黃巧麗, 周 華, 李 濤
(浙江師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)與生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江 金華 321004)
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Wnt信號(hào)通路與心臟發(fā)育和心肌誘導(dǎo)分化
黃巧麗,周華,李濤
(浙江師范大學(xué) 化學(xué)與生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江 金華321004)
Wnt信號(hào)通路是調(diào)控心肌細(xì)胞分化和心臟發(fā)育的重要信號(hào)通路.在哺乳動(dòng)物中,迄今已發(fā)現(xiàn)19個(gè)分泌性Wnt蛋白,10個(gè)Frizzled受體和多個(gè)拮抗分子,顯示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)家族效應(yīng)廣泛復(fù)雜.Wnt通路大致分為β-catenin依賴的經(jīng)典通路和β-catenin非依賴的非經(jīng)典通路,二者均在心臟發(fā)育中發(fā)揮重要的作用,廣泛調(diào)控心肌細(xì)胞的增殖、分化、黏附、遷移和極化等.研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt信號(hào)通路在心肌細(xì)胞分化進(jìn)程中存在明顯的階段特異性效應(yīng),呈現(xiàn)典型的雙相性作用.通過小分子或轉(zhuǎn)基因等調(diào)制Wnt信號(hào)通路,可有效提高體外多能干細(xì)胞向心肌的誘導(dǎo)分化效率.
Wnt信號(hào)通路;心臟發(fā)育;心肌誘導(dǎo)分化;干細(xì)胞
Wnt信號(hào)通路的主要成員有:分泌性信號(hào)蛋白(Wnt)、跨膜受體、胞質(zhì)蛋白及核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等.胞質(zhì)蛋白包括散亂蛋白(disheveled,Dsh或Dvl)、β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)、結(jié)腸腺瘤樣息肉病蛋白(APC)、糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β)和軸蛋白(Axin).轉(zhuǎn)錄因子為T細(xì)胞因子/淋巴增強(qiáng)因子(Tcf/Lef)[1-2].
Wnt蛋白是一類分泌型糖蛋白,以旁分泌的形式激活不同的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路而在靶細(xì)胞內(nèi)起作用.在哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞基因組中,目前已經(jīng)鑒定出19個(gè)不同的Wnt基因.Wnt蛋白合成后需要進(jìn)行翻譯后修飾,包括N-連接的糖基化和脂酰化修飾,如棕櫚酰化等,然后被分泌出細(xì)胞,通過旁分泌的形式與細(xì)胞膜上的受體相互作用而發(fā)揮其功能.根據(jù)作用機(jī)制不同,Wnt信號(hào)的傳導(dǎo)被分為2類——經(jīng)典通路和非經(jīng)典通路.屬于經(jīng)典通路的Wnt分子包括Wnt1,Wnt2,Wnt3,Wnt3a,Wnt8和Wnt10a等;而非經(jīng)典Wnt通路則包括Wnt4,Wnt5a,Wnt5b,Wnt6,Wnt7b和Wnt11等.
Wnt信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)主要通過Frizzled受體實(shí)現(xiàn),這是一類七次跨膜蛋白,胞外N端很長(zhǎng),含有一個(gè)保守的由10個(gè)半胱氨酸組成的結(jié)構(gòu)域,被稱為CRD(cysteine riched domain).分泌性Wnt信號(hào)分子與胞膜上Frizzled受體的CRD結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合,發(fā)揮信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)功能.果蠅和線蟲中已經(jīng)鑒定出了4種Frizzled受體,而小鼠和人類中這類受體的數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到了10種.不同的Fzd受體傾向激活不同的下游信號(hào)通路,或經(jīng)典或非經(jīng)典.也有研究認(rèn)為單一類型的Fzd受體可以激活2個(gè)Wnt下游途徑.低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白(LRP)則是Wnt通路的輔受體,已知如LRP5和LRP6,是一類單次跨膜蛋白,與Frizzled受體及Wnt配體組成三聯(lián)體,啟動(dòng)下游信號(hào),在Wnt/β-catenin的活化過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用.此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)了非Frizzled受體,包括單次跨膜酪氨酸受體中的Ryk和Ror家族受體,前者通過Wnt抑制因子結(jié)構(gòu)域、后者通過胞外區(qū)的CRD結(jié)構(gòu)域與Wnt配體結(jié)合,發(fā)揮其功能[2].
