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CT冠狀動(dòng)脈造影對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊研究的診斷價(jià)值

2016-11-19 23:47高興法劉挨師

高興法 劉挨師

[摘要] 隨著CT技術(shù)的日臻發(fā)展和完善,冠狀動(dòng)脈CT血管成像(CCTA)在冠心病的診斷中地位越來(lái)越突顯,這種技術(shù)主要體現(xiàn)在不斷提高的時(shí)間和空間分辨力上。64層甚至更高的MDCT可獲得高精準(zhǔn)的診斷率,同時(shí)也被廣泛認(rèn)為是無(wú)創(chuàng)冠狀動(dòng)脈血管檢查的可替代方法。近來(lái)臨床試驗(yàn)和科研通過(guò)CCTA更多傾向于對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊的形態(tài)特征以及患者預(yù)后相關(guān)性的研究。本文簡(jiǎn)要討論冠狀動(dòng)脈CT成像技術(shù)發(fā)展過(guò)程、斑塊形態(tài)描述及界定與SPECT核素心肌功能顯像比較。希望在臨床檢查中能夠有全面、多模態(tài)影像檢查方法作為無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)界定斑塊形態(tài)以及患者預(yù)后。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 冠狀動(dòng)腦造影術(shù);X線計(jì)算機(jī)體層攝影術(shù);冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊;冠狀動(dòng)脈性心臟病

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R816.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)02(a)-0045-05

Diagnostic value of coronary imaging research on coronary plaque by computed tomography angiography

GAO Xingfa1 LIU Aishi2

1.Graduate School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010050, China; 2.Department of Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Huhhot 010050, China

[Abstract] Coronary CT angiography has been increasingly used in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease owing to rapid technological developments, which are reflected in the improved spatial and temporal resolution of the images. High diagnostic accuracy has been achieved with multidetector CT scanners (64 slice and higher), and in selected patients coronary CT angiography is regarded as a reliable alternative to invasive coronary angiography. Recently, clinical practice and research are increasingly shifting toward defining the clinical implication of plaque morphology and patients outcomes by coronary CTA. In this review we discuss the development of technical aspects of coronary CTA and the coronary plaque morphology estimated by CTA beyond coronary angiography including the comparison to Stress nuclear MPI using single-photon emission tomography. It hopes that an integrated, multi-modality imaging approach will become the gold standard for noninvasive evaluation of coronary plaque morphology and outcome data in clinical practice.

[Key words] Coronary angiography; X-ray computed tomography; Coronary plague; Coronary artery disease

1999年問(wèn)世的多排螺旋CT(MDCT)在時(shí)間和空間分辨力上有了顯著提升,使得CT應(yīng)用于臨床疾病的更大范圍檢查。一些體內(nèi)較小或者運(yùn)動(dòng)迅速的器官如心臟因此也能形成高質(zhì)量的圖像[1],并且初期四層探測(cè)器的螺旋CT的運(yùn)用經(jīng)驗(yàn)就足以說(shuō)明了MDCT在冠脈血管成像中潛在價(jià)值。隨著掃描技術(shù)、軟件及后處理工具的不斷快速發(fā)展,心臟及冠脈成像成為了可能。近些年64層MDCT普及,多中心研究表明MDCT在檢查冠心?。–AD)冠脈狹窄方面有穩(wěn)定的準(zhǔn)確性,這也就說(shuō)明MDCT可以相對(duì)可靠地獲得心臟的形態(tài)和功能成像[2]。最近256層、320排螺旋CT、雙源CT(DSCT)、能譜CT的相繼問(wèn)世,有了更快的亞毫秒級(jí)掃描速度,更寬的容積覆蓋范圍,時(shí)間和空間分辨力有了更明顯地提升[3]。初期由于冠脈的動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致MDCT臨床應(yīng)用受到一定局限,然而并未影響冠狀動(dòng)脈管腔在非侵入條件下如何可視成像這一問(wèn)題成為研究的焦點(diǎn)。

