李法君 付春鵬 羅永巨
(1. 濰坊科技學(xué)院,壽光 262700; 2. 廣西水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院,南寧 530021)
Dmrt基因在水生生物中的研究進(jìn)展
李法君1付春鵬1羅永巨2
(1. 濰坊科技學(xué)院,壽光 262700; 2. 廣西水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院,南寧 530021)
Dmrt(Doble-sex and Mab-3 Relatated Transcription factor)是指同果蠅Dsx基因和線蟲Mab-3基因同源的基因家族,其家族成員的主要特征是所編碼的多肽鏈中都包含一個(gè)具有 DNA 結(jié)合能力的保守基序-DM結(jié)構(gòu)域。Dmrt基因是從無脊椎動(dòng)物到脊椎動(dòng)物都存在的古老基因,功能涉及性別決定與分化、許多組織和器官的形成及相關(guān)功能的維持等多方面。文章綜述了近來Dmrt基因在水生生物中的研究進(jìn)展; 按從低等到高等的順序,梳理了水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物Dmrt基因的功能; 分析了Dmrt1作為性別決定基因的歷程; 進(jìn)而對(duì)Dmrt基因在水生生物的研究熱點(diǎn)做了展望。
Dmrt基因;Dsx基因;性腺;甲殼動(dòng)物;魚類;水生生物
Dmrt(Doble-sex and Mab-3 Relatated Transcription factor)是指與果蠅(Drosophila melanogaste)的性別決定基因Doublesex(Dsx)和秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)的性別決定基因Maleabnormal-3(Mab-3)同源的基因[1—3],最早發(fā)現(xiàn)于果蠅中[4]。不同的Dmrt基因構(gòu)成一個(gè)基因家族,該家族成員的主要特征是所編碼的多肽鏈都包含一個(gè)能與DNA結(jié)合的保守基序-DM(Doublesex and Mab-3)結(jié)構(gòu)域,該結(jié)構(gòu)域在不同進(jìn)化類型的生物中具有相當(dāng)?shù)谋J匦裕?]。Dmrt基因是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子,該因子以鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)與目的DNA序列結(jié)合,通過調(diào)節(jié)目的基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄參與發(fā)育調(diào)節(jié)過程。研究表明,在整個(gè)脊椎動(dòng)物和無脊椎動(dòng)物中,只有性別決定基因Dmrt才具有進(jìn)化保守性,也是參與性別決定最古老的發(fā)育基因家族[6]。 Dmrt基因的功能主要體現(xiàn)在性別決定、性腺分化、許多組織和器官的形成及相關(guān)功能的維持等多方面[3,7,8]。近來在水生生物,特別是甲殼動(dòng)物中,有關(guān)Dmrt基因的研究已經(jīng)取得了眾多成果。而截止目前為止,還缺乏對(duì)其進(jìn)行卻進(jìn)行全面總結(jié)的報(bào)道。鑒于此,本文對(duì)Dmrt基因在水生生物中的研究進(jìn)行了綜述,并探討了Dmrt1基因及與性別決定的關(guān)系,以期為以后更好地研究水生生物Dmrt基因提供參考。
Dmrt基因家族成員的主要特征是其編碼的多肽鏈中含有與DNA結(jié)合的保守區(qū)域-DM結(jié)構(gòu)域。DM結(jié)構(gòu)域中的鋅指結(jié)構(gòu)含有6個(gè)半胱氨酸(C)和2個(gè)組氨酸(H),這8個(gè)保守的氨基酸形成與Zn離子結(jié)合的兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)(CCHC和HCCC)。DM結(jié)構(gòu)域的羧基端有一個(gè)可識(shí)別DNA的α-螺旋,用以穩(wěn)定DNADM結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合體[3]。從無脊椎動(dòng)物到脊椎動(dòng)物,Dmrt家族成員編碼的DM結(jié)構(gòu)域多肽序列高度保守,而在DM結(jié)構(gòu)域外的序列相似性卻很低。