此外,有很多內(nèi)源性物質(zhì)可以干擾Wnt信號(hào)通路,如DKK和SFRP.SFRP家族是分泌性卷曲相關(guān)蛋白,有與Frizzled同源的半胱氨酸富集區(qū)CRD,通過和Frizzled受體競(jìng)爭(zhēng)或者直接和Frizzled受體結(jié)合,達(dá)到拮抗Wnt的目的.SFRP分子根據(jù)同源性分為3組.第1組:SFRP1,SFRP2和SFRP5;第2組:SFRP3和SFRP4;第3組:Sizzled和Crescent.其中,第3組成員在兩棲動(dòng)物、魚和鳥類中出現(xiàn),在哺乳動(dòng)物中并沒有相關(guān)報(bào)道[3].
β-catenin是Wnt經(jīng)典通路的核心成分,由染色體3p21—22區(qū)的CTNNb1基因編碼.β-catenin蛋白的一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)包含150個(gè)氨基酸的N端、550個(gè)氨基酸中間連接臂和100個(gè)氨基酸的C端.N端是GSK3β磷酸化部位,介導(dǎo)降解作用;β-catenin的C端與核轉(zhuǎn)錄活性因子Tcf/Lef結(jié)合.正常功能狀態(tài)下,大部分β-catenin被束縛在胞膜下與E-鈣黏素(E-cadherin)結(jié)合,組成E-cadherin-β-catenin-α-catenin復(fù)合物,由α-catenin連接細(xì)胞骨架,參與細(xì)胞黏附;而其余部分與GSK3β,APC,Axin和酪蛋白激酶1(CK1)等共同形成的多聚蛋白復(fù)合物結(jié)合.β-catenin氨基端的第33,37和41位氨基酸分別被CKI和GSK3β順序磷酸化,被磷酸化的β-catenin募集包含β-TrCP的E3泛素連接酶,使β-catenin發(fā)生泛素化,經(jīng)泛素-蛋白酶體途徑降解,從而使胞質(zhì)內(nèi)游離β-catenin維持較低的濃度.
Wnt信號(hào)通路的主要活化方式分Wnt經(jīng)典通路和Wnt非經(jīng)典通路(見圖1).
圖1 Wnt信號(hào)通路激活模式圖
2.1Wnt經(jīng)典通路
經(jīng)典Wnt/β-catenin通路,其最關(guān)鍵的特征是發(fā)生β-catenin胞漿內(nèi)穩(wěn)化和入核.當(dāng)Wnt配體與細(xì)胞膜上的Frizzled受體及輔助受體LRP5/6結(jié)合時(shí),胞漿內(nèi)Dvl被募集,抑制GSK3β和CKI的活性,并通過固定Axin蛋白,拆解多蛋白復(fù)合物,解放被束縛的β-catenin,導(dǎo)致非磷酸化β-catenin在胞漿中富集,并入核結(jié)合到Tcf/Lef轉(zhuǎn)錄因子上形成轉(zhuǎn)錄復(fù)合體,開啟靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄活化.AKT激酶亦可抑制GSK3β或直接磷酸化β-catenin,促其入核[4].靜息期Tcf/Lef募集Goucho等抑制性分子結(jié)合于基因的啟動(dòng)子區(qū),無法啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)錄,靶基因處于沉默狀態(tài);β-catenin活化入核后,與Tcf/Lef分子相互作用,替代Goucho等抑制性分子,同時(shí)募集CBP/p300等轉(zhuǎn)錄活化子,協(xié)同激活下游靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄.Wnt經(jīng)典通路的下游靶基因包括c-Myc,cyclinD1,BMP4,CD44,MMP7和IL-8等.Wnt經(jīng)典通路的特點(diǎn)是無效應(yīng)放大,但保證了信號(hào)的特異性.