1 CT技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程

第一代可行心電門(mén)控技術(shù)冠脈成像的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用的CT機(jī)即電子束CT(EBCT),在20世紀(jì)90年代早期因其無(wú)創(chuàng)性就開(kāi)始臨床試驗(yàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)就已經(jīng)把時(shí)間分辨力提升至100 ms,但是受限于其空間分辨力及噪聲對(duì)圖像質(zhì)量的影響,臨床適用范圍較小[4]。接著MDCT出現(xiàn)為冠脈成像提供了必要的技術(shù)支持,因?yàn)樗梢栽诓桓淖儌鹘y(tǒng)X線球管和探測(cè)器旋轉(zhuǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)下進(jìn)行圖像采集[5]。并且還提高了時(shí)間、空間分辨力,機(jī)架的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度,同時(shí)擁有精確的心電門(mén)控?cái)?shù)據(jù)重建算法,它的高時(shí)間分辨力可以重建獲得相對(duì)應(yīng)時(shí)相圖像。2000年心電門(mén)控4層MDCT的研發(fā),第一次證明了心臟冠脈的螺旋CT掃描是可行的[6]。由于時(shí)間分辨力沒(méi)有達(dá)到足夠高,所以高心率的患者檢查還很難在臨床開(kāi)展。緊接著64層MDCT出現(xiàn)使冠脈CTA成像步入了高清圖像時(shí)代,隨后256層MDCT、DSCT、能譜CT(Spectral CT)相繼研發(fā)問(wèn)世。

雖然冠脈MDCT成像是 “步進(jìn)式”,但是它的掃描是基于小螺距下持續(xù)掃描,所獲得圖像是采集了心動(dòng)周期不同時(shí)相的數(shù)據(jù),有的甚至在連續(xù)的多個(gè)心動(dòng)周期采集。而心電門(mén)控技術(shù)可以回顧性重建所需的心動(dòng)周期的任何時(shí)相數(shù)據(jù),這就能夠獲得在心臟跳動(dòng)最緩慢時(shí)的瞬時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)。其中心電門(mén)控包括了前瞻性和回顧性心電門(mén)控技術(shù)。另外此技術(shù)可以調(diào)整獲取心動(dòng)周期數(shù)據(jù)的多個(gè)時(shí)間段來(lái)滿足心臟“動(dòng)態(tài)” 成像和功能分析。到了DSCT面世,時(shí)間分辨力從165 ms降到了83 ms,幾乎可以不受心率的影響直接進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈的數(shù)據(jù)采集。

放射劑量:常規(guī)冠脈CT檢查的放射劑量5~20 mSv[7],低劑量冠脈CT掃描甚至降低至0.9 mSv[8-9]。對(duì)于放射劑量的影響因素較多,包括掃描的容積長(zhǎng)度、X線束曝光量等。因此掃描范圍應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減小,另外可根據(jù)ECG相耦合自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)X線的曝光,還可適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)管電壓、管電流以降低X線劑量。此外還可謹(jǐn)慎采用大螺距,合理前置濾線器,運(yùn)用不同重建技術(shù)的不同重建算法如GE的適應(yīng)性統(tǒng)計(jì)迭代重建、Siemens的圖像空間迭代重建和正弦確定迭代重建算法。

2 冠脈斑塊影像

MDCT出現(xiàn)以后,冠狀動(dòng)脈的不僅能觀察血管狹窄程度,而且還能評(píng)估冠脈斑塊的質(zhì)和量,這與血管內(nèi)超聲(IVUS)和光學(xué)相干斷層掃描(OCT)類(lèi)似[10]。有研究利用個(gè)體化掃描方案在64層MDCT上獲得的冠脈數(shù)據(jù)和IVUS數(shù)據(jù)在斑塊區(qū)域的顯示有良好的相關(guān)性。Voros等[11]關(guān)于CCTA與IVUS對(duì)于評(píng)估冠脈準(zhǔn)確性的Meta分析研究表明CCTA過(guò)高地評(píng)估了管腔狹窄。由于容積效應(yīng)影響,斑塊的體積以及狹窄測(cè)量等都被放大。

