劉 輝,李 成,耿瑞慧
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藏區(qū)高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警執(zhí)勤官兵腎臟功能的影響
劉輝1,李成1,耿瑞慧2
目的了解藏區(qū)高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警執(zhí)勤官兵腎臟功能的影響,全面提升衛(wèi)勤保障水平。方法選取90例駐于海拔高度約4300 m地區(qū)及100例駐于海拔高度約3200 m地區(qū)的來自平原地帶(海拔高度約50 m)的武警某部執(zhí)勤1年的男性官兵作為研究對(duì)象,分別于進(jìn)藏前,進(jìn)藏后6、12個(gè)月,以及撤離高原6個(gè)月時(shí)進(jìn)行血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白(urine micro-albumin, MALB)測(cè)定。應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。結(jié)果兩組官兵的血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及MALB在進(jìn)藏6、12個(gè)月時(shí)均高于進(jìn)藏前(P<0.05),且12個(gè)月時(shí)[高、低海拔組MALB分別為(12.50±2.33)mg/L和(11.43±2.70)mg/L]明顯高于6個(gè)月時(shí)[高、低海拔組MALB分別為(10.66±1.95) mg/L和(9.91±2.75)mg/L]水平(P<0.05);在進(jìn)藏6、12個(gè)月時(shí)高海拔組各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)與低海拔組相比,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),高海拔組明顯高于低海拔組(P<0.05);撤離6個(gè)月與進(jìn)藏前比較,各個(gè)指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論隨著海拔高度的升高,武警高原地區(qū)執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)官兵的血尿素、肌酐、尿酸及MALB水平增高。高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)官兵的腎臟功能可產(chǎn)生較大影響;當(dāng)脫離該環(huán)境后,其功能可逐漸改善。
武警官兵;高原;腎臟功能;執(zhí)勤
近年來,為保持西藏地區(qū)的社會(huì)安定與民族團(tuán)結(jié),越來越多的武警執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)擔(dān)負(fù)起維護(hù)西藏地區(qū)穩(wěn)定的光榮使命。然而,西藏特殊的地理環(huán)境給執(zhí)勤官兵的身心健康造成了極大的影響,直接關(guān)系著武警執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)的戰(zhàn)斗力。為了解高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警駐藏執(zhí)勤官兵健康狀況的影響,以便能更好地提供有效的衛(wèi)勤保障,筆者對(duì)2014-04至2015-04武警某部駐藏執(zhí)勤官兵的腎臟功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)和研究。
1.1對(duì)象選取來自平原地區(qū)(海拔高度約50 m)的武警現(xiàn)役某部駐西藏高原地區(qū)執(zhí)勤1年的男性官兵作為研究對(duì)象。其中, 駐于海拔高度約4300米地區(qū)執(zhí)勤的官兵作為高海拔組,共90例,平均(20.1±2.4)歲;駐于海拔高度約3200米地區(qū)的作為低海拔組,共計(jì)100例,平均 (19.9±2.1)歲。兩組在年齡、民族等一般情況上無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差別。所有對(duì)象均無肝腎疾病、糖尿病、高血壓、精神及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病。
1.2方法兩組均于進(jìn)藏前,進(jìn)藏后6、12個(gè)月,以及撤離高原6個(gè)月后進(jìn)行血尿素、肌酐、尿酸及尿微量白蛋白測(cè)定。
1.2.1血標(biāo)本清晨空腹采集靜脈血,分離血清標(biāo)本后,進(jìn)行血尿素、肌酐、尿酸檢測(cè)。采用儀器和試劑為深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司BS-480全自動(dòng)生化分析儀及配套試劑盒。
1.2.2尿標(biāo)本清晨空腹采血的同時(shí)留取中段尿10 ml,離心后取上清液,使用北京尚精光電技術(shù)有限公司OET-N10特定蛋白分析儀及配套試劑盒檢測(cè)尿微量白蛋白。所有指標(biāo)檢測(cè)均嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作。
不論是高海拔組,還是低海拔組,執(zhí)勤官兵血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白在進(jìn)駐高原6、12個(gè)月時(shí)測(cè)試值均高于進(jìn)藏前的測(cè)試值(P<0.05),且12個(gè)月明顯高于6個(gè)月的水平(P<0.05);而撤離高原6個(gè)月后,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均下降,與進(jìn)藏前相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。另外,進(jìn)駐高原6、12個(gè)月時(shí),高海拔組各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的測(cè)試值均高于低海拔組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表1)。
表1 藏區(qū)高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警執(zhí)勤官兵腎臟功能的影響 ±s)
