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改良加蓋島狀皮瓣尿道成形術(shù)治療小兒尿道下裂

2016-11-16 02:10牛志尚郝春生白東升宋晉秋
關(guān)鍵詞:腹側(cè)龜頭海綿體

牛志尚,郝春生,白東升,葉 輝,邱 穎,宋晉秋

(首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京 100020)

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·泌外專欄論著·

改良加蓋島狀皮瓣尿道成形術(shù)治療小兒尿道下裂

牛志尚,郝春生*,白東升,葉輝,邱穎,宋晉秋

(首都兒科研究所附屬兒童醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京 100020)

目的探討改良加蓋島狀皮瓣(Onlay island flap法)尿道成形術(shù)在小兒尿道裂手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法回顧性分析應(yīng)用改良Onlay island flap術(shù)式治療尿道下裂患兒76例。Onlay island flap 術(shù)式改良方法:包皮脫套后自陰莖海綿體上游離尿道板/尿道海綿體,利用其彈性矯正下彎;盡可能選用包皮內(nèi)板作為島狀皮瓣與尿道板U形吻合。 結(jié)果全組76例中成功保留尿道板73例(96.0%),陰莖伸直良好。包括行包皮脫套及陰莖腹側(cè)肉膜松解后陰莖伸直的患兒4例,經(jīng)游離尿道板/尿道后成功矯正下彎58例,加行背側(cè)海綿體折疊11例(其中包皮退套、腹側(cè)肉膜松解后殘余陰莖下彎<30 °者4例,殘余陰莖下彎>30 °者7例)。手術(shù)成功率88.2%(67/76例)。尿道瘺5例(其中經(jīng)手術(shù)修補(bǔ)4例,自行閉合1例);尿道外口狹窄1例,行尿道擴(kuò)張后痊愈。未發(fā)現(xiàn)尿道憩室、壞死、切口裂開等情況。結(jié)論采用游離尿道板/尿道海綿體矯正下彎、包皮內(nèi)板作為島狀皮瓣的Onlay尿道成形術(shù)能明顯增大該術(shù)式適應(yīng)證,提高手術(shù)成功率,減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,值得臨床推廣。

尿道下裂; 尿道成形術(shù);兒童doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.10.003

改良加蓋島狀皮瓣(Onlay island flap)術(shù)式是目前主流的保留尿道板尿道成形術(shù)之一,由于應(yīng)用了有血運(yùn)的島狀皮瓣,且尿道的一部分固定于陰體的尿道板,因而術(shù)后尿道瘺、尿道狹窄、尿道憩室等并發(fā)癥均減少。然而,本術(shù)式早期僅適用于無陰莖下彎的尿道下裂者,對(duì)于絕大多數(shù)合并陰莖下彎的病例無能為力,這嚴(yán)重限制了Onlay island flap術(shù)式的適應(yīng)證?,F(xiàn)在觀念認(rèn)為陰莖腹側(cè)所有的組織包括包皮、肉膜、尿道板、尿道海綿體都是陰莖下彎的病因,這為保留尿道板的同時(shí)處理陰莖下彎提供了更多選擇[1-3]。包皮脫套及腹側(cè)肉膜松解后如果陰莖下彎仍大于30 °,可以選擇自陰莖海綿體上游離尿道板/尿道海綿體,有時(shí)甚至可以游離近端尿道直至球部[4-5],依靠這些組織的彈性來矯正陰莖下彎。依據(jù)此觀點(diǎn),本研究采用游離尿道板/尿道的方法矯正陰莖下彎,然后采用Onlay island flap尿道成形術(shù)治療尿道下裂患兒76例,效果良好,現(xiàn)總結(jié)報(bào)告如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料選擇2014年1月—2016年1月在我院泌尿外科住院手術(shù)的合并陰莖下彎的尿道下裂患兒76例,年齡9~44個(gè)月,平均(15±4)個(gè)月。其中冠狀溝型13例,陰莖體型55例,陰莖陰囊型8例;龜頭直徑<14 mm者8例(圖1)。均擬采用Onlay island flap 術(shù)式行一期尿道成形術(shù)。

