生扦插苗在不同干旱脅迫下的生理響應(yīng),以探討3個樹種對不同土壤水分條件的適應(yīng)能力,為苗木培育和園林綠化及其管護(hù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1試驗(yàn)材料
試驗(yàn)材料為小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃的2年生扦插苗,材料源自麗水市林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院白口苗圃。栽培用基質(zhì)為壤土,有機(jī)質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為16.77 g·kg-1,堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為157.65,50.74,56.01 mg·kg-1,pH 5.35。
1.2試驗(yàn)方法
采用盆栽控水試驗(yàn)。盆栽容器規(guī)格為高17 cm,上口徑14 cm,下口徑19 cm,裝入壤土3.5 kg。選用植株生長狀況良好,無病蟲害,大小基本一致的3種植株苗木,于2014年2月將其移栽到花盆中,1株·盆-1。盆栽適應(yīng)30 d后進(jìn)行控水處理。3種苗木設(shè)置4個土壤水分處理,即T1(對照,適宜水分,田間持水量的75%~80%),T2(輕度干旱,田間持水量的55%~60%),T3(中度干旱,田間持水量的40% ~45%)和T4(重度干旱,田間持水量的30%~35%)。5株·處理-1,3次重復(fù),隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)。定植后各處理均充分供水,保證成活和正常生長。至5月底移置于防雨棚內(nèi),適應(yīng)1個月后開始進(jìn)行控水栽培,使土壤田間持水量分別控制在適宜水分(75%~80%),輕度干旱(55%~60%),中度干旱(40%~45%)和重度干旱(30%~35%)。
盆栽控水栽培30 d后采集植株中部葉片進(jìn)行測定。葉片采集時去除葉柄后入袋封存編號,置入冰桶中帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,立即剪碎混合均勻后對樣品進(jìn)行理化測試。采用相對電導(dǎo)率法測定葉片細(xì)胞膜透性,烘干法測定葉片含水量,小葉滴法測定葉片水勢,丙酮浸提法測定葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),硫代巴比妥酸法測定丙二醛(MDA)質(zhì)量摩爾濃度[12],磺基水楊酸提取茚三酮顯色法測定葉片游離脯氨酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[13],蒽酮比色法測定葉片可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[14],考馬斯亮藍(lán)法測定葉片可溶性蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[15],紫外吸收法測定過氧化物氫活性(CAT),氮藍(lán)四唑(NBT)光化還原法測定葉片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,愈創(chuàng)木酚法測定葉片過氧化物酶(POD)活性,丙酮浸提法測定葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)[16]。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)分析
數(shù)據(jù)采用Micarosoft Excel 2010和PASW Statistics軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析??购敌跃C合評價采用模糊數(shù)學(xué)隸屬函數(shù)值法,將各項(xiàng)抗旱生理指標(biāo)換算成隸屬函數(shù)值,然后對各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)值求平均值。平均值越大,說明抗旱性越強(qiáng)。隸屬函數(shù)計(jì)算公式如下:若指標(biāo)與抗旱性成正相關(guān),則zij=(xij-ximin)/(ximaxximin);若指標(biāo)與抗旱性成負(fù)相關(guān),則zij=1-(xij-ximin)/(ximax-ximin)。其中:zij表示i樹種j指標(biāo)的抗旱隸屬函數(shù)值,xij表示i樹種j指標(biāo)的測定值,ximin和ximax分別表示各樹種中對應(yīng)指標(biāo)的最小值和最大值。
2.1干旱脅迫對3個樹種葉片相對含水量、細(xì)胞膜透性和葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響
3種植物葉片相對含水量均隨著干旱脅迫程度的加劇而顯著下降(P<0.05,表1)。脅迫處理30 d時,重度干旱處理下小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃葉片相對含水量分別為(53.38±2.60)%,(46.61± 0.52)%和(44.65±1.73)%,與對照相比分別下降了23.77%,27.73%和30.84%。3個樹種葉片細(xì)胞膜透性均隨干旱脅迫程度的加劇而上升(P<0.05)。脅迫處理30 d,小葉蚊母葉片細(xì)胞膜透性增幅最小,僅為22.06%;厚皮香其次,增加42.78%;輪葉蒲桃最大,達(dá)到47.92%。小葉蚊母葉片細(xì)胞膜透性在4個水分處理下均存在顯著差異,而厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃在輕度干旱脅迫處理與適宜水分處理間的差異不顯著,其他處理下均存在顯著差異(P<0.05)。
3個樹種葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)隨干旱脅迫程度的加深而下降,與葉片相對含水量的變化趨勢一致,且在不同水分供應(yīng)條件下均達(dá)到差異顯著性(P<0.05)。其中小葉蚊母葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)降幅最小,僅為27.17%;厚皮香次之,為31.80%;輪葉蒲桃下降幅度最大,達(dá)到42.00%。
表1 干旱脅迫對3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物葉片相對含水量、細(xì)胞膜透性和葉綠素的影響Table 1 Effect of drought stress on leaf relative water content,membrane permeability and chlorophyll content of three native garden ground cover plants
2.2干旱脅迫對3個樹種葉片滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的影響
