■邱美春
初中英語閱讀活動的分析與重構(gòu)
——以三節(jié)同題異構(gòu)課為例
■邱美春
當前,讀前、讀中、讀后三階段教學模式和略讀、尋讀、細讀等閱讀策略的運用成為閱讀教學的模板,然而這類模式只有形式?jīng)]有內(nèi)涵,使一線課堂的閱讀教學日益僵化。本文以公開課中的教學片斷作掃描對象,分析存在的不足,對教學活動的設(shè)計進行了重構(gòu),使閱讀活動從單一的、淺層的、散亂的轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)聯(lián)性、深層性、綜合性。
閱讀教學深層理解思維發(fā)展
閱讀是學習者獲得語言輸入的重要途徑,閱讀教學是初中英語教學的重點。目前,許多教師在閱讀教學實踐中采用PWP閱讀教學模式。但是,過于模式化的教學也使閱讀教學日益僵化。在蘇州市吳江區(qū)一次三校共同體聯(lián)合教研活動上,三位教師同題教授譯林版《英語》九年級上冊Unit5 Reading:Music without boundaries的第一課時??此苨kimming、scanning和careful reading活動都有,一線教師也為自己能夠跟上閱讀教學的模式而欣喜,筆者卻覺得存在著問題。本文以三節(jié)公開課的教學片段作掃描對象,分析不足,對教學活動設(shè)計進行重構(gòu)。
片段1 Pre-reading:Watch a short video about the music for the Beijing Olympics and get some information about Tan Dun and his music.
教師用PPT依次呈現(xiàn)北京奧運會標識、北京奧運會頒獎現(xiàn)場視頻、演奏頒獎音樂的視頻等。邊問邊呈現(xiàn)生詞(見劃線部分):
Have you seen this logo?(Yes,it’s the logo of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.)
Have you heard of this music?(Yes,it’s Molihua.)
You know,the music was played each time a medal was presented to a winner.
What instruments do you see in the video?(Piano,cello,drum,guitar,Chinese ancient bell.)
Who wrote the music?(Tan Dun)
What is Tan Dun?(He is a composer.)
Let’s know more about Tan Dun.
教師由此導(dǎo)入閱讀環(huán)節(jié)。
【分析】閱讀準備活動要貼近學生生活,激活學生已有的背景知識,激發(fā)學生的閱讀興趣。本片段通過播放2008年北京奧運會的頒獎視頻,創(chuàng)設(shè)了情境,帶出了詞匯,激活了學生的內(nèi)容圖式,建立了學生的語言圖式,引入了本節(jié)課的主題——著名作曲家譚盾。然而,無論譚盾這個人物還是其音樂作品,學生對其并不十分熟悉。過于快速地導(dǎo)入課文,令學生有點猝不及防。大部分英語教科書都有豐富的彩色插圖,照顧到了中小學生的認知偏好和身心發(fā)展特點,這是不可錯失的資源。教師若能夠插入讀取插圖信息和根據(jù)標題預(yù)測內(nèi)容的環(huán)節(jié),不失為一個過渡的好方法。
【重構(gòu)】在片段1后,延長導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)。
Who is Tan Dun?(呈現(xiàn)插圖)He is Tan Dun.
What can you see in the picture?(He is holding an Oscar.)
Is he excited in the picture?(Yes,he is.)
What did he win the Oscar for?(He won it for his music in a film.)
Today,the title of the article is Music without boundaries.Can you predict what the article is about?
圍繞標題,學生可能作如下預(yù)測:
It is about whose music is without boundaries.
It is about what boundaries his music is without.
Itisaboutwhyhismusiciswithout boundaries.
預(yù)測是一項重要的閱讀技能,有助于培養(yǎng)學生的想象力和邏輯思維能力。無論預(yù)測結(jié)果準確與否,預(yù)測都能使學生更接近文本主題。
(一)略讀——獲取大意,突出整體性。
片段2 Skimming:Read the article quickly and get the main idea about the article.As a composer,what is Tan Dun best known for?
三位教師導(dǎo)入新課后,設(shè)計略讀環(huán)節(jié),問學生:As a composer,what is Tan Dun best known for?學生讀一遍課文后,在文中找到答案:He is best known for the music in the film Crouching Tiger,Hidden Dragon.