注:與低海拔組比較,①P<0.05,②P<0.01;與進(jìn)藏前比較,③P<0.05 ,④P<0.01;與進(jìn)藏6個(gè)月比較,⑤P<0.05,⑥P<0.01。UREA為血尿素,Cr為肌酐,UA為尿酸,MALB為尿微量白蛋白
西藏地理環(huán)境特殊,其特點(diǎn)為海拔高、低氧低氣壓、寒冷干燥、紫外線輻射強(qiáng)、氣候多變等,而高原惡劣環(huán)境可對(duì)部隊(duì)官兵的身心健康造成一定影響。高存友等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),急進(jìn)高原抗震救災(zāi)官兵的SCL-90的軀體化、焦慮、睡眠飲食因子得分和總均分明顯偏高,心率和呼吸頻率增快, 舒張壓、收縮壓升高,血氧飽和度降低。孫婧等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),高原低氧環(huán)境下軍事訓(xùn)練對(duì)武警新兵的微循環(huán)功能下降,血容量明顯減少。參加藏區(qū)執(zhí)勤的武警部隊(duì)官兵多來自平原地帶,陌生的環(huán)境、特殊的氣候?qū)ζ浣】档挠绊懽饔每赡芨螅讚p害部隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)斗力。通過對(duì)武警駐藏執(zhí)勤官兵的腎臟功能進(jìn)行檢測(cè),可以了解高原地區(qū)執(zhí)勤武警官兵的健康狀況,從而更有針對(duì)性改善和增強(qiáng)武警高原執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)的衛(wèi)勤保障能力。
血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白是反映腎臟功能的主要指標(biāo)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,武警執(zhí)勤官兵進(jìn)駐高原6、12個(gè)月時(shí)其血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白均高于未到達(dá)西藏高原時(shí),且隨著駐扎時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸升高;當(dāng)脫離該環(huán)境后,其腎臟功能可逐漸改善,撤離6個(gè)月后可基本恢復(fù)至進(jìn)藏前水平。結(jié)果表明,高原環(huán)境對(duì)武警高原執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)官兵的健康可產(chǎn)生較大影響。在高海拔地區(qū),缺氧是導(dǎo)致腎臟功能改變的重要原因。Mazzali等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),缺氧6 h即可引起腎小管間質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖、骨橋蛋白表達(dá)、巨噬細(xì)胞滲入,從而導(dǎo)致腎臟皮質(zhì)及外髓的炎性反應(yīng)和增生。缺氧可誘導(dǎo)腎素-血管緊張素系統(tǒng)釋放血管緊張素Ⅱ,從而引起腎血管收縮、血流灌注不足,腎小球毛細(xì)血管壓力增高、濾過功能障礙。同時(shí),通過轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(Transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)誘導(dǎo)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞凋亡和上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,導(dǎo)致腎間質(zhì)纖維化、腎小管功能障礙以及蛋白尿[4]。低氧可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體ATP生成減少,細(xì)胞胞漿Ca2+濃度升高,激活蛋白酶A,促使黃嘌呤脫氫酶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)辄S嘌呤氧化酶,氧化增多的次黃嘌呤產(chǎn)生尿酸;增強(qiáng)磷酸果糖激酶活性,糖酵解過程加強(qiáng),乳酸生成增多,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)抑制血尿酸的排泄,導(dǎo)致尿酸升高。
趙順云等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),南極考察隊(duì)員在西藏高原和南極高原不同海拔下血氧飽和度、心率有明顯的變化,且隨著海拔的升高,高原反應(yīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸增加。王琰等[6]對(duì)從平原進(jìn)駐海拔3700 m和5380 m 3個(gè)月的某部官兵的血尿素氮、肌酐、尿酸及胱抑素C進(jìn)行了檢測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)高原組檢測(cè)指標(biāo)均明顯高于平原組。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,高海拔組官兵的血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白在駐扎6、12個(gè)月時(shí)均高于低海拔組,但撤離高原6個(gè)月時(shí)兩組間無明顯差異。其原因可能為:隨著海拔高度的升高,氣壓和氧含量進(jìn)一步降低,而低壓缺氧可以誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體內(nèi)低氧誘導(dǎo)因子(Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α,HIF-1α)表達(dá)上調(diào),其表達(dá)水平與海拔和組織損傷呈正相關(guān),在調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體氧氣供給和細(xì)胞代謝間起著重要作用;同時(shí),HIF-1α還可促使誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(inducible Nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)產(chǎn)生增加,從而加重組織缺血再灌注損傷[7]。此外,為適應(yīng)惡劣的高原環(huán)境,機(jī)體與低氧有關(guān)的基因在不同海拔地區(qū)的表達(dá)水平不同[8],這都會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同海拔武警執(zhí)勤官兵的檢測(cè)指標(biāo)有所不同。
