倪建龍 時(shí)志斌 黨曉謙 王坤正
關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療后交叉韌帶脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的療效觀察
倪建龍 時(shí)志斌 黨曉謙 王坤正
目的 探討關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療后交叉韌帶(posterior cruciate1igment,PCL)脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的手術(shù)方法及臨床療效。方法 2014 年 6 月至 2015 年10 月,采用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折18 例,其中男10 例,女 8 例,平均年齡(32.5±8.7)歲。術(shù)中常規(guī)建立前內(nèi)、前外、后內(nèi)及高位后內(nèi)側(cè)入路探查關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)損傷情況,經(jīng)雙后內(nèi)側(cè)入路清理復(fù)位 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折,使用 PCL 重建脛骨導(dǎo)向器于脛骨骨折塊兩側(cè)由前向后各建立一 4.5 mm 骨道,雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)于 PCL 脛骨端環(huán)繞打結(jié),使用抓線(xiàn)器經(jīng)骨道分別將縫線(xiàn)兩端拉出,于脛骨前方打結(jié)固定。術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)患者骨折復(fù)位情況、骨折愈合時(shí)間及膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度,并使用 Lysholm 及 IKDC 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)情況。結(jié)果本組18 例均獲得隨訪(fǎng),隨訪(fǎng) 8~24 個(gè)月,平均(14.2±3.2)個(gè)月。術(shù)后復(fù)查 X 線(xiàn)及 CT 顯示所有患者骨折復(fù)位滿(mǎn)意,骨折均順利愈合,平均愈合時(shí)間 2.5 個(gè)月。所有患者術(shù)后后抽屜試驗(yàn)均陰性,1 例因功能鍛煉未及時(shí),殘留15° 屈膝受限,余患者無(wú)屈伸活動(dòng)受限,平均屈膝活動(dòng)度為(135.5±3.5)°。Lysholm 評(píng)分從術(shù)前(37.8± 3.5)分增加至(95.6±3.2)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);IKDC 評(píng)分從術(shù)前(54.7±6.5)分增加至(95.2±4.5)分,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。結(jié)論 關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,固定可靠,功能恢復(fù)快,無(wú)需二次手術(shù),是一種療效令人滿(mǎn)意的方法。
后交叉韌帶;關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折;關(guān)節(jié)鏡;骨折愈合
后交叉韌帶(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折是一種特殊類(lèi)型的 PCL 損傷,多因脛骨近端前側(cè)遭受向后的直接應(yīng)力所致[1]。治療上根據(jù)骨折塊的大小,以往多采取保守治療或切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,前者易致膝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬或不穩(wěn),而后者的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大。隨著關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,鏡下治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折逐漸成為新的選擇[2]。2014 年 6 月至 2015 年10 月,我院采用全關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折患者18 例,術(shù)后療效滿(mǎn)意,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
一、一般資料
本組18 例,其中男10 例,女 8 例;年齡18~51 歲,平均年齡(32.5±8.7)歲;右膝11 例,左膝7 例。受傷原因:車(chē)禍傷12 例,高處墜落傷 4 例,自行摔傷 2 例;所有患者均為新鮮傷,受傷至手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間為 4~18 天,平均 8.5 天;所有患者入院后均完善 X 線(xiàn)、CT 及 MRI 檢查,骨折移位均>5 mm;骨折分型[2]:II 型11 例,III 型 7 例;所有患者術(shù)前后抽屜試驗(yàn)均陽(yáng)性,6 例合并半月板損傷,3 例合并內(nèi)側(cè)副韌帶 I 度損傷。
二、手術(shù)方法
硬膜外麻醉后,患者取仰臥位,大腿根部安裝氣壓止血帶,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,膝關(guān)節(jié)置于屈曲90° 位。建立常規(guī)前內(nèi)側(cè)及前外側(cè)入路,按次序檢查整個(gè)關(guān)節(jié),治療合并傷。將鏡頭自前外側(cè)入路,經(jīng) PCL 和股骨內(nèi)髁間隙插入后內(nèi)側(cè)間室,監(jiān)視下建立常規(guī)后內(nèi)側(cè)入路和高位后內(nèi)側(cè)入路,經(jīng)高位后內(nèi)側(cè)入路插入刮匙、刨刀,清理骨床。通過(guò)交換棒將鏡頭更換至高位后內(nèi)側(cè)入路,自后內(nèi)側(cè)入路插入刨刀,清理對(duì)骨折顯露和復(fù)位有影響的部分后縱隔,并用探勾試復(fù)位骨折。在脛骨結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)做一長(zhǎng)約2 cm 切口,自前內(nèi)側(cè)入路插入 PCL 脛骨隧道定位器,從脛骨結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)向脛骨后側(cè)、撕脫骨折骨床下部的腓側(cè)緣打入直徑 2.5 mm 克氏針,再利用定位器,從脛骨結(jié)節(jié)外側(cè)向脛骨后側(cè)、撕脫骨折骨床下部的脛側(cè)打入直徑 2.5 mm 克氏針。