【分析】我驚詫于三節(jié)課竟然出現(xiàn)了完全一樣的設(shè)計,突然意識到:這肯定是網(wǎng)上“參考”來的。很多教師在進行教學設(shè)計時,不是先自己思考,而是先去找課件模仿,不管正確與否,這對教學都是無益的。從活動看,教師對“Skimming for the main idea”的理解是偏頗的。略讀是以較快的速度抓住文章梗概的閱讀方法,“As a composer,what is Tan Dun best known for?”這個問句不足以體現(xiàn)文章的大意。對于初中學生而言,略讀環(huán)節(jié)旨在培養(yǎng)學生抓住文本主題和框架結(jié)構(gòu)的能力,讓學生對全文形成初步的整體理解,使學生快速地進入文本閱讀。要獲取文章大意,可采取提問、填空、匹配、自主歸納等方法,查找段落主題句或關(guān)鍵詞。
【重構(gòu)】What is it about in each paragraph?Skim the article,and match the paragraph with its main idea or keyword.
Para.1a.Tan Dun’s achievements
Para.2b.Tan Dun’s music Water
Para.3c.Tan Dun’s childhood
Para.4d.Tan Dun’s musical style
Para.5e.Tan Dun’s education
Para.6f.Tan Dun’s award music
(keys:Para.1—f;Para.2—c;Para.3—e;Para. 4—b;Para.5—a;Para.6—d)
學生略讀完后,對語篇有個大致理解,這比就回答一個問題的“性價比”高多了,而且學生了解了篇章中信息的分布,便于他們在尋讀環(huán)節(jié)中對細節(jié)的查找和定位。
(二)尋讀——抓住線索,突出層次性。
片段3 Scan the article and complete the notes.
Tan Dun
Year of birth:(1)
Place of birth:(2)
Interests:(3)
Job:(4)
Education:studied music at a university in(5)
went on to study in(6)
Best known for:winning an(7)for the music in a film.
His music:uses(8)a lot
build a bridge(9)
學生再讀課文,完成教材配套練習B2。
【分析】Scanning是尋找細節(jié)的閱讀方法,首先要確定與所找內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞,然后掃讀材料,碰到關(guān)鍵詞時放慢閱讀速度,仔細閱讀關(guān)鍵詞前后的信息,確定要找的內(nèi)容,定位哪些信息是值得推敲的,切忌東一榔頭西一錘、雜亂無章的羅列,要把信息之間的相互關(guān)系建構(gòu)起來。
此練習是教材中的配套練習。這個練習是關(guān)于Tan Dun’s profile,涵蓋了譚盾的出生年份、出生地、興趣愛好、工作、教育、成就及音樂方面的基本信息。但我認為這個表格對本文的主體內(nèi)容——譚盾的音樂不夠突出,為使學生有個更清晰的概念,可以再作調(diào)整。
【重構(gòu)】Who is Tan Dun?Scan the article,and finish Tan Dun’s profile.
(A)About Tan Dun
Year of birth Place of birth near(2),inCentral Job Childhood showed interest in(4)Hunan,China(3)Education studiedmusicata university in(5)In(1)went on to study in(6)
(B)About his music
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games(7)music Representative music winning an(8)for the music in a film amazing piece(9)uses the Achievements sounds of nature a lot builds a bridge(10)
KEY:⑴1958;⑵Liuyang River;⑶composer;⑷music;⑸Beijing;⑹the USA;
⑺award;⑻Oscar;⑼Water;⑽between the East and the West
這樣,要填寫的內(nèi)容沒有過多增加,而信息更加完整,基本包括了文章中重要的具體細節(jié),并體現(xiàn)了前后的層次性。
(三)細讀——分析歸納,突出綜合性
片段4 Careful reading
Read Para.1,put the proper words in the blanks.
Tan is a great_________.He wrote the ________for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games,Each time___________to a winner,the award music was played.
Read Para.2,answer the following questions.
1.When and where was Tan Dun born?
2.What does he love?
3.Did he use any musical instruments?
4.What did he make music with?
Listen to Para.3,is it true or false?
()1.Tan Dun received both Eastern and Western musical education.
()2.Tan Dun went on to study in the USA in 1985.
Read Para.4,choose the correct answer.
()What kind of musical instruments are used in the piece of music Water?
A.waterB.many musical instruments like violin
How does Tan Dun do it?