不同物種的Dmrt基因家族成員不盡相同,在哺乳類、鳥類、爬行類、兩棲類、魚類中,Dmrt基因家族的種類一般為8種(Dmrt1-8)[9,10]、4種(Dmrt1-4)[11]、6種(Dmrt1-6)[12]、5種(Dmrt1-5)[13]、5種(Dmrt1-5)[14,15]。在無脊椎動(dòng)物中,Dmrt基因家族成員數(shù)目因物種而異。
2.1腔腸動(dòng)物和扁形動(dòng)物
目前為止,動(dòng)物界中僅低等的海綿動(dòng)物沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)Dmrt基因[16,17],從腔腸動(dòng)物開始檢測到Dmrt基因的存在(表1)。鹿角珊瑚(Acropora millepora)為雌雄同體的生物,一般在春季產(chǎn)卵之前分化產(chǎn)生雌雄生殖細(xì)胞,在此過程中鹿角珊瑚的AmDM1基因表達(dá)水平會(huì)明顯升高,暗示AmDM1基因可能參與了雌雄生殖細(xì)胞的分化過程[18]; 最新的研究表明,在??∟ematostella vectensis)中發(fā)現(xiàn)11個(gè)Dmrt基因(Nv-DMRT A-Nv-DMRT K),7個(gè)基因在雌雄個(gè)體間存在表達(dá)差異,其中Nv-DMRT B,F(xiàn),G,H,I,K在雄性中的表達(dá)量明顯高于雌性,而Nv-DMRT E在雌性中的表達(dá)量要高于雄性。進(jìn)一步的分析表明,Nv-DMRT基因在??菩叟渥拥陌l(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮作用[19]。雖然扁形動(dòng)物的真渦蟲(Schmidtea mediterranea)為雌雄同體動(dòng)物,但Smed-dmd-1基因在雄性生殖系統(tǒng)中特異性表達(dá),而且Smed-dmd-1基因?qū)τ诰埠托坌愿綄偕诚俚陌l(fā)生、發(fā)展、維持及重新生成是必須的[20],被認(rèn)定為性別決定基因[14]。同屬扁形動(dòng)物的曼氏血吸蟲(Schistosoma mansoni)(雌雄異體)中,dmd-1基因在雄性個(gè)體的表達(dá)量要顯著高于雌性,表現(xiàn)為明確的性別特異性表達(dá)[20]。
綜上所述,腔腸動(dòng)物Dmrt基因的功能主要體現(xiàn)在參與雌雄配子的分化過程,而在扁形動(dòng)物中,Dmrt基因的功能則進(jìn)一步升級(jí)為調(diào)控雄性性腺的發(fā)育(表1),參與性別決定。
2.2軟體動(dòng)物
于非非等[21]克隆了馬氏珠母貝(Pinctada matensii)的3個(gè)Dmrt基因(Dmrt2,3,4),并預(yù)測Dmrt2基因可能在馬氏珠母貝的性別分化過程中起重要作用; 進(jìn)而,Yu等[22]進(jìn)一步研究了Dmrt2基因的組織和時(shí)空表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,Dmrt2基因主要在馬氏珠母貝雄性生殖腺中表達(dá),其轉(zhuǎn)錄水平在雄性生殖腺的起始階段較低,在生殖腺的成熟階段最高,此外在鰓中也檢測到微量表達(dá)。研究表明,Dmrt2參與了馬氏珠母貝精子的形成過程。馮政夫等[23]克隆了櫛孔扇貝(Chlamys farreri)的Cf-dmrt4-like基因,該基因從受精卵到匍匐幼蟲各發(fā)育時(shí)期均有表達(dá),其中卵裂期表達(dá)量較高; 在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的精巢中均有表達(dá),以成熟期的精巢表達(dá)量最高; 在卵巢中未見表達(dá)。由此推測,櫛孔扇貝Cf-dmrt4-like基因參與了個(gè)體的早期發(fā)育,并在兩性成體中發(fā)揮著不同的作用。周麗青等[24]在蝦夷扇貝(Patinopecten yessoensis)中克隆了PyDmrt3和PyDmrt4兩個(gè)基因,并推測PyDmrt4 可能參與了調(diào)控雄性性別的形成過程。張娜等[25]在長牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了CgDsx,CgDmrtA2兩個(gè)基因,CgDsx 基因可能調(diào)控長牡蠣早期的胚胎發(fā)育,而CgDmrtA2基因可能參與了胚胎中后期的發(fā)育過程,與神經(jīng)的形成相關(guān)。太平洋牡蠣(Crassostrea gigas)的Cg-DMl基因在雌雄個(gè)體中均有表達(dá),但在雄性生殖腺的表達(dá)量明顯高于雌性,表明Cg-DMl參與了太平洋牡蠣雄性性腺的發(fā)育過程[26]。