易興陽 周強(qiáng) 范真 林靜 劉平 成文
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環(huán)氧化酶基因多態(tài)性及交互作用與腦梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗相關(guān)性
易興陽周強(qiáng)范真林靜劉平成文
目的探討腦梗死患者阿司匹林抵抗(AR)發(fā)生率,環(huán)氧化酶(COX)基因多態(tài)性及其間交互作用與AR相關(guān)性。方法收集2009-08—2011-08在溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)第三附屬醫(yī)院和德陽市人民醫(yī)院住院就診的634例急性腦梗死患者,于入院當(dāng)天開始服用阿司匹林,7~10 d后檢測血小板聚集率,篩選出AR者及阿司匹林敏感(AS)者。采用質(zhì)譜法對患者COX-1和COX-2 共4個基因位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性進(jìn)行檢測。采用廣義多因子降維法(GMDR)分析多基因位點(diǎn)交互作用。多因素Logistic回歸分析AR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果634例腦梗死患者發(fā)生AR者129例(20.35%),半抵抗(ASR)者28例(4.42%),AS者477例(75.23%)。AR組和AS組間COX-1和COX-2各基因位點(diǎn)基因型分布差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);GMDR分析顯示,COX-1和COX-2基因存在交互作用,最優(yōu)模型為rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)的聯(lián)合作用模型,交叉檢驗(yàn)一致性為10/10,符號檢驗(yàn)P=0.0116。糖尿病(OR=2.16, 95%CI:1.25~4.67,P<0.01)、rs3842787和rs20417高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互(OR=2.51, 95%CI:1.38~5.96,P<0.01)為發(fā)生AR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論中國腦梗死患者AR發(fā)生率高,rs3842787和rs20417聯(lián)合交互作用可能增加了AR風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對基因與基因間的交互作用分析有助于深入研究AR的機(jī)制。
阿司匹林抵抗;腦梗死;環(huán)氧化酶;基因多態(tài)性;廣義多因子降維法
阿司匹林是腦梗死急性期治療和二級預(yù)防主要藥物之一,能明顯降低心腦血管事件和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1-2],得到國內(nèi)外指南的廣泛推薦[3-4]。但部分堅(jiān)持服用阿司匹林的患者,其血小板聚集程度仍不能得到很好的抑制,不能避免缺血事件的發(fā)生,稱為阿司匹林抵抗(aspirin resistance,AR)[5]。既往研究表明,腦梗死患者AR發(fā)生率高,AR與隨訪期腦梗死復(fù)發(fā)和其他血管事件相關(guān)[6-7]。AR發(fā)生機(jī)制復(fù)雜,目前尚未完全闡明?;驒C(jī)制,特別是環(huán)氧化酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)基因多態(tài)性與AR相關(guān)性是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)[7-8],但研究結(jié)果存在分歧[7,9-11]。AR基因機(jī)制復(fù)雜,多個基因位點(diǎn)參與,目前有關(guān)基因-基因交互作用與AR相關(guān)性的研究較少。本研究探討了COX-1、COX-2基因4個位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性及其交互作用與腦梗死患者AR的相關(guān)性,旨在更好地指導(dǎo)腦梗死進(jìn)行二級預(yù)防。
1.1研究對象連續(xù)納入2009-08—2011-08首次發(fā)病72 h內(nèi)入住作者醫(yī)院的腦梗死患者,全部病例均經(jīng)頭MRI掃描證實(shí),病因?qū)W分型[12]為動脈粥樣硬化血栓形成型(atherothrombosis,AT)及小動脈病變型(small artery disease,SAD)患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)對阿司匹林過敏者;(2)病因不明型、其他少見病因型腦梗死以及心源性腦栓塞;(3)接受溶栓治療或近1周內(nèi)有使用除阿司匹林外其他抗血小板藥、低分子肝素、華法林等藥物;(4)有家族或個人出血疾病史;(5)血小板計(jì)數(shù)> 450×109/L 或<100×109/L;(6)骨髓增生異常綜合征及其他血液系統(tǒng)疾病;(7)近期行較大外科手術(shù)或有嚴(yán)重外傷者;(8)伴嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎疾病者;(9)阿司匹林聯(lián)用其他抗血小板藥物者;(10)既往有心肌梗死和腦卒中病史者。所有研究對象知情同意并簽署知情同意書。符合上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)患者共634例,其中女302例,男332例,年齡45~85歲,平均(69.62±10.45)歲。
1.2方法
