彭浩,宋立偉,周正,孫敬文,李濤
(煤炭總醫(yī)院,北京 100028)
?
乳腺癌患者血清CTGF、Six1水平觀察
彭浩,宋立偉,周正,孫敬文,李濤
(煤炭總醫(yī)院,北京 100028)
目的觀察乳腺癌患者血清結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(CTGF)及Six1水平的變化。方法 應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)方法檢測(cè)原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌組,60例)、乳腺良性疾病患者(乳腺良性疾病組,45例)和正常對(duì)照者(正常對(duì)照組,20例)血清CTGF、Six1。分析乳腺癌患者血清CTGF、Six1水平與乳腺癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系,及血清CTGF與Six1水平的關(guān)系。結(jié)果乳腺癌組、乳腺良性疾病組、正常對(duì)照組血清CTGF水平分別為(9.73±3.11)、(5.62±2.14)、(2.35±0.32)ng/mL,Six1水平分別為(6.68±2.26)、(3.74±0.85)、(1.96±0.38)ng/mL,乳腺癌組與乳腺良性疾病組、正常對(duì)照組比較,乳腺良性疾病組與正常對(duì)照組比較,P均<0.05。乳腺癌患者血清CTGF水平與腫瘤直徑、TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05),與年齡無關(guān)(P>0.05);血清Six1水平與TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05),與年齡、腫瘤直徑無關(guān)(P均>0.05)。乳腺癌患者血清CTGF與Six1水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.433,P<0.05)。結(jié)論乳腺癌患者血清CTGF、Six1水平升高,共同參與乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
乳腺癌;結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子;同源盒基因
乳腺癌是女性常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率以近20%的速度逐年遞增,嚴(yán)重危害女性的身心健康。腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展與相關(guān)基因?qū)δ[瘤細(xì)胞的調(diào)控密切相關(guān)。結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子(CTGF)是一種細(xì)胞間基質(zhì)蛋白,能刺激成纖維細(xì)胞增殖與分化,調(diào)節(jié)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附、遷移、凋亡等生物學(xué)行為[1]。Six1是同源盒基因Six家族成員之一,是一種在多種生物中均有表達(dá)且高度保守的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,可特異性調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),不僅參與調(diào)控胚胎的正常發(fā)育和器官形成,還與多種腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[2]。本研究觀察了乳腺癌患者血清CTGF及Six1水平的變化,并探討其意義。
1.1臨床資料選擇2014年1月~2015年12月煤炭總醫(yī)院收治的乳腺癌患者60例(乳腺癌組),均為女性,年齡34~71(45.2±6.7)歲,術(shù)前未經(jīng)放、化療和腫瘤生物治療。所有患者均經(jīng)術(shù)后病理診斷證實(shí),其中,浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌42例、髓樣癌5例、小葉癌7例、導(dǎo)管內(nèi)癌3例、黏液腺癌3例;根據(jù)AJCC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行TNM分期,Ⅰ期19例、Ⅱ期21例、Ⅲ期11例、Ⅳ期9例;按SBR標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行組織學(xué)分級(jí),G116例、G221例、G323例。收集同期乳腺良性疾病女性患者45例(乳腺良性疾病組),年齡27~56(42.4±5.4)歲,其中乳腺腺病25例、乳腺不典型增生5例、乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤8例、乳腺纖維瘤7例。選取同時(shí)期健康體檢無乳腺疾病的女性20例作為正常對(duì)照組,年齡28~60(43.7±4.5)歲。三組一般資料具有可比性。
1.2血清CTGF、Six1檢測(cè)方法乳腺癌組、乳腺良性疾病組患者血液標(biāo)本均于手術(shù)前空腹采集,正常對(duì)照組血液標(biāo)本于晨起空腹采集。每例采集靜脈血10 mL,經(jīng)3 000 r/min離心10 min,提取血清置于-80 ℃冰箱保存,集中待測(cè)。ELISA常規(guī)檢測(cè)血清CTGF、Six1,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作。實(shí)驗(yàn)所用CTGF ELISA試劑盒及Six1 ELISA試劑盒均購自北京易科攀博生物科技有限公司。