黑蝶真珠蛤(Pinctada margaritifera)是雌雄同體雄性先成熟的物種,其中的性轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)制尚不清楚,研究人員通過性腺轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù)分析了其中可能的性別分化和決定基因。研究表明,pmarg-dmrt基因和其他兩個(gè)基因可能參與了精卵巢的轉(zhuǎn)化過程[27]。在耳鮑(Haliotis asinin)中,HADMRT1基因在雄性的精巢中特異性表達(dá),表明HADMRT1在耳鮑的精巢發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮作用[28]。
表1 Dmrt基因在水生無脊椎動(dòng)物的研究匯總表Tab. 1 Summary of the study for Dmrt genes in the aquatic invertebrate
據(jù)此,軟體動(dòng)物的Dmrt基因主要在雄性的生殖腺及精子形成過程中發(fā)揮作用(表1)。
2.3甲殼動(dòng)物
水蚤科動(dòng)物在環(huán)境適宜的條件下多為雌性個(gè)體,行孤雌生殖,可以使種群大量繁殖; 在環(huán)境惡劣(光照周期縮短、食物短缺、群體密度增大、水質(zhì)惡劣)的情況下,雌性個(gè)體所帶的卵會(huì)產(chǎn)生雄性和雌性個(gè)體行有性生殖,產(chǎn)生休眠卵渡過惡劣環(huán)境,保證物種的持續(xù)性。由此可見,環(huán)境變化是誘導(dǎo)水蚤科動(dòng)物生殖策略改變的原因,而此過程中所蘊(yùn)含的性別決定和生殖策略改變的遺傳機(jī)制也成為最近研究的熱點(diǎn)。
Zhang等[29,30]在隆線溞(Daphnia carinata)中相繼研究了DM結(jié)構(gòu)域的兩個(gè)基因DapcaDsx1和DapcaDsx2,并且在雌性幼體、孤雌生殖的雌性、有性生殖雌性的早期階段、有性生殖的雌性、休眠卵五個(gè)不同生殖階段研究了DapcaDsx1和DapcaDsx2表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果這兩個(gè)基因均顯示出相似的變化規(guī)律,在有性生殖雌性的早期階段表達(dá)量最高,且有性生殖階段的表達(dá)量明顯高于孤雌生殖階段。DapcaDsx1和DapcaDsx2呈現(xiàn)明顯的性別特異性表達(dá),暗示它們可能在隆線溞由孤雌生殖向有性生殖階段過渡的過程中發(fā)揮作用。蚤狀溞(Daphnia pulex)中的研究表明,Dpdsx1基因在有性生殖雄性個(gè)體的第一觸角、第一胸肢、復(fù)眼中的表達(dá)量最高,在行孤雌生殖和有性生殖的雌性個(gè)體中,上述三個(gè)組織中的表達(dá)量顯著下降。且Dpdsx1基因在蚤狀溞有性生殖的雄性階段表達(dá)量最高,在雌性幼體階段表達(dá)量最低。與隆線溞相似,蚤狀溞Dpdsx1基因也主要在生殖模式的轉(zhuǎn)換、性別分化過程中發(fā)揮作用[31]。Kato等[32]首先在大型溞(Daphnia magna)中克隆到三個(gè)Dmrt基因:DMRT11E,DMRT93B和DMRT99B,其中DMRT11E和DMRT99B在卵巢中的表達(dá)量要高于精巢,而DMRT93B則在雄性的精巢中特異性的表達(dá)。由于這三個(gè)基因在胚胎階段沒有表達(dá),且不具有性別二態(tài)性表達(dá),所以它們不是性別決定基因[33]。進(jìn)而,Kato等[34]在大型溞中克隆得到兩種Dsx 基因DapmaDsx1和DapmaDsx2,其中DapmaDsx1編碼兩種不同的亞型DapmaDsx1-α和DapmaDsx1-β。DapmaDsx1展現(xiàn)出明顯的性別二態(tài)性表達(dá),在雄性胚胎的形成過程中,DapmaDsx1表達(dá)量明顯升高,而在雌性胚胎中則沒有這種現(xiàn)象。進(jìn)一步在雄性胚胎中沉默DapmaDsx1,可誘導(dǎo)其卵巢成熟,產(chǎn)生雌性特征; 相反,在雌性胚胎中異位表達(dá)Dapma Dsx1,可使其產(chǎn)生雄性特性。表明DapmaDsx1雄性性別決定中起著關(guān)鍵作用。因此,DapmaDsx1被認(rèn)為是大型溞的性別決定基因[14]。Toyota等[33]進(jìn)一步在蚤狀溞、盔形溞(Daphnia galeata)、網(wǎng)紋溞(Ceriodaphnia dubia)中分別克隆了兩個(gè)Dsx基因,在多刺裸腹水蚤(Moina macrocopa)中克隆了一個(gè)Dsx基因,這些基因均表現(xiàn)為明顯的性別二態(tài)性表達(dá),表明它們具有相似的功能。