MDCT在顯示含有鈣化成分斑塊和無(wú)鈣化成分斑塊時(shí)的作用是不同的。和IVUS相比,MDCT也能夠很好顯示低密度非鈣化性斑塊,即便是富含纖維脂肪的斑塊[12]。MDCT冠脈影像特征與急性冠脈綜合征(ACS)發(fā)生有較高相似性[13]。其中影像特征包括進(jìn)行性血管重塑、低密度斑塊、點(diǎn)狀鈣化。當(dāng)冠脈有進(jìn)行性血管重塑、斑塊密度<30 HU、點(diǎn)狀鈣化三者發(fā)生時(shí),ACS的可能性大大增加。但是遺憾的是MDCT不能夠很好描述內(nèi)膜完整無(wú)損由纖維帽所引起的ACS。

DSCT在技術(shù)層面明顯強(qiáng)于MDCT,時(shí)間分辨力降到了83 ms,甚至一些患者可以不用服用β受體阻滯劑。Westwood等[14]系統(tǒng)分析了DSCT在心律不齊、高心率患者評(píng)估冠脈狹窄的準(zhǔn)確性。每個(gè)心律不齊患者被低估敏感性為97.7%的95%置信區(qū)間為88.0%~99.9%,而每個(gè)高心率患者被低估敏感性為97.7%的95%置信區(qū)間為93.3%~99.9%;特異性為81.7%的95%置信區(qū)間為71.6%~89.4%,而特異性為86.3%的95%置信區(qū)間為80.2%~90.7%。高鈣化積分、冠脈支架植入后、肥胖、每支冠脈影像都可以獲得,其敏感性也較高,特異性為71.9%~100%。

3 非梗死相關(guān)冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊成像

大約6%的PCI(經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療)患者1年以后在臨床上斑塊有進(jìn)行性進(jìn)展,且需要再進(jìn)行無(wú)靶目標(biāo)的PCI治療,這種斑塊的進(jìn)展對(duì)于加劇CAD的發(fā)生起到至關(guān)重要的作用[15]。研究表明[16]:急性心肌梗塞的患者中無(wú)罪犯血管的CTA圖像上相較穩(wěn)定性心絞痛且心肌灌注圖像無(wú)異常的患者更容易觀察到冠脈斑塊,尤其是更容易觀察到非鈣化性、混合性、脆性的斑塊。非鈣化性斑塊引起急性心肌梗塞的危險(xiǎn)性比較高。MDCT可以清楚得顯示與斑塊破裂相關(guān)的脂質(zhì)核和點(diǎn)狀鈣化。雖然引起ACS的機(jī)制尚未研究透徹,但由此可推測(cè)冠脈三支病變的急性心肌梗塞患者病變血管內(nèi)可能有較多的脆性斑塊,這些斑塊具有明顯引起ACS的潛在可能性。

近些年來(lái)研究表明冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展和代謝疾病的密切相關(guān)。Amano等[17]的研究指出代謝類(lèi)疾病可導(dǎo)致富脂性斑塊形成,脂質(zhì)成分的增加卻導(dǎo)致了斑塊脆性,進(jìn)而增加了ACS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在急性心肌梗塞組中,患有代謝綜合征的患者較不患有代謝綜合征的患者更容易出現(xiàn)正性重塑。這些試驗(yàn)結(jié)果是和最近的相關(guān)研究是相符的。

4 冠脈CTA、FFR-CT與核素心肌灌注顯像(MPI)