乳腺癌組、乳腺良性疾病組、正常對(duì)照組血清CTGF水平分別為(9.73±3.11)、(5.62±2.14)、(2.35±0.32)ng/mL,Six1水平分別為(6.68±2.26)、(3.74±0.85)、(1.96±0.38)ng/mL,乳腺癌組與乳腺良性疾病組、正常對(duì)照組比較,乳腺良性疾病組與正常對(duì)照組比較,P均<0.05。乳腺癌組血清CTGF水平與腫瘤直徑、TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05),與年齡無關(guān)(P>0.05);血清Six1水平與TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)(P均<0.05),與年齡、腫瘤直徑無關(guān)(P均>0.05)。血清CTGF、Six1水平與乳腺癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關(guān)系見表1。Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,乳腺癌患者血清CTGF與Six1水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.433,P<0.05)。
表1 血清CTGF、Six1水平與乳腺癌臨床病理
CTGF屬于CCN家族,其家族還包括Cyr61、Nov、elm1/WISP-1、HICP/WISP-2和WISP-3,已在人、小鼠、豬、牛、鵪鶉和蛙等多物種的組織中檢測(cè)到該家族成員的表達(dá)。CTGF基因定位于人染色體6q23上,其編碼的蛋白分子量約為38 ku,富含半胱氨酸,由成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞等分泌合成。正常生理狀態(tài)下,CTGF廣泛分布于心、肝、腎、肺、腦、胎盤等,在介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞黏附、促進(jìn)血管生成、刺激細(xì)胞遷移、促進(jìn)軟骨發(fā)生和骨骼發(fā)育及促進(jìn)組織纖維化等方面具有重要作用[1]。CTGF具有廣泛的生物學(xué)特性,在腫瘤病理方面有著復(fù)雜多樣的表現(xiàn)。近年研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),CTGF的表達(dá)異常與惡性腫瘤之間有著密切的相關(guān)性,在多種腫瘤中均有不同程度的表達(dá),如肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、骨肉瘤、血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤等。CTGF在腫瘤中的作用機(jī)制目前尚不明確,可能與腫瘤血管的生成和腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)有關(guān)。CTGF在不同的腫瘤組織中的分布不同,所起的生物學(xué)作用亦存在差異。在急性淋巴細(xì)胞性白血病、軟骨肉瘤、成肌纖維細(xì)胞性腫瘤、腦膠質(zhì)瘤等腫瘤中起正向調(diào)節(jié)作用,CTGF陽性表達(dá)者病情進(jìn)展較快,腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性較強(qiáng),患者的生存期短、預(yù)后差。而對(duì)另一些腫瘤,諸如結(jié)直腸癌、甲狀腺癌、肺癌、喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌等的生長(zhǎng)起抑制作用,CTGF陽性表達(dá)者病情發(fā)展緩慢,腫瘤細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)轉(zhuǎn)移能力較弱,患者的生存期長(zhǎng)、預(yù)后較好[4~7]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌患者血清CTGF水平明顯高于乳腺良性疾病組和正常對(duì)照組;乳腺癌患者中,血清CTGF水平增高與年齡沒有明顯的關(guān)系,而與腫瘤大小、TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。研究結(jié)果提示CTGF參與了腫瘤的正向調(diào)節(jié)過程,在腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起促進(jìn)作用。研究[8,9]發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌中CTGF過度表達(dá),與病程、腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),這與本研究結(jié)論相符。然而,在有關(guān)乳腺癌細(xì)胞株培養(yǎng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)[10]中卻發(fā)現(xiàn),CTGF的表達(dá)上調(diào)導(dǎo)致乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡加劇。關(guān)于CTGF在乳腺癌中的作用和機(jī)制還存在許多爭(zhēng)議,但目前更多的研究結(jié)果支持CTGF對(duì)腫瘤的正向調(diào)節(jié)作用。CTGF在乳腺癌中正向調(diào)控的機(jī)制主要有以下幾種:①促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖遷移,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,誘導(dǎo)新生血管形成等;②誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,促進(jìn)膠原纖維基質(zhì)沉積,刺激腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移;③通過HIF1激活來促進(jìn)癌相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞惡變[11,12]。
