文/王泉
把握整體結(jié)構(gòu)理清邏輯關(guān)系
文/王泉
完形填空題的備選答案具有唯一性,所以,文篇的整體結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,邏輯關(guān)系明顯。把握好“輕語法,重邏輯”的命題原則,我們才能更好地把握語篇的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨要義,順利理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系,更簡單、更準(zhǔn)確地尋找具體信息點。
完形填空從設(shè)空的答案由一個句子、由相鄰不遠(yuǎn)的一組句子還是由全篇的內(nèi)容綜合決定來看,可分為句子層次、句組層次和全篇層次三個等級,設(shè)空的難度依次增加。從近年的中考題來看,全篇層次設(shè)空的比例相對有所增加,說明“突出語篇”的命題思路進(jìn)一步深化。那么,我們該如何識別和把握文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系呢?
【中考真題1】(2015年鎮(zhèn)江卷,保留原題號)At the present time,more and more people love travelling.It’s a very good16of getting to know new people and cultures and acquiring(獲得)experiences.It helps travelers17a lot.Travel can make our minds become18.
But travel does more than all that.It can also make us more creative.In recent years,some professors have been doing research on what many people have already learned from travel experiences.They believe that spending time abroad has the 19to affect(影響)people’s mind.For example,they found that the students wholived abroad for a longer period were better at20problems creatively than those who did not.If you stay in the same place,you can’t experience new sights,new smells,new sounds and new cultures.All these can21your mind and make it more active.
22,that doesn’t mean the more places you’ve been,the more creative you’ll become.Another group of professors have been doing23research.They found the people who often travelled from one place to another didn’t have enough24 to immerse(使……沉浸)themselves in a new place and a new culture.They weren’t as creative as the people who spent the time25getting to know a place.You have to interact(相互影響)with the places you go to and then you can benefit(得益)from it.
If you go travelling,which do you prefer,staying in a place for a certain period or rushing all the way.
16.A.way B.areaC.signD.state
17.A.presentB.produceC.getD.check
18.A.thickerB.smootherC.widerD.healthier
19.A.abilityB.possibilityC.personalityD.difficulty
20.A.solvingB.causingC.controllingD.spreading
21.A.set upB.wake upC.turn upD.clean up
22.A.InsteadB.OtherwiseC.MoreoverD.However
23.A.secretB.rapidC.commonD.similar
24.A.interestB.moneyC.timeD.quality
25.A.nearlyB.probablyC.hardlyD.really
解析:全文結(jié)構(gòu)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的總分結(jié)構(gòu)。第一段綜述旅游的益處。第二段就旅游給人帶來的益處make us more creative做進(jìn)一步解釋。該段通過闡述一部分教授所做的研究結(jié)果,論述了旅游尤其是在國外待一段時間給人們的思維帶來的影響。第三段則用另一組教授所做的研究結(jié)果證明了“并非去的地方越多,就越有創(chuàng)造力”這一結(jié)論。第四段為收尾段。
文章所設(shè)空格中,第22、23和25題均考查對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的分析、理解。第22題為第三段的首句,也是整段的關(guān)鍵句。該段的主旨大意為:“并非你去的地方越多,你就會變得越有創(chuàng)造力”。這一大意與第二段的大意之間有著明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以選擇However。
第23題則需將這一空所在句子Another group of professors have been doingresearch.與上一段中In recent years,some professors have been doing research on...聯(lián)系起來思考,得出“另一組教授們也一直在做相似的研究”這一句意。答案為similar。
第25題也需結(jié)合上一句“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)常從一個地方旅行到另一個地方的人,沒有足夠的時間使自己沉浸在一個新的地方和一種新的文化里”,才能推斷出“他們不如那些真正花時間了解一個地方的人有創(chuàng)造力”這一句意。所以答案為really。
總體來說,這三個題目的設(shè)置需要考生從文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)上把握方向,并注意各個段落之間的邏輯變化與聯(lián)系,對考生整體語篇的把握狀態(tài)有較大的區(qū)分度。
【中考真題2】(2015年黃岡卷,保留原題號)Happiness depends on what we have!It’s in our heart.It’s a state of mind.Even though you own the whole world,you may still feel55.Happiness comes from mastering the art of appreciating(感激)and taking pleasure in what you really have.
55.A.funnyB.happyC.excitedD.unhappy
解析:此段為結(jié)尾段,也是全文主旨升華的段落。作者通過記敘自己在一次事故中失去雙臂后,一步步從心理創(chuàng)傷中走出來的故事,告訴讀者“生活的快樂與幸福,實質(zhì)上是由自己的內(nèi)心決定的”。把握了主旨大意,就不難看出第55空所在句子的意思為:即使你擁有全世界,你可能仍舊不開心。因此選填unhappy。
英語中的邏輯關(guān)系指示詞是構(gòu)成語篇的紐帶,可以為我們找到與文中某些詞、短語有密切關(guān)系的選項,如同義詞、近義詞或反義詞等,對把握文章整體內(nèi)容也有著非常重要的指示作用。中考命題中,根據(jù)語篇邏輯和主旨大意設(shè)空,已經(jīng)非常普遍,所以同學(xué)們應(yīng)該重點關(guān)注語篇中的邏輯關(guān)系指示詞,識別其常見的設(shè)題方式。
中考完形填空題涉及的句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系指示詞通常有以下一些:
并列關(guān)系:and,while等;
轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:but,however,though等;
因果關(guān)系:so,because,for,since,as,therefore,thus等;
條件關(guān)系:if,unless,once,in case of等;
順序關(guān)系:before,after,until,first,second,then,next,finally等;
讓步關(guān)系:though,although等。
【中考真題3】(2015年河南卷,保留原題號)I asked44she had not been afraid.