1.2手術(shù)方法及術(shù)后護(hù)理①剪開膜狀尿道,在尿道板上做從尿道口至舟狀窩寬約0.5 cm的平行切口,深達(dá)陰莖海綿體表面。②距離冠狀溝約0.5 cm處環(huán)行切開包皮內(nèi)板,陰莖背側(cè)切口需達(dá)Buck筋膜,保留尿道板,將陰莖皮膚以及皮下組織呈脫套樣分離至陰莖根部,松解海綿體白膜表面的纖維組織,保護(hù)尿道板及近段尿道無損傷,自陰莖海綿體游離尿道板及其近端尿道,根據(jù)下彎程度,遠(yuǎn)端至冠狀溝,近端可至球部尿道,保持遠(yuǎn)端尿道板與龜頭相連(圖2)。③做陰莖海綿體人工勃起試驗(yàn)檢查陰莖下彎矯正效果,具體方法為在陰莖根部扎止血帶,將蝴蝶形針頭穿刺入陰莖頭部,通過向陰莖海綿體注入生理鹽水使陰莖勃起來評(píng)價(jià)陰莖下彎的矯正程度;勃起狀態(tài)下陰莖頭長(zhǎng)軸與陰莖體近端長(zhǎng)軸相交所成角度,即陰莖下彎的殘余角度;對(duì)殘留陰莖下彎的病例行背側(cè)白膜緊縮。④再次做人工勃起試驗(yàn)檢查陰莖下彎矯正情況,如仍存在下彎則橫斷尿道板。⑤陰莖伸直后,根據(jù)尿道缺損的長(zhǎng)度,于陰莖背側(cè)盡量使用包皮內(nèi)板做相應(yīng)長(zhǎng)度,寬度0.6~1.0 cm的帶蒂皮瓣。⑥解剖陰莖頭兩側(cè)翼狀瓣,將島狀皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)至陰莖腹側(cè),以8 F導(dǎo)尿管作為支架,與尿道板做U形吻合;用血管蒂、肉膜覆蓋尿道。⑦縫合陰莖頭翼狀瓣包埋新尿道并成形陰莖頭;背側(cè)包皮正中適度剪開并轉(zhuǎn)移至陰莖腹側(cè)連續(xù)縫合覆蓋創(chuàng)面。⑧以美皮貼,吸水紗及彈力繃帶適當(dāng)加壓包扎固定陰莖于背伸位。⑨術(shù)后6~8 d拆除陰莖敷料,12~14 d拔除導(dǎo)尿管,自行排尿。

2 結(jié)  果

2.1手術(shù)結(jié)果全組76例中成功保留尿道板73例(96.0%),陰莖伸直良好。包括行包皮脫套及陰莖腹側(cè)肉膜松解后陰莖伸直的患兒4例,經(jīng)游離尿道板/尿道后成功矯正下彎58例,加行背側(cè)海綿體折疊11例(其中包皮退套、腹側(cè)肉膜松解后殘余陰莖下彎<30 °者4例,殘余陰莖下彎>30 °者7例)。失敗3例均為殘余陰莖下彎>30 °的病例,不得不橫斷尿道板。

圖1龜頭直徑約11 mm

Figure 1The diameter of the glans is about 11 mm

圖2游離尿道板/尿道,矯正陰莖下彎

Figure 2Free urethral plate/urethra,correction of the penis under the bend

2.2隨訪術(shù)后隨訪6~24個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)尿瘺5例,其中位于陰莖體部3例,位于冠狀溝2例,觀察3個(gè)月后尿瘺自行閉合1例,術(shù)后半年行尿道瘺修補(bǔ)術(shù)痊愈4例;尿道外口狹窄1例,行尿道擴(kuò)張后痊愈。未發(fā)現(xiàn)尿道憩室、壞死、切口裂開等情況,手術(shù)成功率88.2%(67/76)。所有患兒排尿通暢,尿線沒有變細(xì),未發(fā)現(xiàn)尿道憩室形成。67例無尿瘺的患兒能站立位排尿,8例出現(xiàn)明顯的排尿分叉?;純宏幥o外形與正常陰莖基本一致,尿道開口于陰莖頭頂端,陰莖基本能伸直。69例患兒家長(zhǎng)對(duì)術(shù)后陰莖外觀滿意。

3 討  論

尿道下裂治療總體而言可分為切斷尿道板術(shù)式和保留尿道板術(shù)式。研究表明尿道下裂患兒尿道板含有豐富的血管平滑肌及腺體和神經(jīng)[6],非常適合做尿道成形,且保留的尿道板能充分利用有限的陰莖皮膚材料,使成形尿道完整、連續(xù), 避免環(huán)行吻合所致尿道狹窄的發(fā)生。因此,尿道下裂手術(shù)中尿道板的的保留越來越引起重視。