2.2Wnt非經(jīng)典通路
Wnt非經(jīng)典通路通常與細(xì)胞骨架重排導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞極性建立、細(xì)胞遷移和組織構(gòu)型形成等有關(guān).非經(jīng)典通路又可分為Wnt/Ca2+通路和平面細(xì)胞極性(planar cell polarity,PCP)通路.Wnt/Ca2+通路活化時(shí),Wnt分子與細(xì)胞表面的Frizzled受體結(jié)合,后者與異源三聚體的G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(GPCR)相連,而由G蛋白激活磷脂酶C(PLC),進(jìn)一步激活下游通路使細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+濃度升高,進(jìn)而激活Ca2+依賴的激酶,如蛋白激酶C(PKC)和鈣調(diào)蛋白依賴性蛋白激酶II(CaMK II),以調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)和細(xì)胞黏附性.Ca2+濃度升高還可以激活鈣調(diào)磷酸酶(CaN),后者可以使NFAT分子發(fā)生去磷酸化進(jìn)而發(fā)生核轉(zhuǎn)位,調(diào)控基因表達(dá).PCP通路在果蠅翼翅中建立平面上皮細(xì)胞與臨近細(xì)胞間的相對(duì)極性,并因此而得名,在哺乳動(dòng)物的同系物是Wnt/JNK通路.該通路的主要特征為Wnt分子激活在經(jīng)典通路中不發(fā)揮作用的Dvl蛋白DEP結(jié)構(gòu)域,從而激活RhoGTP酶的家族成員(如RhoA,Rac和Cdc42),并進(jìn)而激活下游效應(yīng)分子,如JNK,PKC和Rho相關(guān)激酶(ROCK),主要調(diào)控細(xì)胞骨架重排和建立細(xì)胞極性,影響形態(tài)發(fā)生.同時(shí),活化的JNK磷酸化下游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ATF2及c-jun,以調(diào)控基因表達(dá).
非經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)通路與經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)通路有很多的聯(lián)系.有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt5a可以通過Nemo樣激酶抑制經(jīng)典Wnt 信號(hào)通路中Tcf/Lef的轉(zhuǎn)錄活性[5].
在心臟發(fā)育過程中,Wnt分子及其受體呈高度異質(zhì)性的時(shí)空表達(dá),這提示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)在心臟早期發(fā)育中扮演著重要角色.Wnt信號(hào)通路幾乎參與了心臟發(fā)育的所有階段,即早期特化、心肌分化、心管環(huán)化、細(xì)胞遷移與擴(kuò)增、腔室及瓣膜形成及傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)[6].干細(xì)胞向心肌分化的過程可按基因表達(dá)差異分成多個(gè)分化階段,早期多能干細(xì)胞首先分化為BrachyuryT+中胚層細(xì)胞,繼而分化為Mesp1+生心中胚層細(xì)胞,然后是表達(dá)心肌特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的心肌前體干細(xì)胞最終發(fā)育為自發(fā)搏動(dòng)的功能性心肌細(xì)胞.研究表明,Wnt通路在不同分化階段作用不同[7].