44.A.whetherB.whenC.howD.why
解析:根據(jù)前文的語意(前文略),在飛機(jī)遭遇暴風(fēng)雨劇烈顛簸時,作者及其他乘客都很驚慌,唯獨(dú)一個小姑娘鎮(zhèn)定自若,所以作者會去詢問原因,可以推測此空為why。
【中考真題4】(2015年蘇州卷,保留原題號)On every packet of cigarettes(香煙),people are warned against the dangers of smoking:“Warning:Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health”.18,millions of them start smoking or go on smoking.
18.A.MoreoverB.AlsoC.HoweverD.Otherwise
解析:句意為:盡管每一個香煙盒上都有警示“抽煙有害健康”,可仍有數(shù)百萬人開始或繼續(xù)吸煙。前后之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以選擇However。
【中考真題5】(2015年包頭卷,保留原題號)When Frank watched the little stream of sand,he was impatient,43it would not run faster.
43.A.soB.becauseC.beforeD.until
解析:句意為:弗蘭克之所以感覺不耐煩,是因為沙漏里的沙子跑得太慢了。選擇because。
【中考真題6】(2015年沈陽卷,保留原題號)Henry was the winner and we spoke tohim.“I’m so happy that I won,”he said,“I advise people to speak slowly.22 they want to be good public speakers,they’d better speak clearly and23.”
22.A.AlthoughB.SinceC.UntilD.If
23.A.confidentlyB.quietlyC.quicklyD.patiently
解析:第22空前一句為“我建議大家講話慢一點”,可見后一句為亨利給大家的建議。后一句中又有they’d better這一說法,由此可推斷出前一句為條件,即:如果他們想成為優(yōu)秀的公眾演說家,他們最好能清楚而自信地說話。所以第22空選擇if。第23空為and連接的兩個副詞,前一個為clearly,可見后一空應(yīng)該是與clearly有并列意義的詞,選擇confidently。
【中考真題7】(2015年蘇州卷,保留原題號)The simple warning on the cigarette packet does not influence smokers’habits.Even24warnings,like showing pictures of smokers who have died of cancer,don’t seem to work.
24.A.strongerB.worseC.longerD.harder
解析:根據(jù)選項均為比較級的設(shè)置,第24題所在段可理解為“香煙盒上簡單的警示不能影響抽煙者們的習(xí)慣。甚至更____的警告,如死于癌癥的抽煙者們的圖片似乎都無濟(jì)于事”。由此可推斷出,第24題所填比較級應(yīng)該與simple warning有比較意義,強(qiáng)調(diào)警告升級的詞匯,所以選擇stronger(warning),意即“更有力的警告”。
【中考真題8】(2015年呼和浩特卷,保留原題號)He wrote about his dream in great detail and he18drew a picture of a 200-acre ranch(牧場)with all the buildings.
18.A.justB.evenC.everD.almost
解析:根據(jù)前一句“他詳細(xì)描寫了他的夢想”和后一句“他畫出了一幅標(biāo)出了所有建筑物的一個200英畝的牧場”可判斷,前后之間為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,所以選擇even(甚至)。其余選項just(僅僅;只),ever(曾經(jīng)),almost(幾乎;將近)均無表遞進(jìn)之意。
三、把握句中的,領(lǐng)悟句與句之間暗含的邏輯關(guān)系
【中考真題9】(2015年黃岡卷,保留原題號)It is a waste of our life to focus on what you have52.We should always think of what we have.
52.A.lostB.hadC.foundD.spent
解析:句意為:“總把心思花在你已經(jīng)____的事物上是浪費(fèi)生命,應(yīng)該多想想我們擁有的東西?!鼻昂笾g暗含比較、轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系,所以第52空應(yīng)該選擇lost(失去了的)。
【中考真題10】(2015年寧夏卷,保留原題號)One day a young painter went by a garden.He was attracted(吸引)by the beauty of the garden.He imagined how happy he could be if he lived in such a beautiful place.Then,suddenly he found the old gardener was36.
36.A.lazyB.stupidC.deafD.blind
解析:文段記敘的是一個年輕畫家被一座美麗的花園所吸引,他想象著如果他居住在這樣一個漂亮的地方,他會多么高興。可就在這時,他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)花園里的園丁居然雙目失明。理解了前后文暗含的對比邏輯關(guān)系,第36空的答案blind就容易找到了。
責(zé)任編輯:李丁文