沿 2 根克氏針用4.5 mm 鉆頭鉆通,完成骨道制備。保留交換棒,將鏡頭從前內(nèi)側(cè)入路進(jìn)入,從前外側(cè)入路進(jìn)器械,于PCL 中段,緊貼 PCL 外側(cè)緣分離板股韌帶和 PCL。將雙股 5 號(hào) ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)穿入 PCL 股骨隧道定位器,在高位后內(nèi)側(cè)入路監(jiān)視下,使用股骨定位器尾端從前外側(cè)入路,經(jīng)板股韌帶和 PCL 之間,將雙股ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)送入膝關(guān)節(jié)后間室,自后內(nèi)側(cè)入路使用抓線(xiàn)器將雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)一頭拉出。再將股骨定位器退至前間室,經(jīng) PCL 內(nèi)側(cè)和股骨髁間凹內(nèi)側(cè)壁之間,將雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)送入膝關(guān)節(jié)后間室,自后內(nèi)側(cè)入路使用抓線(xiàn)器將雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)另一頭拉出。經(jīng)后內(nèi)側(cè)入路,將雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)在韌帶后側(cè)、骨塊上方打半結(jié)系扎,綁扎 PCL 和止點(diǎn)撕脫骨塊。經(jīng)已制備好的脛骨隧道,使用抓線(xiàn)器將雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)兩頭分別拉出,由助手拉緊,在鏡下再用探勾調(diào)整骨塊復(fù)位及縫線(xiàn)位置,同時(shí)做前抽屜試驗(yàn),保證骨塊復(fù)位滿(mǎn)意后于脛骨前內(nèi)側(cè)打結(jié)并與周?chē)浗M織縫合固定?;顒?dòng)膝關(guān)節(jié),并再次檢查骨塊復(fù)位情況、韌帶張力及膝關(guān)節(jié)后向穩(wěn)定性。
三、術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后第1~2 周用支具固定在膝關(guān)節(jié)伸直位,進(jìn)行股四頭肌和繩肌等長(zhǎng)收縮訓(xùn)練和髕骨內(nèi)推活動(dòng)。第 3~6 周開(kāi)始漸進(jìn)的膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度訓(xùn)練,術(shù)后6 周屈膝達(dá)到或者超過(guò)120°。第 3 周開(kāi)始本體感覺(jué)功能訓(xùn)練。術(shù)后 6~8 周開(kāi)始扶單拐行走,術(shù)后 8 周可棄拐行走。術(shù)后 3 個(gè)月屈伸應(yīng)恢復(fù)正常,進(jìn)行膝關(guān)節(jié)靈活性訓(xùn)練。術(shù)后 6 個(gè)月可恢復(fù)術(shù)前運(yùn)動(dòng)。
四、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
本組18 例由同一手術(shù)醫(yī)生完成,手術(shù)時(shí)間 40~90 min,平均(70.3±10.6)min。本組無(wú)一例術(shù)中發(fā)生神經(jīng)及血管損傷。本組18 例均獲得隨訪(fǎng),隨訪(fǎng)8~24 個(gè)月,平均(14.2±3.2)個(gè)月。術(shù)后復(fù)查 X 線(xiàn)及 CT 顯示所有患者骨折復(fù)位滿(mǎn)意,骨折均順利愈合,愈合時(shí)間為 2~3.5 個(gè)月,平均(2.5±0.3)個(gè)月。所有患者術(shù)后后抽屜試驗(yàn)均陰性,1 例因功能鍛煉未及時(shí),殘留15° 屈膝受限,余患者無(wú)屈伸活動(dòng)受限,屈膝活動(dòng)度為120°~145°,平均(135.5± 3.5)°。Lysholm 膝關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分[3]85~98 分,平均(95.6±3.2)分,與術(shù)前(37.8±3.5)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),國(guó)際膝關(guān)節(jié)文獻(xiàn)委員會(huì)評(píng)分(the international knee documentation committee knee uation form,IKDC)[4]評(píng)分為 87~97 分,平均(95.2±4.5)分,與術(shù)前(54.7±6.5)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。典型病例見(jiàn)圖1~4。
圖1 患者,女,33 歲,右膝 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折 a:術(shù)前右膝正側(cè)位 X 線(xiàn)片,示骨折塊;b:術(shù)前右膝 MRI,示撕脫骨折部位;c:術(shù)前右膝三維重建 CT,示骨折塊移位Fig.1 Female patient,33y,PCL avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion of the right knee a: The preoperative anterioposterior and lateral X-ray films of the right knee,and pointed to the fracture; b: The preoperative MRI films of the right knee,and pointed to the avulsion fracture; c: The preoperative 3 D reconstruction CT of the right knee,and pointed to the dislocated fracture
PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折臨床較常見(jiàn),多發(fā)生于成人,兒童少見(jiàn)。由于 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折大多數(shù)情況下只累及脛骨后陷窩底部的骨質(zhì),在骨折移位程度不嚴(yán)重的情況下,很可能會(huì)漏診,而處理不當(dāng)也容易導(dǎo)致 PCL 功能不全,甚至膝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定而過(guò)早退變[5]。隨著 CT 及 MRI 等檢查的普及,漏診率越來(lái)越低,同時(shí)大家也越來(lái)越重視 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的治療[6-7]。對(duì)移位超過(guò) 5 mm 的 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折需要手術(shù)復(fù)位固定,恢復(fù) PCL 的張力和膝關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性,這一觀點(diǎn)已形成共識(shí)[8-9]。
在治療方法上,以往對(duì)于移位的 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折多采取后路切開(kāi)復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,雖然有多種內(nèi)固定物的應(yīng)用和改良,但仍存在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大、不能同期處理關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)其它損傷、粉碎骨折難以固定、二次手術(shù)時(shí)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清等缺點(diǎn),而且也容易影響術(shù)后的功能鍛煉,導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)僵硬[10-11]。隨著關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的醫(yī)生開(kāi)始嘗試在關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折[12-14]。1995 年,Littlejohn 等[15]首次報(bào)道1 例關(guān)節(jié)鏡監(jiān)視下進(jìn)行 PCL撕脫骨折復(fù)位螺釘固定的病例。2001 年,Kim 等[16]首先報(bào)道了在關(guān)節(jié)鏡下采用縫線(xiàn)固定的方法治療PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折,臨床療效滿(mǎn)意,且早期手術(shù)較晚期手術(shù)效果好。國(guó)內(nèi)趙金忠等[17]在 2003 年也報(bào)道了關(guān)節(jié)鏡下縫線(xiàn)固定治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的方法,取得了滿(mǎn)意的療效。
圖2 患者術(shù)后影像學(xué)檢查 a:術(shù)后右膝正側(cè)位 X 線(xiàn)片,示骨折復(fù)位良好;b:術(shù)后右膝三維重建 CT,示骨折復(fù)位良好Fig.2 The patient’s postoperative imaging examination a: The postoperative anterioposterior and lateral X-ray films of the right knee,and pointed to good reduction of fractures; b: The postoperative 3 D reconstruction CT of the right knee,and pointed to good reduction of fractures
圖3 術(shù)后 3 個(gè)月患者膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸活動(dòng)正常 a:伸直位 0°;b:屈曲位130°Fig.3 The patient’s flexion and extension of the right knee were normal at 3 months postoperatively a: 0° at extension position; b:130° at flexion position
關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的關(guān)鍵是后間室骨折塊的顯露和復(fù)位。本組病例全部采用前內(nèi)、前外、后內(nèi)及高位后內(nèi)側(cè)四入路進(jìn)行鏡下操作,操作空間及便利性較高,術(shù)中視野較大,有利于骨折塊的顯露和復(fù)位。另外脛骨側(cè)骨道的建立的位置也十分重要,一般要求在骨折塊骨床的遠(yuǎn)腓端和遠(yuǎn)脛端,即 4∶30 和 7∶30 的位置,以形成對(duì)PCL 及骨折塊最好的復(fù)位和固定。本組病例全部采用雙股 5 號(hào) ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定,縫線(xiàn)強(qiáng)度大、費(fèi)用低廉,無(wú)需二次手術(shù),2 根縫線(xiàn)系扎韌帶實(shí)質(zhì)部并左右交叉呈 8 字張力帶固定,固定可靠且避免骨折塊翹起。本組患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、Lysholm 和 IKDC 評(píng)分均較術(shù)前明顯改善,與其它報(bào)道結(jié)果類(lèi)似[18-20]。
隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)及關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,全關(guān)節(jié)鏡下治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折的優(yōu)勢(shì)越來(lái)越明顯,它創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、可同時(shí)處理關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)其它合并損傷,是目前治療的趨勢(shì)。
綜上所述,關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙股 ETHIBOND 線(xiàn)固定治療 PCL 脛骨止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折是一種臨床療效滿(mǎn)意,值得推廣的方法。