3.1Wnt經(jīng)典通路與心臟發(fā)育
關(guān)于Wnt經(jīng)典信號(hào)具體是激活還是抑制心肌分化曾經(jīng)存在激烈的爭(zhēng)議,不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P偷玫降慕Y(jié)論截然相反.在蛙胚和雞胚模型,經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)分子Wnt1和Wnt3a等在神經(jīng)板和背側(cè)神經(jīng)管處的表達(dá)被認(rèn)為是抑制該部位向心肌分化的主要原因.Wnt/β-catenin在前中胚層的活化抑制了生心新月區(qū)的形成,以及心肌特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因Nkx2.5和Gata4的表達(dá).Wnt內(nèi)源性拮抗分子Cresent和DKK1作為前內(nèi)胚層的信號(hào),通過封閉經(jīng)典Wnt活性,可以誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)胚層區(qū)產(chǎn)生異位心臟;在雞胚中,外源Wnt3a和Wnt8刺激可以直接促進(jìn)原條、后中胚層細(xì)胞分化為造血細(xì)胞[8-9].在爪蟾中,敲除Wnt6導(dǎo)致心臟結(jié)構(gòu)擴(kuò)大,同時(shí)SFRP1可以拮抗Wnt6的效應(yīng),促進(jìn)心肌分化及正常心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和大小尺寸的形成[10-11].在小鼠中,利用Cytokeratin-19啟動(dòng)子控制的Cre-Loxp重組技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)抑制β-catenin在咽弓內(nèi)胚層的表達(dá)后會(huì)導(dǎo)致小鼠內(nèi)胚層異位心臟的形成,提示經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)可能抑制小鼠的心臟發(fā)育[12].但在果蠅中,Wnt經(jīng)典信號(hào)卻能夠促進(jìn)心臟的發(fā)育.在小鼠畸胎瘤細(xì)胞系P19CL6細(xì)胞中,加入Wnt3a蛋白或通過抑制GSK3β以激活經(jīng)典Wnt通路,能夠明顯促進(jìn)心肌特異轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Nkx2.5,Gata4,Mef2c和Tbx5的表達(dá),促進(jìn)跳動(dòng)心肌的出現(xiàn)[13].
Natio等[14]提出經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)對(duì)心臟發(fā)育調(diào)節(jié)具有雙時(shí)相,開啟了對(duì)Wnt信號(hào)新的認(rèn)識(shí).經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)在胚胎干細(xì)胞(ES)分化的早期階段誘導(dǎo)Sox17促進(jìn)中胚層分化,早期抑制Wnt導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)外胚層分化;在稍晚階段激活經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)則抑制骨形成蛋白(BMP)信號(hào)誘導(dǎo),從而抑制心肌分化,驅(qū)動(dòng)中胚層定向細(xì)胞分化為造血和血管細(xì)胞.在ES細(xì)胞心肌分化中,也可在分化早期檢測(cè)到Wnt3a和Wnt8的誘導(dǎo),早于心肌前體細(xì)胞特異的標(biāo)志基因Nkx2.5和Gata4,而細(xì)胞進(jìn)入生心中胚層階段后即快速消失.在Wnt8和Dkk1轉(zhuǎn)基因斑馬魚中的研究表明,Wnt經(jīng)典信號(hào)在原腸形成前可促進(jìn)中胚層細(xì)胞特化并轉(zhuǎn)化為線性心管,而在原腸形成期則發(fā)揮抑制作用,參與心肌細(xì)胞的成熟,再次證實(shí)經(jīng)典Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)對(duì)心臟發(fā)育調(diào)節(jié)具有雙時(shí)相性[15].顯然,Wnt信號(hào)這種“早期促進(jìn),后期抑制”的發(fā)育階段性作用在進(jìn)化中高度保守.事實(shí)上,在心肌誘導(dǎo)分化中,包括BMP和Notch等在內(nèi)的多個(gè)信號(hào)通路都有階段特異性作用,心肌分化前期和晚期的作用往往截然相反.需要指出的是,Wnt家族成員眾多,作用差異極大.例如,Wnt2雖然屬于經(jīng)典Wnt家族分子,但在ES細(xì)胞中卻通過激活非經(jīng)典通路促進(jìn)心肌分化[16].