近來,Dmrt基因在十足目(蝦蟹類)中的研究也取得了相應(yīng)進(jìn)展。中華絨螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)EsDmrt-like基因,EsDmrt-like在精巢中特異性表達(dá),進(jìn)一步的分析表明,EsDmrt-like主要在精巢中的支持細(xì)胞中表達(dá),在成熟的精子中則沒有檢測到其表達(dá),而支持細(xì)胞是為發(fā)育中的精子提供保護(hù)和營養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞,精子發(fā)育的各個(gè)階段都是發(fā)生在支持細(xì)胞的表面。此結(jié)果表明在中華絨螯蟹中,EsDmrt-like是雄性精巢發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵因子[35]。羅氏沼蝦(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)中發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)Dmrt基因:MroDmrt11E和MroDmrt99B基因,這兩個(gè)基因均在精巢中高度表達(dá)。通過RNA干擾分別沉默MroDmrt11E和MroDmrt99B基因,結(jié)果表明,MroDmrt11E正調(diào)控胰島素樣促雄腺激素(Insulinlike androgenic gland hormone,IAG)基因的表達(dá)[36]。
綜上所述,甲殼動(dòng)物Dmrt基因主要參與雄性精巢的發(fā)育過程,且在大型溞中Dsx1基因被認(rèn)定為性別決定基因(表1)。
2.4魚類
性別決定魚類種類繁多,其性別決定方式和機(jī)制也呈現(xiàn)多樣化。而Dmrt1基因作為魚類的性別決定基因的證據(jù)來源于青鳉(Oryzias latipe)(XX/XY型,雌性同配、雄性異配)[37—40]。DMY(DM domain gene on the Y chromosome)基因位于青鳉Y染色體上的性別決定區(qū)域,是進(jìn)化上相對(duì)年輕的基因,由位于常染色體的Dmrt1基因復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)移到Y(jié) 染色體上而形成[41—43]。在雌性青鳉中過度表達(dá)DMY基因,可使雌性青鳉產(chǎn)生性逆轉(zhuǎn)[37]; 相反,在雄性青鳉中沉默DMY基因或者使DMY基因產(chǎn)生突變,可使雄性個(gè)體逆轉(zhuǎn)為雌性[44,45]。此外,青鳉的DMY基因只存在于Y染色體上,在X染色體上沒有檢測到它的同源基因,表達(dá)也只限于雄性的胚胎和成體精巢中的支持細(xì)胞,表明DMY基因?qū)η圜毦驳姆只凸δ芫S持至關(guān)重要[46,47]。然而DMY基因也僅見于青鳉,而其他魚類卻沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)此基因[48],表明青鳉DMY基因的性別決定功能在魚類中不具有普遍性[49]。Chen等[50]首次構(gòu)建了比目魚-半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis)(ZZ/ZW型,雄性同配、雌性異配)全基因組精細(xì)圖譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)半滑舌鰨dmrt1基因是Z染色體連鎖、雄性特異表達(dá)、精巢發(fā)育必不可少的關(guān)鍵基因,表現(xiàn)出性別決定基因的特性。
性腺發(fā)育自然界中魚類存在雌雄異體和雌雄同體兩大類,而后者又可分為精巢先成熟和卵巢先成熟兩種類型。而Dmrt1基因在上述三種魚類的性腺發(fā)育過程中均發(fā)揮重要作用。