圖4 術(shù)后 6 個(gè)月及12 個(gè)月患者膝關(guān)節(jié)X 線(xiàn)片,均提示骨折復(fù)位及愈合良好 a:術(shù)后 6 個(gè)月;b:術(shù)后12 個(gè)月Fig.4 The patient’s anterioposterior and lateral X-ray films of the right knee at 6 and12 months postoperatively showed the reduction and healing of fractures were good a: At 6 months postoperatively; b: At12 months postoperatively
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(本文編輯:王萌)
Clinical observation of knee arthroscopy with double ETHIBOND sutures in the treatment of tibial avulsionfractures of the posterior cruciate ligament
NI Jian-long,SHI Zhi-bin,DANG Xiao-qian,WANG Kun-zheng.The second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an,Shaanxi,710004,PRC
WANG Kun-zheng,Email: wangkz1955@163.com
Objective To study the surgical method and clinical results of knee arthroscopy with double ETHIBOND sutures in the treatment of tibial avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate1igment(PCL).Methods From June 2014 to October 2015,a total of18 patients with PCL tibial avulsion fractures who were treated with double ETHIBOND sutures under knee arthroscopy were enrolled.There were10 males and 8 females,whose mean age was(32.5 ± 8.7)years old.Anteromedial,anterolateral,posteromedial and high posteromedial portals were built before the operation,which aimed to explore the knee joint.Both the avulsed bone block and the tibia bone bed were refreshed via the double posteromedial portals.The 2 bone tunnels(4.5 mm in diameter)was completed with the assistance of PCL director drill guide.Double ETHIBOND sutures were used during the reduction to fix the avulsed bone by double posteromedial portals.The sutures were pulled out through the 2 bone tunnels and tied in front of the tibia.Reduction and healing of the avulsion fractures and mobility degree of the knee were observed after the operation.Lysholm and the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form(IKDC)scores were calculated to evaluate the functional recovery of the knee.Results All the cases were followed up from 8 to 24 months,with an average of(14.2 ± 3.2)months.All the avulsion fracture healing was achiveved without displacement according to the X-ray and CT scanning,and the average healing time was 2.5 months.The posterior drawer test showed negative results in all the cases.The knee extension was unlimited,and15° flexion limitation was found in1 case due to delayed rehabilitation.The average range of flexion was(135.5 ± 3.5)°.The average Lysholm scores were increased from(37.8 ± 3.5)points to(95.6 ± 3.2)points(P < 0.001),and the average IKDC scores were increased from(54.7 ± 6.5)points to(95.2 ± 4.5)points(P < 0.001).The differences were statistically significant.Conclusions The method of kneearthroscopy with double ETHIBOND sutures in the treatment of tibial avulsion fractures of the PCL is minimally invasive,safe and reliable.It is helpful for early postoperative rehabilitation.The stability of the knee can be achieved without secondary operation.In conclusion,the curative results of this method are satisfactory.
Posterior cruciate1igment;Intra-articular fractures; Arthroscope;Fracture healing
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.10.004
R687.4
710004 西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院
王坤正,Email: wangkz1955@163.com
(2016-08-16)
中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志2016年10期