單光子發(fā)射體層攝影術(shù)(SPETCT)獲得的壓力負(fù)荷下心肌灌注影像對(duì)于診斷冠脈狹窄以及判斷狹窄危險(xiǎn)程度可靠且無(wú)創(chuàng)的一種檢查手段[18]。CTA上≥50%的冠脈狹窄卻在MPI表現(xiàn)為可逆性的心肌顯像缺損,這種不一致性較為常見(jiàn)。CTA和MPI是兩種檢查血管通暢程度的方法,各自有各自的特點(diǎn)。CTA上血管管腔狹窄50%以上時(shí),只有50%被阻塞的血管才表現(xiàn)出異常MPI[19]。單純從CTA上判斷冠脈狹窄并不充分,更別說(shuō)評(píng)估狹窄的程度。當(dāng)冠脈狹窄≤60%時(shí),缺血表現(xiàn)很少被觀察到,一般來(lái)說(shuō)狹窄嚴(yán)重到80%以上,缺血表現(xiàn)肯定出現(xiàn)??紤]到CT的空間分辨力,介于兩者之間的狹窄程度還是不容易去評(píng)估的。因此當(dāng)CTA和MPI兩者結(jié)合,對(duì)于冠心病的診斷準(zhǔn)確性就有了大大提高。130例擬診CAD的患者同時(shí)檢查CTA和MPI[20],在這130例患者的390支冠脈血管中由于嚴(yán)重鈣化、運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影、顯影不良等因素導(dǎo)致54支血管無(wú)應(yīng)用價(jià)值,這些無(wú)法分析血管認(rèn)為是正常的,CTA的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為95%、80%、69%、97%。CTA聯(lián)合MPI的靈敏度、特異度、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為94%、92%、85%、97%。數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示特異性和陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值明顯提高。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果可以指導(dǎo)臨床,在對(duì)擬診患者做檢查時(shí)應(yīng)有一定的選擇性:臨床上懷疑中低度冠脈狹窄的患者可以首選CTA,因其有較高陰性預(yù)測(cè)值;而臨床懷疑重度狹窄患者,可以選擇MPI,因?yàn)镃TA的低陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值可以導(dǎo)致放射劑量增加。事實(shí)上壓力負(fù)荷下MPI作為評(píng)估診斷準(zhǔn)確性的第一選擇尚有爭(zhēng)議性。從當(dāng)下的研究中,還不能夠明確哪個(gè)是第一選擇,但是兩者結(jié)合可以明顯提高診斷準(zhǔn)確性是毋庸置疑的。

近些年,通過(guò)有創(chuàng)性冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(ICA)獲得血流儲(chǔ)備分?jǐn)?shù)(FFR)可以評(píng)估狹窄程度及血運(yùn)重建,因此被認(rèn)為是新的指標(biāo)指導(dǎo)臨床[21]。其中,F(xiàn)FR-CT可以模擬支架置入前后冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄部位的血運(yùn)改變程度[22],進(jìn)而指導(dǎo)臨床治療決策,降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)[23]。Ko等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)FFR對(duì)比CTA聯(lián)合CT灌注顯像發(fā)現(xiàn)了86個(gè)心肌灌注缺損區(qū)中,在CTA狹窄大于50%,CT心肌灌注圖像上表現(xiàn)異常的區(qū)域FFR卻較低,相反,CTA圖像上無(wú)嚴(yán)重冠脈狹窄且心肌灌注無(wú)缺損區(qū)的區(qū)域FFR明顯升高。這些不一致的結(jié)果中,F(xiàn)FR相比于CTA、MPI對(duì)于冠脈狹窄的評(píng)估要更相符。Min等[25]以ICA測(cè)得FFR為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià)利用CT獲得FFR-CT的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,試驗(yàn)中CTA評(píng)估CAD中獲得受試者特征曲線下面積AUC是0.68,而FFR-CT中AUC為0.81,很顯然,和單獨(dú)利用CTA評(píng)估冠脈狹窄相比,F(xiàn)FR-CT在評(píng)估“罪犯”血管中的價(jià)值有了顯著提高。