目前,Onlay island flap和尿道板縱切膠管尿道成形術(shù)(tubularized incised plate,TIP)是較流行的保留尿道板的一期尿道成形術(shù)。TIP要求尿道板發(fā)育好,寬度至少>8 mm,中央縱切后內(nèi)延展至14~16 mm,能充分包繞6F或8F導(dǎo)尿管[6]。研究表明如果尿道板寬度<8 mm,TIP術(shù)后尿道漏明顯增加[7]。且TIP術(shù)式中尿道板常常被縱行切開,切口的炎癥反應(yīng)和肉芽組織增生引起切口收縮直至切口表面上皮化,這樣就導(dǎo)致了尿道狹窄等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加[8]。Onlay island flap術(shù)式是Elder、Duckett等1987年根據(jù)橫裁包皮島狀皮瓣法改進(jìn)的。其特點(diǎn)是保留尿道板,用帶蒂島狀皮瓣與尿道吻合形成新尿道。其手術(shù)應(yīng)用范圍更廣,可用于尿道板發(fā)育差、寬度窄的病例,由于應(yīng)用了有血運(yùn)的島狀皮瓣,避免了近端尿道口的環(huán)形吻合,且術(shù)中尿道板未縱切,尿道縫合緣位于兩側(cè),術(shù)后尿道瘺、尿道狹窄等并發(fā)癥均很少;因尿道的一半固定于陰莖體的尿道板,成形尿道不易扭曲,術(shù)后尿道憩室樣擴(kuò)張發(fā)生率很低,有報(bào)道成功率可達(dá)到95%。

陰莖下彎是陰莖發(fā)育早期階段的正常生理過程,出現(xiàn)在懷孕12~16周并逐漸消失,如果這一時(shí)期發(fā)育過程中斷或出現(xiàn)其他對(duì)胎兒發(fā)育有害的影響,就能導(dǎo)致陰莖發(fā)育停滯在彎曲這一時(shí)期。約10%的遠(yuǎn)端型尿道下裂存在陰莖下彎,近端型存在的比例可高達(dá)80%,且其中的一半病例下彎>30 °,因此導(dǎo)致成年后的性功能障礙。1998年Donnahoo等[9]將陰莖下曲分為:Ⅰ型皮膚型,僅由皮膚攣縮變性引起;Ⅱ型筋膜型,由淺深筋膜發(fā)育停滯或纖維變性引起;Ⅲ型海綿體型,由海綿體背腹側(cè)或白膜背腹側(cè)不對(duì)稱引起;Ⅳ型尿道型,由尿道板發(fā)育不良、尿道板深面纖維組織引起下曲引起。陰莖下彎矯正是尿道成形術(shù)關(guān)鍵步驟之一,也是尿道下裂手術(shù)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),特別對(duì)于保留尿道板的術(shù)式。包皮脫套及腹側(cè)肉膜松解后如果仍存在陰莖下彎,可以選擇自尿道海綿體上游離尿道板,有時(shí)甚至可以游離近端直至尿道球部,依靠這些組織的彈性可以矯正陰莖下彎,他們采用此方法行尿道成形術(shù),尿道板橫斷的概率僅僅5.8%(2/34)[4-5]。松解尿道板及近段尿道可增加腹側(cè)2 cm以上的長(zhǎng)度[10],可以大大減少橫斷尿道板的發(fā)生率。本研究結(jié)果也表明,充分游離尿道板/尿道后大多數(shù)[81.6%(62/76)]陰莖下彎可得到矯正。對(duì)下彎矯正不滿意的患者加用背側(cè)白膜緊縮。當(dāng)然本研究中病例未包括會(huì)陰型尿道下裂。Snodgrass等[11]對(duì)伴有嚴(yán)重陰莖下彎的近端型尿道下裂研究顯示,尿道板及尿道海綿體游離能顯著減少尿道板橫斷的概率,并且不會(huì)損害尿道板/尿道的血運(yùn)。提示此方法同樣適合重度尿道下裂(會(huì)陰型)。Seibold 等[12]研究表明尿道板/尿道游離遠(yuǎn)期效果良好,對(duì)99例患兒隨訪>5年,96.96%(96/99)的病例外觀及功能滿意,僅有1例尿道瘺,未發(fā)現(xiàn)尿道狹窄的病例。如果經(jīng)過尿道板/尿道游離、背側(cè)海綿體緊縮仍存在陰莖下彎,提示陰莖存在海綿體不對(duì)稱,可行腹側(cè)海綿體成形術(shù)糾正。只有當(dāng)所有的步驟都完成了陰莖仍存在下彎的情況下才考慮橫斷尿道板,當(dāng)然,此種情況發(fā)生率很低。Snodgrass等[13]提出對(duì)于近端型尿道下裂陰莖下彎矯正的建議。