雌雄異體的魚類:在革胡子鲇(Clarias gariepinus)[51]、稀有鮈鯽(Gobiocypris rarus)[52]、尼羅羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)[53]、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)[54,55]、紅尾劍魚(Xiphophorus maculatus)[56]、紅鰭東方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)[57]、奧利亞羅非魚(O. aurea)[58]、異育銀鯽(Carassius auratus gibelio)[59]等魚類中,Dmrt1基因在精巢中檢測到特異性表達(dá)(表2)。在湖鱘(Acipenser fulvescens)[60]、斑馬魚(Danio rerio)[61]、大西洋鱈(Gadus morhua)[62]、銀漢魚(Odontesthes bonari-ensis)[63]、虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[64]、密西西比鏟鱘(Scaphirhynchus platorynchus)[65]、南方大口鯰(Silurus meridionals)[66]、團(tuán)頭魴(Megalobrama amblycephala)[67]、許氏平鲉(Sebastods schlege-lii)[68]、腋孔蟾魚(Halobatrachus didactylus)[69]中,Dmrt1基因主要在精巢中表達(dá),此外在卵巢中也檢測到微量的表達(dá)(表2)。
雌雄同體的魚類:在此類型的魚類中,精巢和卵巢之間存在相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)化的階段。而誘導(dǎo)精卵巢轉(zhuǎn)化的遺傳信號(hào)分子,很可能出現(xiàn)在胚胎或幼體之后,而Dmrt1基因同樣在其中發(fā)揮作用。雌性先成熟的黑鯛(Acanthopagrus schlegeli)[70]、金頭鯛(Sparus auratus)[71]在卵巢向精巢轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中,Dmrt1基因表達(dá)量明顯升高; 而在雄性先成熟的點(diǎn)帶石斑魚(Epinephlus coioides)[72]、細(xì)棘海豬魚(Halichoeres tenuispinis)[73]、黃鱔(Monopterus albus)[74]中,在由精巢向卵巢轉(zhuǎn)的過程中,Dmrt1基因表達(dá)量則呈現(xiàn)相反的表達(dá)趨勢。
雖然Dmrt1基因?qū)︳~類精巢功能的維持起著關(guān)鍵作用,但Dmrt家族的其他成員對(duì)已經(jīng)分化的性腺的正常發(fā)育和功能維持也有重要作用。在青鳉中,Dmrt3基因在成體的精巢中就有所表達(dá),而Dmrt2和Dmrt4基因在成體精巢和卵巢中均有所表達(dá)[75]。最新的研究表明,黃鱔的Dmrt2,3,4,5 基因在發(fā)育生殖細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá)[76]。在尼羅羅非魚[77]、奧利亞羅非魚[78]、斑馬魚[61]中也存在類似的現(xiàn)象。
其他功能Dmrt家族基因除了參與性別決定和性腺分化與維持之外,還在魚類神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和感覺器官的發(fā)育[79,80]、體節(jié)形成(沉默dmrt2b可導(dǎo)致尾部彎曲和U型體節(jié))[81—83]、以及其他器官形成與功能維持方面[67,75,82]發(fā)揮作用。
據(jù)此,Dmrt基因家族在魚類中作用主要體現(xiàn)在性腺分化(表2)、性別決定、體節(jié)發(fā)育、各種器官的形成和維持等方面。
在低等(腔腸動(dòng)物和扁形動(dòng)物)和較低等(軟體動(dòng)物)的無脊椎動(dòng)物中,現(xiàn)有的研究表明,Dmrt1基因“主管”配子分化與性腺發(fā)育。眾所周知,性別決定和性腺分化是緊密聯(lián)系的,“主管”性腺分化的基因隨著生物的進(jìn)化,很可能升級(jí)為性別決定基因。在渦蟲中,Dmrt1基因作為性別決定基因已初見端倪[20]; 在節(jié)肢動(dòng)物門中其性別決定地位得以鞏固,達(dá)到高峰。例如在果蠅中,sxl(sex-lethal)-tra(transformer)-dsx的性別決定通路已經(jīng)得以論證[39,40,85];甲殼綱的水蚤科中Dsx基因也是其性別決定基因[34];十足目(蝦蟹類)中存在特殊腺體-促雄腺,其轉(zhuǎn)錄的IAG是十足目的性別決定基因[86—90],而Dmrt則是IAG基因的上游調(diào)控基因,正調(diào)控IAG的表達(dá)[36]。此時(shí),Dmrt基因仍在十足目的性別決定通路中發(fā)揮作用,但其性別決定地位的作用已經(jīng)開始弱化。