HeartFlowNXT研究中共納入254例冠脈狹窄程度30%~90%的患者(484支冠脈血管),結(jié)果顯示FFR-CT與CCTA相比ROC曲線下面積分別為0.90和0.81(P < 0.001),準(zhǔn)確度81%和53%、特異度79%和34%、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值65%和40%,均高于單純CCTA檢查。這表明FFR-CT對(duì)于穩(wěn)定型冠脈狹窄性疾病有較高的診斷價(jià)值[26]。DeFacto試驗(yàn)[27]以有創(chuàng)FFR 為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)比分析FFR-CT與單純冠脈CT識(shí)別病變特異性缺血的準(zhǔn)確性:以FFR≤0.80且CTA 冠脈狹窄≥50%時(shí)和單獨(dú)應(yīng)用FFR-CT 診斷進(jìn)行比較,診斷心肌缺血的準(zhǔn)確性、敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性預(yù)測(cè)值、陰性預(yù)測(cè)值分別為73%比64%、90%比84%、54%比42%、67%比61%、84%比72%。

5 冠脈CTA在臨床應(yīng)用中的預(yù)后價(jià)值

其實(shí)臨床中CTA的主要價(jià)值在于其有較高的陰性預(yù)測(cè)值,這樣,CTA在評(píng)估低危因素下ACS引起的急性胸痛變?yōu)榱艘话褟?qiáng)有力的工具[28-29]。Litt等[30]研究中,1370例患者有急性胸痛癥狀,其中640例在接受CTA檢查后排除ACS的可能,使其脫離急診狀態(tài),這相比于傳統(tǒng)診斷在排除疾患中有明顯提高(49.6%比22.7%)。早期檢查CTA的患者,其在醫(yī)院急診部的平均時(shí)間減少7.6 h[31]。即便CTA不能準(zhǔn)確判定CAS,至少冠脈CTA明確斑塊或者狹窄的存在,這也有力說(shuō)明患者可能突發(fā)ACS,能夠提早預(yù)防[32]。

最近有學(xué)者提出,應(yīng)該在CCTA檢查中增加一項(xiàng)新的指標(biāo)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)死亡率或者心肌感染率,同時(shí)也需要評(píng)估血管重建的指標(biāo)。動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性血管成像參數(shù)比如冠脈鈣化積分(CACS)、頸動(dòng)脈中膜厚度等在沒(méi)有急性胸痛時(shí)也應(yīng)需要達(dá)成一致的指南,并且CACS在諸多評(píng)估CAD危險(xiǎn)因素中的作用顯著。然而當(dāng)下缺乏一個(gè)CACS的臨床大樣本模型來(lái)評(píng)估CAD,因此筆者認(rèn)為對(duì)于CACS在ACS中不應(yīng)調(diào)整減少,相反需更深入研究。

6 小結(jié)與展望

隨著未來(lái)CT技術(shù)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,CCTA能夠更加精確的再現(xiàn)冠脈形態(tài)和功能,并且大量臨床試驗(yàn)證明CCTA對(duì)心臟影像的發(fā)展的起了有力的推動(dòng)。本文簡(jiǎn)要回顧了CCTA的發(fā)展歷程以及臨床應(yīng)用和試驗(yàn)。筆者認(rèn)為未來(lái)CCTA發(fā)展過(guò)程中,放射劑量與圖像質(zhì)量是一對(duì)矛盾體,終究顧此失彼,總原則即達(dá)到臨床診斷情況下盡量減少放射劑量。臨床上諸多因素的影響也很難讓兩者平衡,那么CCTA的發(fā)展或許該朝著引入多參數(shù)來(lái)描述心臟形態(tài)和功能。希望CCTA能夠逐漸增加其臨床價(jià)值,成為冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病診斷的無(wú)創(chuàng)性的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

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(收稿日期:2015-10-28 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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