1.2.1資料收集:所有入組患者接受基于指南的治療[3-4],入院當(dāng)天即服用阿司匹林200 mg,每晚頓服,2周后改用100 mg,每晚頓服維持治療。記錄患者一般情況和傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素(包括既往病史、個人史、吸煙、酗酒情況,有無高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、腦卒中史等)。入院后次日抽空腹靜脈血檢查血常規(guī)、凝血常規(guī)、生化常規(guī)、血脂全套等,并留置靜脈血2 mL,用乙二胺四乙酸二鈉鹽抗凝處理,-80℃保存?zhèn)錂z基因多態(tài)性。
1.2.2血小板聚集率測定和AR判斷:采用光學(xué)比濁法檢測血小板聚集率,具體步驟按參考文獻(xiàn)[6-7]操作。服用阿司匹林后第7~10天采空腹肘靜脈血6 mL,注入含3.8%(質(zhì)量濃度)枸櫞酸鈉660 μL試管中,將新鮮血標(biāo)本以223.6g離心10 min,提取富含血小板血漿,剩余血液再以894.4g離心10 min,制備乏血小板血漿,用乏血小板血漿做空白對照,進(jìn)行不同誘導(dǎo)劑〔二磷酸腺苷(ADP)10.0 μmol/ L和花生四烯酸(AA)0.5 mg / mL〕血小板聚集實(shí)驗(yàn),記錄最大血小板聚集率。采用Gum等[13]和作者既往研究[6-7]所采用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行AR判斷:服用阿司匹林后第7~10天,在10 μmol/L ADP濃度下血小板最大聚集率≥70%;在0.5 mg/mL AA濃度下血小板最大聚集率≥20%。同時符合上述2項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者稱為AR,符合其中1項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者為阿司匹林半反應(yīng) (aspirin semiresponde,ASR),反之為阿司匹林敏感(aspirin sensitivity,AS)。
1.2.3COX-1基因和COX-2基因多態(tài)性的檢測:(1)研究位點(diǎn)的選擇:參考國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究位點(diǎn),并登錄NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP)最新登記的各基因人類SNP中的COX基因,設(shè)置最小等位基因頻率≥0.05,獲得標(biāo)簽SNP,即為本研究基因位點(diǎn)。據(jù)此本研究檢測COX-1 rs1236913、rs3842787和COX-2 rs689466、rs20417共4個位點(diǎn)基因型。(2)檢測方法:上述留置乙二胺四乙酸二鈉抗凝血2 mL,采用低滲溶血、酚氯仿法抽提DNA。通過PCR擴(kuò)增第1個靶序列,然后加入特異性延伸產(chǎn)物與擴(kuò)增的片段SNPs連接。PCR引物和單堿基延伸引物均使用Assay Designer軟件包設(shè)計(jì),引物序列見表1。采用基質(zhì)輔助激光解析電離飛行時間質(zhì)譜法(上海生物工程有限公司)對基因位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行基因分型,具體試驗(yàn)過程參見參考文獻(xiàn)[14]。
表1 腦梗死患者COX-1基因和COX-2基因多態(tài)性PCR檢測的引物序列表
注:COX:環(huán)氧化酶,表3、4同;SNPs:單核苷酸多態(tài)性
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)分析基因型頻率的哈迪-溫伯格平衡偏倚;計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);采用Logistic回歸分析AR發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素;采用廣義多因子降維法(generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction,GMDR)Beta 0.7版軟件 (www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/addiction-genomics/Software)分析多基因位點(diǎn)交互作用[14]。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1AR發(fā)生率634例腦梗死患者發(fā)生AR 129例(20.35%),ASR 28例(4.42%),AS者477例(75.23%)。因ASR者少且有研究認(rèn)為ASR與AR有共同危險(xiǎn)因素和預(yù)后[6],故將AR與ASR合并為AR組,共157例(24.76%)。AR組女性和糖尿病患者多于AS組(P<0.05,P<0.01),低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平高于AS組(P<0.01),而年齡、體重指數(shù)等其他因素比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。具體結(jié)果見表2。
2.2COX-1和COX-2基因多態(tài)性與AR的相關(guān)性單基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn),COX-1和COX-2各基因位點(diǎn)基因型在AR組和AS組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表3)。
2.3COX-1和COX-2基因交互作用與AR相關(guān)性GMDR分析顯示,COX-1基因和COX-2基因存在交互作用,最優(yōu)模型為rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)的聯(lián)合作用模型,交叉檢驗(yàn)一致性為10/10,符號檢驗(yàn)P=0.0116(表4)。將rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)共9種基因型組合進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與AR發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的組合為rs3842787CT+ rs20417CC和rs3842787CT+ rs20417GC。具體結(jié)果見表4。