根據(jù)Kopp的理論:在生物的進(jìn)化過程中,性別決定機(jī)制也保持較快的進(jìn)化速率,以至于性別決定的“主導(dǎo)”基因很少能在這個(gè)機(jī)制的“頂端”保存較長的時(shí)間[40]。例如,sxl和tra這兩個(gè)基因僅是昆蟲性別決定基因,在昆蟲之外的物種中雖然存在,但其作用卻不是性別決定; 再如,SRY基因僅在哺乳動(dòng)物中行使特異的性別決定功能,在非哺乳的脊椎動(dòng)物中,SRY基因就不存在。因此,(魚類)青鳉的DMY基因作為性別決定基因也僅僅是個(gè)別現(xiàn)象,是由于Dmrt1基因復(fù)制產(chǎn)生的“副作用”,這可能與青鳉特殊的進(jìn)化地位有關(guān)[15]; 半滑舌鰨中Dmrt1基因除了在Z染色體上,在W染色體上也存在一個(gè)假基因化拷貝(Pseudogenized copy),在性逆轉(zhuǎn)的雄魚(ZW型)中這個(gè)假基因化拷貝被激活,通過劑量補(bǔ)償效益達(dá)到與正常雄魚相同的表達(dá)水平[50]。但是以上現(xiàn)象在魚類不存在普遍性。并且研究表明,在所有發(fā)現(xiàn)Dmrt1基因的魚類中,Dmrt1基因無一例外地在魚類的性腺發(fā)育中發(fā)揮作用[39]。至此,Dmrt1作為性別決定基因的地位進(jìn)一步削弱。雖然在兩棲類、爬行類、鳥類等非哺乳的脊椎動(dòng)物中,Dmrt1和Sox9基因決定性別分化[6]。但Dmrt1基因作為性別決定基因也僅見于非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)[91]和原雞(Gallus gallus)[92]兩個(gè)物種。而且研究表明,Dmrt1不可能是鳥類性別決定的開關(guān)基因[93]。在哺乳類脊椎生物中,SRY基因是其真正的性別決定基因[6]; 進(jìn)而縱觀無脊椎動(dòng)物到脊椎動(dòng)物的各個(gè)物種,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),調(diào)控性腺(或配子)的分化與發(fā)育是Dmrt1基因的主導(dǎo)功能。例如,人類的Dmrt1基因是第一個(gè)在脊椎動(dòng)物中得以鑒定的DM結(jié)構(gòu)域基因,是在人類睪丸中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,定位于人類常染色體(9p24.3)上。該區(qū)域的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致睪丸發(fā)育異常,然而到目前為止沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因的點(diǎn)突變影響人類的性別決定[94]。
表2 Dmrt1基因在魚類性腺中的表達(dá)Tab. 2 Expression of Dmrt1 genes in fish gonad
作為一個(gè)在無脊椎動(dòng)物和脊椎動(dòng)物中均廣泛存在的古老基因,結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)保守的Dmrt基因很可能在功能上也具有相當(dāng)?shù)谋J匦?。如上所述,從低等的腔腸動(dòng)物到高等的哺乳動(dòng)物,Dmrt1基因的功能更多地是體現(xiàn)在性腺分化,特別是雄性性腺分化及精子成熟方面。而Dmrt1作為性別決定基因,現(xiàn)有的研究成果表明,最早出現(xiàn)于渦蟲,在節(jié)肢動(dòng)物中其性別決定基因地位達(dá)到高峰,并且在甲殼綱中性別決定基因地位已經(jīng)開始弱化。在眾多的脊椎動(dòng)物中,Dmrt1作為性別決定基因地位已接近“尾聲”。僅在個(gè)別物種-青鳉、半滑舌鰨、非洲爪蟾、原雞中是性別決定基因。
雖然有關(guān)Dmrt家族基因的研究在水生生物中取得了較大的進(jìn)展,但尚有許多工作需要深入開展。從低等的腔腸動(dòng)物到高等的脊椎動(dòng)物-魚類,幾乎都存在雌雄同體的生物,在這些生物中,Dmrt基因無一例外地都是促進(jìn)雄性配子或雄性生殖腺的發(fā)育,可見其功能的保守性,Dmrt多肽作為轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子,眾多的研究也為揭示其蘊(yùn)含的分子機(jī)制提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ); 但每個(gè)物種具體的調(diào)控機(jī)制,特別是以Dmrt基因作為性別決定基因的物種,它們之間是否存在相似的調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),還需進(jìn)一步研究; 在蝦蟹類中,有關(guān)Dmrt家族基因的研究也僅見于河蟹和羅氏沼蝦,其他十足目物種的Dmrt序列及功能還未見報(bào)道; 有趣的是,半滑舌鰨的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),半滑舌鰨的性染色體并不和已知性染色體的魚類共祖先,而是和雞的ZW染色體共起源,揭示半滑舌鰨和雞性染色體的趨同進(jìn)化現(xiàn)象[50]。