更精細(xì)的研究表明,經(jīng)典Wnt在心肌誘導(dǎo)分化中的作用可以劃分為至少4個(gè)時(shí)相[7].第1時(shí)相大致為早期誘導(dǎo)至BrachyuryT+中胚層階段,經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)發(fā)揮誘導(dǎo)增殖、促分化作用,其促分化的機(jī)制類似于促上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,在胚胎內(nèi)還可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞遷移匯聚成心管,同時(shí)中胚層轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Brachyury T本身即受Tcf/Lef的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控[17].第2時(shí)相為中胚層至Mesp1+生心中胚層,再至Isl1+Nkx2.5+陽(yáng)性心肌前體細(xì)胞期.在該時(shí)相,經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)主要發(fā)揮抑制作用.心肌前體細(xì)胞的遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)和生心新月區(qū)的形成也與Wnt3a介導(dǎo)的化學(xué)排斥效應(yīng)相關(guān)[18].第3時(shí)相為Isl1+Nkx2.5+陽(yáng)性心肌前體細(xì)胞自我擴(kuò)增期,大致對(duì)應(yīng)于體內(nèi)第二生心區(qū)內(nèi)的心臟前體細(xì)胞匯入線性心管,擴(kuò)大心腔,經(jīng)典Wnt此時(shí)再次發(fā)揮促分化、促增殖和促遷移的作用.比較而言,BMP信號(hào)是第一生心區(qū)的主要調(diào)控信號(hào),調(diào)控Gata4,Mef2c和SRF等生心轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá),而Wnt主要調(diào)控第二生心區(qū)[19-20].已證明β-catenin可直接調(diào)控Isl1和Nkx2.5表達(dá),并且Wnt3a信號(hào)可誘導(dǎo)多個(gè)FGF分子(特別是FGF10和FGF20)促進(jìn)Isl1+細(xì)胞的增殖[20-22].同時(shí),Nkx2.5可上調(diào)Rspo3分泌蛋白表達(dá),以激活Wnt經(jīng)典通路,維持干細(xì)胞增殖[23].而Tbx20調(diào)控Lef1表達(dá),參與了心內(nèi)膜墊成熟和瓣膜細(xì)胞擴(kuò)張[24].第4時(shí)相為心臟塑形的終末分化階段,此時(shí)心肌細(xì)胞增殖停滯,經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)起負(fù)性調(diào)控作用,抑制心肌結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基因表達(dá).
從機(jī)制角度說,Wnt經(jīng)典通路分子在心肌分化進(jìn)程中的表達(dá)活化受階段特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控.已知Tcf/Lef可調(diào)控BrachyuryT表達(dá),但Brachyury T下游基因又包括Wnt3a,Axin2,F(xiàn)GF8和Mesp1等[25].因此,可以認(rèn)為Wnt經(jīng)典通路與中胚層分化標(biāo)志物Brachyury T轉(zhuǎn)錄因子之間存在一個(gè)正性調(diào)控環(huán).而生心中胚層分化標(biāo)志基因Mesp1啟動(dòng)子上游也存在一個(gè)Tcf/Lef保守位點(diǎn),受經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)誘導(dǎo)[26];另外,Mesp1轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可上調(diào)內(nèi)源性Wnt信號(hào)通路抑制劑DKK1的表達(dá)[27],這樣又構(gòu)建了一個(gè)負(fù)反饋網(wǎng)絡(luò)來節(jié)制經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)的活化.此外,在心肌細(xì)胞中特異表達(dá)的非編碼小RNA分子,miR-1,可抑制Frizzled7受體分子的表達(dá),因而可以在分化晚期抑制經(jīng)典Wnt的激活[28].