表2 AS組與AR組腦梗死患者入院時一般情況和危險(xiǎn)因素比較
注:AS:阿司匹林敏感,AR:阿司匹林抵抗,表3同;NIHSS:美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表;AT:動脈粥樣硬化血栓形成型;SAD:小動脈病變型
表3 腦梗死AS和AR組基因型分布比較〔n(%)〕
表4 腦梗死患者COX基因-基因交互作用與阿司匹林抵抗的GMDR分析
注:1~4分別代表rs3842787、rs20417、rs2269231、rs1236913、rs689466
表5 影響腦梗死患者AR的多因素Logistic回歸分析
注:a表示rs3842787和rs20417高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互
2.4AR危險(xiǎn)因素分析將rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)共9種基因型組合設(shè)為交互變量,分為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(賦值1)和低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(賦值0)。將單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素,包括女性、糖尿病、高低密度脂蛋白、高空腹血糖、交互變量作為自變量,AR作為因變量進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病以及rs3842787和rs20417高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互為AR發(fā)生獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表5)。
國內(nèi)外研究表明,AR發(fā)生率為5%~65%[15],高加索和亞裔人群AR發(fā)生率高,而歐美人群發(fā)生率低[16],采用不同評估方法所得AR發(fā)生率也存在差異性,光學(xué)比濁法所得AR發(fā)生率為10.3%~51.7%,血小板功能分析儀-100(PFA-100)分析所得AR發(fā)生率為59.5%,尿血栓素B2評估法為22.9%[17]。本組634例腦梗死患者發(fā)生AR者129例(20.35%),ASR者28例(4.42%),糖尿病、高低密度脂蛋白與AR相關(guān)。這與國內(nèi)外其他學(xué)者研究結(jié)果一致[5,8-9]。高低密度脂蛋白、高血糖能促使血小板和單核細(xì)胞活化,增加體內(nèi)血小板和單核細(xì)胞間的黏附,可導(dǎo)致AR的發(fā)生[18]。因此,積極控制高脂血癥、高血糖等危險(xiǎn)因素,將有助于降低AR的發(fā)生率。
阿司匹林通過不可逆地乙?;疌OX活性部位的529位絲氨酸,抑制血栓素A2合成,發(fā)揮抗血小板聚集作用。因此,COX基因多態(tài)性與AR相關(guān)性是近來研究的熱點(diǎn)。COX基因在中國人群突變率低[7],在高加索人群中突變率高,直接影響高加索人群對服用阿司匹林的效果[19]。Fan等[9]和Sharma等[10]研究表明,COX基因多態(tài)性與AR相關(guān)。然而對日本人群和中國人群研究沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)COX多態(tài)性與AR有關(guān)聯(lián)[7,11]。本研究單基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn)COX-1和COX-2 基因4個位點(diǎn)基因型在AR組和AS組分布差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但GMDR分析顯示COX-1基因和COX-2基因存在交互作用,最優(yōu)模型為rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)的聯(lián)合作用模型,這2個基因位點(diǎn)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互為AR發(fā)生獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,提示單個基因位點(diǎn)可能對AR影響小甚至檢測不到,但多個弱勢位點(diǎn)的聯(lián)合作用可能為AR的主要誘因。rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)交互作用,可能歸因于這兩個基因位點(diǎn)均參與了花生四烯酸COX通路的代謝[20]。花生四烯酸在COX作用下生成血栓素A2,血栓素A2具有強(qiáng)烈血管收縮和促血小板聚集作用[21]。rs3842787和rs20417兩個基因位點(diǎn)交互作用可能影響阿司匹林對COX的抑制作用,從而影響阿司匹林抗血小板聚集效果。
綜上所述,中國人群AR發(fā)生率高,單基因分析COX-1基因和COX-2基因與AR發(fā)生無相關(guān)性,但GMDR分析表明,COX-1基因和COX-2基因高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交互作用為AR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。AR基因機(jī)制復(fù)雜,研究基因-基因交互作用與AR相關(guān)性可能是今后研究重點(diǎn)和發(fā)展趨勢。