3種植物葉片游離脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均隨干旱脅迫程度的加劇而增加(表2)。小葉蚊母在4個處理下游離脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白質(zhì)、可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均達(dá)到差異顯著(P<0.05);厚皮香僅可溶性蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在輕度干旱和中度干旱條件下差異不顯著,其余均達(dá)到差異顯著;輪葉蒲桃在游離脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在適宜水分和輕度干旱條件下差異不顯著,其余均達(dá)到差異顯著。不同干旱條件下,3個樹種的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)以游離脯氨酸質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)增幅最大,小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃在重度干旱條件下分別達(dá)到31.5,26.1和14.2 g·kg-1,分別是適宜水分的3.09,1.96和1.92倍;可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)增幅其次,增幅分別為1.65,1.21和1.42倍;可溶性蛋白質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)增幅最小,增幅分別為1.24,1.19倍和1.11倍。說明游離脯氨酸是3種植物抵御干旱最敏感的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)。
2.3干旱脅迫對3個樹種葉片丙二醛質(zhì)量摩爾濃度和保護(hù)酶活性的影響
在干旱脅迫下,3種植物葉片丙二醛質(zhì)量摩爾濃度均隨著干旱脅迫程度的增加而升高(P<0.05,表3)。重度干旱脅迫下,小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃葉片丙二醛質(zhì)量摩爾濃度分別比適宜水分條件下高42.88%,31.42%和57.80%。隨干旱脅迫程度的增加,小葉蚊母3種保護(hù)酶均顯著上升,而厚皮香超氧化物歧化酶和過氧化物酶活性先上升,在重度干旱脅迫下顯著降低;而輪葉蒲桃3種保護(hù)酶在適宜水分、輕度干旱、中度干旱下隨著干旱程度的增加而上升,在重度干旱條件下,顯著下降。說明小葉蚊母和厚皮香保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)對干旱脅迫的主動適應(yīng)能力較強(qiáng),輪葉蒲桃保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)在重度干旱脅迫下最先達(dá)到能調(diào)節(jié)的極限值,抗氧化能力減弱。
表2 干旱脅迫對3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)的影響Table 2 Effect of drought stress on contents of osmotic adjustment substances of three native garden ground cover plants
表3 干旱脅迫對3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物葉片保護(hù)酶活性和丙二醛質(zhì)量摩爾濃度的影響Table 3 Effect of drought stress on protective enzyme activity and MDA content of three native garden ground cover plants
2.43種植物抗旱性的綜合評價
植物對干旱脅迫的響應(yīng)是一個由多因素控制的復(fù)雜性狀,利用某一指標(biāo)單獨(dú)評價樹種的抗旱能力有很大的局限性。利用模糊數(shù)學(xué)隸屬函數(shù)法是目前被普遍應(yīng)用于樹種抗旱性評價的一種方法[17-18]。利用上述10個生理指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)法對3個鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物耐旱性進(jìn)行綜合評價,表明耐旱性強(qiáng)弱順序?yàn)樾∪~蚊母>厚皮香>輪葉蒲桃(表4)。其中,小葉蚊母在中度和重度干旱條件下的綜合隸屬函數(shù)值分別達(dá)到0.53和0.52,耐旱性最強(qiáng),輪葉蒲桃的綜合隸屬函數(shù)值為0.46,耐旱性最差。
干旱引起植物水分虧缺,誘導(dǎo)植物細(xì)胞膜脂過氧化的發(fā)生從而使細(xì)胞膜受到傷害,細(xì)胞膜透性增加[19],同時引起光合色素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)以及葉綠素a/葉綠素b的變化,進(jìn)而引起光合功能的改變[20-21]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃隨干旱脅迫程度的增加葉片相對含水量和葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均顯著降低,與適宜水分條件相比,重度干旱脅迫下葉片相對含水量分別下降了23.77%,27.73%和30.84%,葉綠素質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別下降了27.17%,31.80%和42.00%;而細(xì)胞膜透性和丙二醛摩爾質(zhì)量濃度顯著升高,與適宜水分條件相比,重度干旱脅迫下細(xì)胞膜透性分別提高了22.06%,42.78%和47.92%,丙二醛摩爾質(zhì)量濃度分別提高了57.80%,42.88%和31.42%,表明3個樹種在干旱脅迫下葉片細(xì)胞膜均受到不同程度的損傷,這與努塌濱藜Atriplex gardneri[22],黃枝槐Sophora japonica‘Goldenstem'[23],柏木Cupressus funebris[24]等在干旱脅迫下的研究結(jié)果一致。
表4 3種鄉(xiāng)土園林地被植物抗旱性綜合評價Table 4 Comprehensive evaluation on the drought resistance of three native garden ground cover plants
滲透調(diào)節(jié)是植物忍耐干旱的一種適應(yīng)性反應(yīng),細(xì)胞通過積累滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)來維持膨壓,以維持植物正常的生理過程[25-26]。游離脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白質(zhì)是植物體內(nèi)重要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)[27]。在干旱脅迫條件下,滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)積累有利于提高植物的抗逆適應(yīng)性[28]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):小葉蚊母、厚皮香和輪葉蒲桃3個樹種滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)均隨著干旱程度的增加而上升,且游離脯氨酸的增幅最大,可溶性糖次之,可溶性蛋白質(zhì)最??;重度干旱脅迫條件下,小葉蚊母游離脯氨酸和可溶性糖質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增幅分別達(dá)到3.09倍和1.65倍(與適應(yīng)水分相比)。