而在半滑舌鰨和雞中,Dmrt1都是性別決定基因。這提醒我們,在性染色體與這兩個(gè)物種趨同進(jìn)化的其他物種中,Dmrt1是否也是性別決定基因,值得深入探索。
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RESEARCH PROGRESS OF DMRT GENES IN HYDROBIONTES
LI Fa-Jun1,F(xiàn)U Chun-Peng1and LUO Yong-Ju2
(1. Weifang University of Science and Technology,Shouguang 262700,China; 2. Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences,Nanning 530021,China)
Dmrt is a gene family that is homologous to Doublesex in Drosophila melanogaste and Mab-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dmrt genes encode a large family of transcription factors including a characteristic conservative zinc finger DNA-binding domain(i.e.,DM domain). This ancient gene family has been identified in animal groups ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. Their biological functions include sex determination and differentiation,construction of tissues and organs,and maintenance related functions. This paper reviews the recent progress of Dmrt genes in hydrobionts with theirs functions in line of evolution from invertebrates to vertebrates. We analyzed the course of sex determining gene for Dmrt genes.We further presented prospects of their future research in hydrobionts.
Dmrt gene; Dsx gene; Gonad; Crustacean; Fish; Hydrobiontes
Q173
A
1000-3207(2016)05-1068-10
10.7541/2016.138
2015-10-08;
2016-01-05
國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系專項(xiàng)(CARS-49); 廣西十二五重大科技專項(xiàng)(桂科重14121004-2-2)資助 [Supported by China Agriculture Research System(No. CARS-49); Guangxi Science and Technology Research Program(No. 14121004-2-2)]
李法君(1976—),男,山東壽光人; 博士; 主要從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳育種研究。E-mail:lifajun1976@163.com
羅永巨(1967—),男,廣西博白人,博士,研究員; 主要從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳育種研究。E-mail:lfylzc123@163.com