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(本文編輯:時秋寬)
The correlation between cyclooxygenase genetic polymorphisms and their interactions with aspirin resistance
YIXingyang*,ZHOUQiang,FANZhen,LINJing,LIUPing,CHENGWen.
*DepartmentofNeurology,People’sHospitalofDeyangCity,DeyangSichuan618000,China
Corresponding author:YI Xingyang,Email:yixingyang64@126.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of aspirin resistance (AR) in patients with cerebral infarction, and the correlation between cyclooxygenase(COX) genetic polymorphisms and their interaction with AR. MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 634 patients with cerebral infarction in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and People’s Hospital of Deyang City from Aug 2009 to Aug 2011. Aspirin was administrated to every patient from the first day of admission. Platelet aggregation testing was performed after 7-10 days of aspirin administration to screen the patients with AR or aspirin sensitive (AS). COX-1(rs1236913,rs3842787) and COX-2(rs689466, rs20417) genetic polymorphisms were measured by using mass spectrometry. Gene-gene interactions were analyzed by using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) analysis. Logistic regression was performed to find independent risk factors of AR. ResultsAmong 634 patients,AR was detected in 129 patients (20.35%), aspirin semi-resistance (ASR) was detected in 28 patients (4.42%), and AS was detected in 477 patients (75.23%). There were no significant differences in the genotype distributions of the 4 genetic polymorphisms between the AR group and AS group by using single-locus analytical approach. However, the GMDR analysis showed a significant gene-gene interaction among rs3842787 and rs20417, and scored 10 for Cross-Validation Consistency and 9 for Sign Test (P= 0.0116). Diabetes mellitus (OR=2.16, 95%CI: 1.25-4.67,P<0.01), and the gene-gene interaction among rs3842787 and rs20417 (OR=2.51, 95%CI: 1.38-5.96,P<0.01) were independent risk factors of AR. ConclusionsThe incidence of AR is high in Chinese patients with cerebral infarction. The gene-gene interaction among rs3842787 and rs20417 may confer higher risk for AR. The combinatorial analysis used in this study may be helpful to elucidate mechanisms for AR.
aspirin resistance; cerebral infarction; cyclooxygenase; genetic polymorphisms; generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction
10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2016.05.010
成都中醫(yī)藥科大學(xué)?;鹳Y助項(xiàng)目(YYZX1510)
618000 德陽市人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(易興陽、范真、劉平、成文);325200 溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(周強(qiáng)、林靜)
易興陽,Email:yixingyang64@126.com
R379.41文獻(xiàn)識別碼:A
1006-2963(2016)05-0351-06
2016-03-18)