逆境脅迫下,植物體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生與清除的平衡被破壞,自由基的濃度上升,其誘發(fā)的脂質(zhì)過氧化作用增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)過氧化作用終產(chǎn)物丙二醛積累[29];超氧化物歧化酶、過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶保護(hù)酶活性是主要的氧自由基清除劑,其活性越高,清除活性的能力越強(qiáng),植物的抗逆性越強(qiáng)[30]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn):隨著干旱脅迫程度的加重,輪葉蒲桃和厚皮香葉片保護(hù)酶活性呈現(xiàn)先升后降的趨勢,小葉蚊母呈現(xiàn)不斷升高的變化趨勢。在重度干旱脅迫下,小葉蚊母葉片超氧化物歧化酶、過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶活性仍然增加,說明小葉蚊母葉片通過增加保護(hù)酶活性來抵御干旱對其所造成的傷害的能力最強(qiáng)。3個樹種超氧化物歧化酶、過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶的活性變化規(guī)律基本一致,說明3種保護(hù)酶活性在干旱脅迫下具有較高的協(xié)同作用。
抗旱性是一個受多種因素影響的復(fù)雜數(shù)量性狀。應(yīng)用隸屬函數(shù)法分析了3種植物在干旱脅迫下主要生理響應(yīng)因子,結(jié)果表明:干旱脅迫下3個樹種的抗旱能力從高到低依次為小葉蚊母>厚皮香>輪葉蒲桃。
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Physiological response of three native garden ground cover plant seedlings to increasing drought stress
HONG Zhen1,LIAN Faliang1,LIU Shuxin2,HU Youjin3
(1.Lishui Academy of Forestry,Lishui 323000,Zhejiang,China;2.Lishui Vocational&Technical College,Lishui 323000,Zhejiang,China;3.Management office of Jiulongshan Nature Reserve,Suichang 323312,Zhejiang,China)
To develop and utilize three native garden ground cover plants(Distylium buxifolium,Ternstroemia gymnanthera,and Syzygium grijsii),a water controlling experiment was conducted to measure the physiological responses of soil water conditions to differing soil water contents:suitable soil moisture(field moisture capacity of 75%-80%),mild drought(55%-60%),medium drought(40%-45%),and severe drought(30%-35%).A subordinate function method was used to rank drought-resistance.Results showed that as drought stress increased,the content of leaf relative water and chlorophyll for the three plants decreased rapidly,but membrane permeability and malondialdehyde(MDA)content increased rapidly.The content of free proline,soluble sugar,and soluble protein increased with free proline playing a key role in resisting drought stress.With an increase in drought stress,the superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),and catalase(CAT)activity of D.buxifolium increased;however,T.gymnanthera and S.grijsii only increased with suitable soil moisture to medium drought conditions,and decreased with severe drought.The subordinate function method ranking drought-resistance was D.buxifolium>T.gymnanthera>S.grijsii.Thus,D.buxifolium could conduct physiological regulation by antioxidant enzyme systems;whereas T.gymnanthera and S.grijsii reached a tolerable limit where the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals decreased rapidly.[Ch,4 tab.30 ref.]
botany;native garden ground cover plant;drought stress;physiological responses;subordinatefunction method
S945.7
A
2095-0756(2016)04-0636-07
10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.04.012
2015-09-07;
2015-11-19
浙江省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2010C02004-3);浙江省花卉新品種選育重大新技專項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(2012C12909-9)
洪震,高級工程師,從事觀賞植物開發(fā)利用研究。E-mail:452451651@qq.com