相較于裸露在外的包皮外板,包皮內(nèi)板經(jīng)常接觸龜頭,皮膚抗尿性強(qiáng),研究顯示用包皮內(nèi)板覆蓋尿道板縫合尿道能顯著降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[14],故術(shù)中要盡量采用包皮內(nèi)板覆蓋尿道板,這可能也是減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥重要原因之一。為了最大程度保留包皮內(nèi)板,陰莖脫套時(shí)一般距冠狀溝0.5 cm環(huán)切包皮。

龜頭的大小也是影響尿道下裂術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的重要指標(biāo),<14 mm的龜頭并發(fā)癥明顯增大,反之,龜頭越大,并發(fā)癥越少[15]。雖然小龜頭多出現(xiàn)在近段型尿道下裂的病例中,但遠(yuǎn)端型也存在≤14 mm的小龜頭。小龜頭可增加術(shù)后龜頭開裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。術(shù)前應(yīng)用雄激素可以促進(jìn)龜頭發(fā)育,Kaya等[16]選取75例小龜頭的患兒,術(shù)前給予局部應(yīng)用雙氫睪酮3個(gè)月,術(shù)后尿道瘺/龜頭開裂及尿道狹窄的病例明顯低于對(duì)照組。但Snodgrass 等[13]卻得到相反的結(jié)果,其對(duì)比研究顯示術(shù)前應(yīng)用激素的患兒并發(fā)癥明顯高于不用激素的患兒,因此,建議停用術(shù)前激素注射。考慮是由于激素刺激導(dǎo)致的局部充血,本研究的做法是龜頭直徑<10 mm的患兒,建議外涂雙氫睪酮3個(gè)月,然后休息3個(gè)月至半年后手術(shù),盡量減少激素刺激對(duì)手術(shù)的影響。另外,對(duì)于龜頭小的病例,不但要分離陰莖頭兩側(cè),而且遠(yuǎn)端也要分離,深達(dá)白膜,盡量減少翼狀瓣的張力,無張力覆蓋尿道。

總之,改良Olay island flap通過松解陰莖腹側(cè)尿道/尿道板的方法矯正下彎,擴(kuò)大了傳統(tǒng)Olay island flap術(shù)式的適應(yīng)證,選用包皮內(nèi)板覆蓋尿道板,可減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,值得臨床推廣。

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(本文編輯:許卓文)

Improved onlay island flap urethraplasty in the treatment of children with hypospadias

NIU Zhi-shang, HAO Chun-sheng*, BAI Dong-sheng, YE Hui, QIU Ying, SONG Jin-qiu

(Department of Urology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institue of Pediatics, Beijing 100020, China)

ObjectiveTo investigate the operation of modified onlay island flap urethroplasty in the treatment of pediatric hypospadias. MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed in 76 cases who received the modified onlay island flap urethroplasty. The method of the modified onlay island flap urethroplasty: the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate was dissected intact from the corpora cavernosa after degllving and dartos excision, relying on elasticity of these structures to allow the penis to straighten. It is necessary to select the inner plate of prepuce as the flap to suture with the urethral plate. ResultsThe urethral plate was preserved successfully in 73 cases of 76 patients(96.0%): 4 cases had no ventral curvature after degloving and dissectiong of the ventral dartos; 58 cases were corrected after mobilization of the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate and urethra; 11 cases were corrected by an extra dorsal placation,including 4 cases with less than 30-degree residual curvature, 7 cases with greater than 30-degree residual curvature.The operation achievement ratio was 88.2%(67/76 cases. 5 cases supervened with urinary fistula(4 cases were then cured by opreration,1 cases healed naturally), 1 case with meatal stenosis and cured by urethral sounding. There was no urinary diverticulosis, necrosis and dehiscence. ConclusionThe modified onlay island flap urethroplasty by straightening ventral curvature by mobilization of the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate and selecting the inner plate of prepuce as the flap can significantly reduce the postoperative complication and improve the success rate of operation, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

hypospadias; urethroplasty; child

2016-09-15;

2016-10-06

牛志尚(1980-),男,河南新鄉(xiāng)人,首都兒科研究所

。E-mail:haochunsheng@163.com

R695

A

1007-3205(2016)10-1123-04

附屬兒童醫(yī)院主治醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,從事泌尿外科疾病診治研究。

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