3.2Wnt非經(jīng)典通路與心臟發(fā)育
Wnt非經(jīng)典通路對(duì)細(xì)胞黏附、遷移、心管形成、環(huán)化及腔室形成具有重要的作用.缺失Wnt11,Wnt5a,Wnt5b和Wnt4的模式生物將發(fā)生心管畸形等嚴(yán)重缺陷.在爪蟾的胚胎研究模型中,Wnt11在形成新月區(qū)的中胚層前側(cè)部表達(dá),抑制Wnt11表達(dá)能夠阻斷心肌早期分化標(biāo)志基因Nkx2.5和Gata4的表達(dá),并且干擾細(xì)胞遷移、融合和心管形成,導(dǎo)致心臟原基匯合障礙,最終引起雙心畸形.在蛙胚和雞胚的模型中,后中胚層過表達(dá)Wnt11能引起異位心臟的形成[29-30].小鼠發(fā)育模型中,Wnt5a和Wnt11對(duì)流出道的形成發(fā)揮重要功能,基因突變會(huì)導(dǎo)致流出道缺陷,如右心室雙出口和主動(dòng)脈干永存,表型與人類某些先天性心臟病非常類似[31].其原因主要是Wnt5a或Wnt11能夠通過JNK途徑影響流出道心肌及平滑肌成分的細(xì)胞骨架和細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的沉積.此外,Wnt5a和纖連蛋白也是重要的心肌細(xì)胞遷移趨化信號(hào)[32].在ES細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)分化體系中,Wnt11的表達(dá)時(shí)相與心肌特異基因表達(dá)的時(shí)相高度匹配,均在生心中胚層后逐步高表達(dá),至搏動(dòng)心肌出現(xiàn),在所誘導(dǎo)的ES中持續(xù)表達(dá)Wnt11能夠提高分化效率[33].
Wnt5a和Wnt11引發(fā)的下游事件包括Dvl及JNK,PKC信號(hào)通路的活化,敲除Dvl、阻斷JNK或PKC通路能夠抑制非經(jīng)典Wnt激活引起的促心臟分化效應(yīng),而共激活JNK和PKC則能夠促進(jìn)心臟分化[34].轉(zhuǎn)錄因子NFAT是Ca2+/PKC/CaN的下游效應(yīng)因子,在心肌分化中發(fā)揮著重要作用.不過,近期有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在心肌分化早期通過環(huán)孢素A抑制NFAT活化,可以提高心肌分化效率[35].結(jié)合Wnt5a和Wnt11的特異性表達(dá)時(shí)相,提示W(wǎng)nt非經(jīng)典通路對(duì)心肌分化可能也存在雙時(shí)相性作用.
此外,Wnt5a和Wnt11對(duì)于第二生心區(qū)的形成至關(guān)重要,其主要機(jī)理可能是通過抑制Wnt經(jīng)典通路的活化,特別是β-catenin的表達(dá)[36].在小鼠胚胎中,Wnt5a和Wnt11在第二生心區(qū)協(xié)同表達(dá),同時(shí)敲除二者導(dǎo)致經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)激活、心臟發(fā)育缺陷.Wnt11一方面通過激活JNK和PKC促進(jìn)晚期心肌分化;另一方面可能通過激活Caspase-3,降解AKT及β-catenin以破壞經(jīng)典Wnt通路[33-37].因此,Wnt非經(jīng)典通路可能在經(jīng)典通路激活的生心中胚層分化基礎(chǔ)上接續(xù)促進(jìn)晚期心肌分化進(jìn)程.