Six是同源盒基因家族中重要的成員之一,其家族有6個(gè)亞家族,在人、小鼠、雞、魚、果蠅等多種生物體內(nèi)均有Six的表達(dá)。Six1基因定位于人染色體14q23上,其編碼的蛋白是由一個(gè)同源異型結(jié)構(gòu)域、Six結(jié)構(gòu)域、氨基端和羧基端組成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。Six1廣泛分布于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、耳、眼、肌肉和腎臟等多種組織器官,通過與DNA特定結(jié)合來調(diào)控下游基因的表達(dá),在細(xì)胞增殖與組織發(fā)育過程中起關(guān)鍵作用[13]。隨著對(duì)其生物學(xué)功能研究的逐步深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)Six1不僅能調(diào)控胚胎細(xì)胞分化發(fā)育,還能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增值、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。研究表明,Six1通過激活Cyclin D1、Cyclin A1和c-myc等一系列下游基因以調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期,在促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和增值中起重要作用。Six1調(diào)控異常與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān),在人類的多種正常組織中Six1表達(dá)較低,而在多種腫瘤如卵巢癌、子宮癌、結(jié)直腸癌、骨肉瘤等中異常高表達(dá),促進(jìn)這些腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移以及上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,對(duì)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移起到了促進(jìn)作用[14]。王彤等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),Six1蛋白陽性表達(dá)率在正常子宮頸組織、子宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變組織、子宮頸癌組織中依次增加,子宮頸癌組織中Six1蛋白陽性表達(dá)率明顯高于子宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變組織及正常子宮頸組織,Six1蛋白陽性表達(dá)率與腫瘤體積、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及血行轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),提示Six1與子宮頸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),可能成為評(píng)估子宮頸癌侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移性的分子學(xué)指標(biāo)。Emadi-Baygi等[16]研究顯示,彌漫型胃癌組織中Six1基因呈高表達(dá),且表達(dá)水平隨著組織學(xué)分級(jí)增高而逐漸上升,與預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。Jin等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)Six1在乳腺癌組織中表達(dá)率(61.8%)明顯高于導(dǎo)管原位癌(23.1%)和正常乳腺組織(6.7%),Six1高表達(dá)與臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、Her2表達(dá)狀態(tài)和無病生存期(DFS)和5年總生存期(OS)等有關(guān)。Six1高表達(dá)與乳腺癌預(yù)后不良有關(guān)。國(guó)內(nèi)目前有關(guān)Six1在乳腺癌中的作用研究少有報(bào)道。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌患者血清Six1水平明顯高于乳腺良性疾病患者及正常對(duì)照者,且乳腺良性疾病患者血清Six1水平也高于正常對(duì)照者,提示Six1可能參與了乳腺組織惡變的整個(gè)發(fā)展過程。這與宋冠華等[18]在胰腺癌研究中所得結(jié)論有相似之處,其研究顯示胰腺癌組織、良性腺瘤組織中Six1基因的表達(dá)顯著高于癌旁組織,提示Six1表達(dá)是胰腺癌發(fā)生的早期事件,可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤向惡性發(fā)展。在正常組織、良性病變(或低級(jí)別惡性腫瘤)、腫瘤組織(或高級(jí)別惡性腫瘤)中Six1表達(dá)呈階梯狀上類似升表現(xiàn)亦可見于其他組織器官,提示Six1參與了腫瘤的發(fā)生,也在隨后的腫瘤增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要的作用。Six1基因參與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程,其機(jī)制主要有誘導(dǎo)上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)惡變、調(diào)控TGF-β信號(hào)通路、與SMAD通路協(xié)同調(diào)節(jié)VEGF-C表達(dá)、激活Wnt轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路等[19,20]。Cyclin A1是Six1的下游效應(yīng)分子,乳腺上皮細(xì)胞過表達(dá)Six1基因可導(dǎo)致Cyclin A1的表達(dá)升高而加速細(xì)胞增殖,基因組DNA穩(wěn)定性降低,還可以通過調(diào)控Cyclin A2和c-myc等促進(jìn)乳腺癌干細(xì)胞增生,在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起重要作用[21]。本研究進(jìn)一步分析了Six1與乳腺癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Six1水平與患者的年齡及腫瘤的大小無關(guān),而與TNM分期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。提示Six1參與了乳腺癌發(fā)展的過程,與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),Six1可否作為評(píng)測(cè)乳腺癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移高危風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的因素之一尚需大樣本及更深層的研究。