Read Para.5&6,read and discuss in groups: What does Tan Dun mean by saying“My music is to dream without boundaries”?Give examples if necessary.
【分析】Careful reading旨在深入理解標題與段落、句子、詞匯之間的關(guān)系,理清文本的脈絡(luò),抓住文本的主旨,真正理解作者的寫作意圖和文本中蘊含的邏輯關(guān)系。本課正是進行“細讀”的一個典型文本。三位教師以為第一課時側(cè)重于文本的理解,對于單詞或結(jié)構(gòu)等語言現(xiàn)象絲毫不敢涉及。事實上,在英語閱讀教學中,教師可以借助文本細讀的方式對文本語言進行咀嚼,從而讓學生獲取對文本詞句含義、結(jié)構(gòu)層次、情感意境、寫作技能和作者觀點等深入的理解和感悟。
【重構(gòu)】Watch the video of the article,finish the following sentences or answer the questions.
Activity1:What does the writer think of Tan Dun and his music?
(The music was written by Tan Dun,a worldfamous composer.
As a composer,perhaps he is best known for winning an Oscar for his music in the film Crouching Tiger,Hidden Dragon.
His amazing piece of music Water does not use any musical instruments.
He has successfully brought Chinese and Western music together.)
Activity 2:
1.How did Tan Dun make the music Water?Why could he make such an amazing piece of music?
2.Is the award music very important at the Olympic Games?Why was it written by Tan Dun at the Beijing Olympics?
3.Is Tan Dun’s music without boundaries?Give examples if necessary.
本環(huán)節(jié)旨在通過教師的精心設(shè)問,引領(lǐng)學生對文本細節(jié)進行深層次解讀。Activity1引導(dǎo)學生通過抓住關(guān)鍵詞來理解作者的觀點和寫作的意圖。Activity2通過3個問題,引導(dǎo)學生經(jīng)過分析歸納,將譚盾的作品、音樂的風格以及成就的取得貫穿起來,凸顯文本的核心主線,并以問題鏈的信息梳理為基礎(chǔ),層層鋪墊,環(huán)環(huán)相扣。
片段5 post-reading:
[課1]:Tell your friends about Tan Dun’s music.
[課2]:What do you think of Tan Dun’s music?
[課3]:Suppose you’re Tan Dun,and you’re invited to class.The other students will ask questions about your life and your works.
【分析】許多教師認為,作為一個讀后環(huán)節(jié),一定要設(shè)計一個“高大上”的問題。從三節(jié)課的教學效果看,由于讀中理解環(huán)節(jié)、處理細節(jié)信息多,解讀深層含義少,學生只能理解文本字面的意思,做到“read the lines”,而做不到“read between the lines”,更不用說“read beyond the lines”。[課1]和[課2]上,學生說來說去就是書上的原句,而不會用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述。[課3]上,學生能問和能講的基本也是譚盾何年何地出生、何年進入大學等信息。學生只是把書上的信息再翻炒一遍,而無其他新意。筆者認為,兩個課時應(yīng)作為一個連貫的整體,在過渡銜接和有效整合方面作通盤考慮。
【重構(gòu)】The article begins with Beijing 2008 Olympic Games award music instead of introducing Tan Dun.Do you agree with the writer?Why or why not?
How would you write a short passage about Tan Dun if you were writers,too?Work in groups of four,then present your passage.
這樣的活動,類似于“任務(wù)”,有布置、有過程、有結(jié)果,比單純的復(fù)述課文更有意義,給學生更多的參與感,既借用文章中的語言,又不拘泥于文本中的語言,能提高學生思維的發(fā)散性和創(chuàng)新性。四人一組的小組活動提供了學生互幫互學、合作探究的機會,成果的展示增強了學生的成就感。
總之,閱讀教學雖有模式可依,但只有形式而沒有內(nèi)涵的活動猶如“走過場”。教學閱讀第一課時,應(yīng)時刻關(guān)注閱讀過程本身,最核心的問題就是閱讀和理解文本,包括對語言知識的關(guān)注、文本信息的理解以及對文本深層次的挖掘與探究。教師既要給予學生充分的閱讀時間,又要設(shè)定有層次的閱讀任務(wù),這樣的閱讀教學將帶給學生完全不同的閱讀體驗。
(作者為江蘇省蘇州市吳江區(qū)教育局教研室英語教研員)