綜上所述,Wnt信號(hào)通路在心肌分化中具有典型的階段特異性作用,經(jīng)典通路表現(xiàn)為“先促后抑”,而非經(jīng)典通路則在分化晚期通過抑制經(jīng)典通路發(fā)揮促心肌分化的作用.基于以上研究發(fā)現(xiàn),已衍生出不同的干細(xì)胞心肌誘導(dǎo)分化策略[38].例如:誘導(dǎo)早期加入GSK3β抑制劑(BIO,LiCl等)和CK1激酶抑制劑CHIR99021,通過抑制GSK3β和CK1以達(dá)到活化β-catenin介導(dǎo)的經(jīng)典Wnt通路的作用[39];或者,在誘導(dǎo)早期加入重組Wnt3和Wnt3a蛋白等經(jīng)典通路激活物[40].在誘導(dǎo)晚期可加入Wnt天然抑制物Cerberus,DKK1和SFRP分泌蛋白,或其他小分子化合物[41].Wnt小分子干擾物種類眾多,如:姜黃素和CHC001可抑制β-catenin活化;imatinib和apigenin可增加β-catenin的質(zhì)膜定位,抑制入核;ICG-001和FH535干擾β-catenin與Tcf/Lef1結(jié)合;IWP可抑制Wnt棕櫚?;揎椂蓴_其產(chǎn)生.IWR被認(rèn)為是Wnt通路的信號(hào)應(yīng)答抑制劑[38].除特異性小分子抑制劑外,硫酸軟骨素、維生素D3和DAPT等小分子也被發(fā)現(xiàn)可間接調(diào)控Wnt信號(hào)[42-43].這些小分子除可以增加心肌誘導(dǎo)效率外,KY02111等新型化合物還可提高終末分化細(xì)胞的成熟度,提高M(jìn)LC2v+陽(yáng)性心室肌細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)率[44-45].通過與BMP通路調(diào)制小分子的協(xié)同,Wnt調(diào)制物還可誘導(dǎo)特異的心外膜細(xì)胞[46].通過慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染過表達(dá)Wnt11,甚至可以促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞及骨骼肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞向心肌分化[47-48].有趣的是,通過物理性旋轉(zhuǎn)培養(yǎng)改變細(xì)胞間黏附,也可使ES細(xì)胞在形成擬胚體階段活化Wnt經(jīng)典通路,達(dá)到促進(jìn)心肌分化的目的[49].除此之外,由于Wnt通路與BMP和Notch等其他通路存在復(fù)雜的交叉串話,其他通路的激動(dòng)劑和抑制劑往往也會(huì)影響到Wnt分子的表達(dá).此外,還可通過調(diào)制多條信號(hào)通路來誘導(dǎo)心肌分化.
Wnt信號(hào)通路分為經(jīng)典通路和非經(jīng)典通路,二者在心臟發(fā)育中發(fā)揮著重要作用.Wnt經(jīng)典通路在原腸形成以前促進(jìn)早期多能干細(xì)胞分化為中胚層細(xì)胞,為后續(xù)心肌分化的重要步驟,而在生心中胚層形成后則抑制心肌分化;而非經(jīng)典通路在生心中胚層形成后抑制Wnt經(jīng)典通路,接力促進(jìn)心肌分化,并通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞極性和細(xì)胞黏附遷移,參與心臟形態(tài)的建立.通過調(diào)制Wnt信號(hào),可有效控制干細(xì)胞的分化方向,定向誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞向心肌或其他細(xì)胞方向分化.
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(責(zé)任編輯薛榮)
The role of Wnt signaling pathway in cardiac development and cardiac differentiation
HUANG Qiaoli,ZHOU Hua,LI Tao
(CollegeofChemistryandLifeSciences,ZhejiangNormalUniversity,Jinhua321004,China)
Wnt proteins had been shown to play multiple roles during cardiac differentiation and development. Until now, 19 Wnt ligands, 10 Frizzled receptors and several endogenous antagonists had been identified in mammals, suggested that the effect of Wnt signaling was immensely complicated. Wnt signaling were categorized into theβ-catenin dependent (canonical), andβ-catenin independent (non-canonical) pathways. Both signaling pathways played key roles in cardiac development, including cell division, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and polarity. Specifically, Wnt signaling exhibited biphasic effects on cardiac differentiation, depending on the stage of cardiomyogenesis. Therefore, modulating Wnt signaling by small molecules or genetic manipulation would be a useful way to efficiently generate cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells.
Wnt signaling pathway; cardiac development; cardiac differentiation; stem cell
10.16218/j.issn.1001-5051.2016.03.017
收文日期:2015-05-28;2015-06-23
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31101057;31470082);浙江省自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(LY14C120001);浙江省公共創(chuàng)新平臺(tái)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物項(xiàng)目(2014C37126)
黃巧麗(1990-)女,浙江嵊州人,碩士研究生.研究方向:分子發(fā)育生物學(xué).
李濤.E-mail: litao@zjnu.cn
Q951
A
1001-5051(2016)03-0331-07