CTGF促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移有賴于其他因子的相互作用,如TGF-β1、TNF等。Tian等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Six1可以通過上調(diào)CTGF的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的增殖和侵襲。本研究中,乳腺癌患者血清CTGF與Six1水平呈正相關(guān)性,提示在乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,兩者存在協(xié)同表達(dá)關(guān)系,在發(fā)揮各自生物學(xué)作用的同時(shí),相互促進(jìn),共同參與了乳腺癌的增殖及侵襲過程。本實(shí)驗(yàn)歷時(shí)尚短,CTGF及Six1與DFS、OS等乳腺癌遠(yuǎn)期療效指標(biāo)的關(guān)系有待隨訪后進(jìn)一步分析。
綜上所述,乳腺癌患者血清CTGF、Six1水平升高,二者共同促進(jìn)乳腺癌的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移。
[1] 何剛,陳力.CTGF在肺癌中的研究進(jìn)展[J].世界科技研究與發(fā)展,2013,35(5):641-643.
[2] Wu W, Ren Z, Li P, et al. Six1: a critical transcription factor in tumorigenesis[J]. Int J Cancer, 2015,136(6):1245-1253.
[3] 關(guān)天培,余勝,陶厚權(quán).結(jié)締組織生長(zhǎng)因子在腫瘤中的作用及胃癌中研究進(jìn)展[J].腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2013,19(7):527-511.
[4] Chu CY, Chang CC, Prakash E, et al. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cancer progression[J]. J Biomed Sci, 2008,15(6):675-685.
[5] Planque N, Perbal B. A structural approach to the role of CCN (CYR61/CTGF/NOV) proteins in tumourigenesis[J]. Cancer Cell Int, 2003,3(1):15.
[6] Moritani NH, Kubota S, Nishida T, et al. Suppressive effect of overexpressed connective tissue growth factor on tumor cell growth in a human oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line[J]. Cancer Lett, 2003,192(2):205-214.
[7] Shakunaga T, Ozaki T, Ohara N, et al. Expression of connective tissue growth factor in cartilaginous tumors[J]. Cancer, 2000,89(7):1466-1473.
[8] Franzier KS, Grotendorst GR. Expression of connective tissue growth factor mRNA in the stroma of mammary tumors[J]. Int J Biochem Biol, 1997,29(1):153-161.
[9] Xie D, Nakachi K, Wang H, et al. Elevated levels of connective tissue growth factor, WISP-1, and CYR61 in primary breast cancers associated with more advanced features[J]. Canser Res, 2001,61(61):8917-8923.
[10] Hishikawa K, Oemar BS, Tanner FC, et al. Connective tissue growth factor induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7[J]. J Biol Chem, 1999,274(52):37461-37466.
[11] Zhu X, Zhong J, Zhao Z, et al. Epithelial derived CTGF promotes breast tumor progression via inducing EMT and collagen I fibers deposition[J]. Oncotarget, 2015,6(28):25320-25338.
[12] Capparelli C, Whitaker-Menezes D, Guido C, et al. CTGF drives autophagy, glycolysis and senescence in cancer-associated fibroblasts via HIF1 activation, metabolically promoting tumor growth[J]. Cell Cycle, 2012,11(12):2272-2284.