武警藏區(qū)執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)官兵的身體健康直接決定著執(zhí)勤任務(wù)的完成。因此,及時(shí)掌握?qǐng)?zhí)勤部隊(duì)官兵的健康情況,特別是重要臟器的功能,更顯得尤為重要。我們通過檢測(cè)執(zhí)勤官兵不同時(shí)期的血尿素、肌酐、尿酸,以及尿微量白蛋白水平,掌握動(dòng)態(tài)變化,才能更好地指導(dǎo)官兵開展自我防護(hù),熟悉高原生活訓(xùn)練的注意事項(xiàng),全面提升駐藏執(zhí)勤部隊(duì)衛(wèi)勤保障水平。
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(2015-09-21收稿2015-12-11修回)
(責(zé)任編輯武建虎)
Impact of plateau environment safeguarding Armed Police officers’ and soldiers’ kidney function
LIU Hui1, LI Cheng1, and GENG Ruihui2.
1.Preventive Health Care Section, General Headquarters Outpatient Department Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Beijing 100089, China; 2. Department of Medicine, The 8640 Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Dingzhou 073000, China
ObjectiveWe investigated the impact of Tibet plateau envirounment on Armed Police officer’,and soldiers kidney function in order to provide fourther effective hygienic service.Methods90 and 100 Armed Police officers and soldiers, who had come from the plain with an altitude of about 50 m and had arrived at about 4300 m and 3200 m altitude for 1 year, were recruited as our subjects. We examined their blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and urine micro-albumin 6 and 12 months after arrived in Tibet, and 6 months after departure. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0.ResultsThe blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and urine micro-albumin at 6 and 12 months were all higher than those at arriving in Tibet and 6 months after departure (P<0.05). The data of staying for 12 months [urine micro-albumin in high and low altitude groups were (12.50±2.33)mg/L and(11.43±2.70)mg/L] were significantly higher than those of staying for 6 months[urine micro-albumin in high and low altitude groups were (10.66±1.95) mg/L and(9.91±2.75)mg/L] (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between 6 months after departure and at arriving in Tibet. At staying for 6 and 12 months, the blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and urine micro-albumin in the two groups had significant difference(P<0.05). The indexes in higer altitude groups were remarkably higher than those in lower altitude groups (P<0.05), meanwhile, no significant differences were found between at arriving in Tibet and 6 months after departure.ConclusionsWith the elevation of altitude, the levels of Armed Police soldiers’ blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and urine micro-albumin were raising. The plateau had deeply impact on kidney function of Armed Police Soldiers in the plateau area and the function of the soldiers could improved step by step after breaking away from the surroundings.
Armed Police Soldiers; plateau; kidney function; on duty
劉輝,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師。
1.100089北京,武警總部機(jī)關(guān)門診部保健科;2.073000定州,武警8640部隊(duì)醫(yī)院內(nèi)一科
耿瑞慧,E-mail: grh_2342@126.com
R825