[13] Del Bene F, Wittbrodt J. Cell cycle control by homeobox genes in development and disease[J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2005,16(3):449-460.
[14] Del Bene F, Wittbrodt J. Cell cycle control by homeobox genes in development and disease[J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 2005,16(3):449-460.
[15] 王彤,樸龍鎮(zhèn),崔雪蓮,等.Six1在宮頸癌組織中的表達(dá)及意義[J].天津醫(yī)藥,2015,43(3):249-252.
[16] Emadi-Baygi M, Nikpour P, Emadi-Andani E. SIX1 overexpression in diffuse-type and grade Ⅲ gastric tumors: Features that are associated with poor prognosis[J]. Adv Biomed Res, 2015,4:139.
[17] Jin H, Cui M, Kong J, et al. Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 protein is associated with breast cancer progression and survival outcome[J]. Exp Mol Pathol, 2014,97(2):247-252.
[18] 宋冠華,崔亞洲,韓金祥.胰腺癌組織Six1表達(dá)及其臨床意義的研究[J].中華腫瘤防治雜志,2009,16(9):683-686.
[19] Liu D, Li L, Zhang XX, et al. SIX1 promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis by coordinating TGFβ signals that increase expression of VEGF-C[J]. Cancer Res, 2014,74(19):5597-5607.
[20] Eisner A, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Durresi E, et al. The Eya1 phosphatase promotes Shh signaling during hindbrain development and oncogenesis[J]. Dev Cell, 2015,33(1):22-35.
[21] Wang CA, Jedlicka P, Patrick AN, et al. SIX1 induce lymphangiogenesis and metastasis via upregulation of VEGF-C in mouse models of breast canser[J]. J Clin Invest, 2012,122(5):1895-1906.
[22] Tian T, Li A, Lu H, et al. Six1 promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion by upregulation of connective tissue growth factor[J]. Am J Cancer Res, 2015,5(5):1823-1830.
Expression levels of serum CTGF and Six1 in patients with breast cancer
PENGHao,SONGLiwei,ZHOUZheng,SUNJingwen,LITao
(ChinaMeitanGeneralHospital,Beijing100028,China)
ObjectiveTo observe the changes in levels of serum connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and Six1 in patients with breast cancer. MethodsThe levels of serum CTGF and Six1 was detected in primary breast cancer patients (breast cancer group,n=60), breast benign disease patients (breast benign disease group,n=45) and normal control subjects (normal control group,n=20) by ELISA, and the relationships between the levels of CTGF and Six1 and clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer were compared as well as the relationships between serum CTGF and Six1.ResultsThe levels of serum CTGF in the breast cancer group, breast benign disease group and normal control group were (9.73±3.11), (5.62±2.14) and (2.35±0.32) ng/mL, repectively. In addition, the levels of serum Six1 in the breast cancer group, breast benign disease group and normal control group were (6.68±2.26), (3.74±0.85) and (1.96±0.38) ng/mL, respectively. Significant difference was found between every two groups (allP<0.05). The level of serum CTGF in the breast cancer patients was related with diameter of tumor, TNM staging, histological grade and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05) but was not related with age (P>0.05). The level of serum Six1 was related with TNM staging, histological grade and lymph node metastasis (allP<0.05) but was not related with diameter of tumor or age (allP>0.05). Serum CTGF and Six1 in breast cancer patients were positively correlated (r=0.433,P<0.05). ConclusionThe levels of serum CTGF and Six1 in breast cancer are increased, and both participate in the occurrence and development of breast cancer.
breast carcinoma; connective tissue growth factor; homeobox gene
國(guó)家安全生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理總局科研基金(201306)。
彭浩(1974-),男,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事消化系統(tǒng)及乳腺腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床研究。E-mail: penghao009@sina.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.23.008
R737.9
A
1002-266X(2016)23-0027-04
2016-01-09)